1 The Linux Kernel is provided under: <<
2 1
3 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH !! 2 NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
>> 3 services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use
>> 4 of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
>> 5 Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software
>> 6 Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the Linux
>> 7 kernel) is copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it.
4 8
5 Being under the terms of the GNU General Publi !! 9 Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel
6 according with: !! 10 is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not
>> 11 v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.
7 12
8 LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0 !! 13 Linus Torvalds
9 14
10 With an explicit syscall exception, as stated !! 15 ----------------------------------------
11 16
12 LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note !! 17 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
>> 18 Version 2, June 1991
13 19
14 In addition, other licenses may also apply. Pl !! 20 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
>> 21 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
>> 22 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
>> 23 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
15 24
16 Documentation/process/license-rules.rs !! 25 Preamble
17 26
18 for more details. !! 27 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
>> 28 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
>> 29 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
>> 30 software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
>> 31 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
>> 32 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
>> 33 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
>> 34 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
>> 35 your programs, too.
19 36
20 All contributions to the Linux Kernel are subj !! 37 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
>> 38 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
>> 39 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
>> 40 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
>> 41 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
>> 42 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
>> 43
>> 44 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
>> 45 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
>> 46 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
>> 47 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
>> 48
>> 49 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
>> 50 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
>> 51 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
>> 52 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
>> 53 rights.
>> 54
>> 55 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
>> 56 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
>> 57 distribute and/or modify the software.
>> 58
>> 59 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
>> 60 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
>> 61 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
>> 62 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
>> 63 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
>> 64 authors' reputations.
>> 65
>> 66 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
>> 67 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
>> 68 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
>> 69 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
>> 70 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
>> 71
>> 72 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
>> 73 modification follow.
>> 74
>> 75 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
>> 76 TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
>> 77
>> 78 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
>> 79 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
>> 80 under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
>> 81 refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
>> 82 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
>> 83 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
>> 84 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
>> 85 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
>> 86 the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
>> 87
>> 88 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
>> 89 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
>> 90 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
>> 91 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
>> 92 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
>> 93 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
>> 94
>> 95 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
>> 96 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
>> 97 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
>> 98 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
>> 99 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
>> 100 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
>> 101 along with the Program.
>> 102
>> 103 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
>> 104 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
>> 105
>> 106 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
>> 107 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
>> 108 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
>> 109 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
>> 110
>> 111 a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
>> 112 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
>> 113
>> 114 b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
>> 115 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
>> 116 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
>> 117 parties under the terms of this License.
>> 118
>> 119 c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
>> 120 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
>> 121 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
>> 122 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
>> 123 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
>> 124 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
>> 125 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
>> 126 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
>> 127 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
>> 128 the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
>> 129
>> 130 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
>> 131 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
>> 132 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
>> 133 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
>> 134 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
>> 135 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
>> 136 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
>> 137 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
>> 138 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
>> 139
>> 140 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
>> 141 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
>> 142 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
>> 143 collective works based on the Program.
>> 144
>> 145 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
>> 146 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
>> 147 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
>> 148 the scope of this License.
>> 149
>> 150 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
>> 151 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
>> 152 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
>> 153
>> 154 a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
>> 155 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
>> 156 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
>> 157
>> 158 b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
>> 159 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
>> 160 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
>> 161 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
>> 162 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
>> 163 customarily used for software interchange; or,
>> 164
>> 165 c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
>> 166 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
>> 167 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
>> 168 received the program in object code or executable form with such
>> 169 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
>> 170
>> 171 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
>> 172 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
>> 173 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
>> 174 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
>> 175 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
>> 176 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
>> 177 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
>> 178 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
>> 179 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
>> 180 itself accompanies the executable.
>> 181
>> 182 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
>> 183 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
>> 184 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
>> 185 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
>> 186 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
>> 187
>> 188 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
>> 189 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
>> 190 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
>> 191 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
>> 192 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
>> 193 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
>> 194 parties remain in full compliance.
>> 195
>> 196 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
>> 197 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
>> 198 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
>> 199 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
>> 200 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
>> 201 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
>> 202 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
>> 203 the Program or works based on it.
>> 204
>> 205 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
>> 206 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
>> 207 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
>> 208 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
>> 209 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
>> 210 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
>> 211 this License.
>> 212
>> 213 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
>> 214 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
>> 215 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
>> 216 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
>> 217 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
>> 218 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
>> 219 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
>> 220 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
>> 221 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
>> 222 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
>> 223 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
>> 224 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
>> 225
>> 226 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
>> 227 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
>> 228 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
>> 229 circumstances.
>> 230
>> 231 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
>> 232 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
>> 233 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
>> 234 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
>> 235 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
>> 236 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
>> 237 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
>> 238 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
>> 239 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
>> 240 impose that choice.
>> 241
>> 242 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
>> 243 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
>> 244
>> 245 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
>> 246 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
>> 247 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
>> 248 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
>> 249 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
>> 250 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
>> 251 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
>> 252
>> 253 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
>> 254 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
>> 255 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
>> 256 address new problems or concerns.
>> 257
>> 258 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
>> 259 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
>> 260 later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
>> 261 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
>> 262 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
>> 263 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
>> 264 Foundation.
>> 265
>> 266 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
>> 267 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
>> 268 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
>> 269 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
>> 270 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
>> 271 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
>> 272 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
>> 273
>> 274 NO WARRANTY
>> 275
>> 276 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
>> 277 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
>> 278 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
>> 279 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
>> 280 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
>> 281 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
>> 282 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
>> 283 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
>> 284 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
>> 285
>> 286 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
>> 287 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
>> 288 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
>> 289 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
>> 290 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
>> 291 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
>> 292 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
>> 293 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
>> 294 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
>> 295
>> 296 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
>> 297
>> 298 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
>> 299
>> 300 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
>> 301 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
>> 302 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
>> 303
>> 304 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
>> 305 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
>> 306 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
>> 307 the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
>> 308
>> 309 <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
>> 310 Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
>> 311
>> 312 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
>> 313 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
>> 314 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
>> 315 (at your option) any later version.
>> 316
>> 317 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
>> 318 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
>> 319 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
>> 320 GNU General Public License for more details.
>> 321
>> 322 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
>> 323 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
>> 324 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
>> 325
>> 326
>> 327 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
>> 328
>> 329 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
>> 330 when it starts in an interactive mode:
>> 331
>> 332 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
>> 333 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
>> 334 This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
>> 335 under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
>> 336
>> 337 The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
>> 338 parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
>> 339 be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
>> 340 mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
>> 341
>> 342 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
>> 343 school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
>> 344 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
>> 345
>> 346 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
>> 347 `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
>> 348
>> 349 <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
>> 350 Ty Coon, President of Vice
>> 351
>> 352 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
>> 353 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
>> 354 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
>> 355 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
>> 356 Public License instead of this License.
Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries.
TOMOYO® is a registered trademark of NTT DATA CORPORATION.