1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang !! 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc !! 34 Rust (optional) 1.62.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge !! 35 bindgen (optional) 0.56.0 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - !! 36 GNU make 3.82 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount !! 42 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx !! 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- <<
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags <<
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag <<
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python <<
67 GNU AWK (optional) 5.1.0 gawk - <<
68 ====================== =============== ====== 63 ====================== =============== ========================================
69 64
70 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 65 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
71 66
72 Kernel compilation 67 Kernel compilation
73 ****************** 68 ******************
74 69
75 GCC 70 GCC
76 --- 71 ---
77 72
78 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 73 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
79 computer. 74 computer.
80 75
81 Clang/LLVM (optional) 76 Clang/LLVM (optional)
82 --------------------- 77 ---------------------
83 78
84 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 79 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
85 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 80 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
86 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 81 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
87 from the kernel that were used to support olde 82 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
88 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 83 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
89 84
90 Rust (optional) 85 Rust (optional)
91 --------------- 86 ---------------
92 87
93 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi !! 88 A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
>> 89 may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
>> 90 the moment.
>> 91
>> 92 Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
>> 93 (like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
>> 94 is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
>> 95 useful for developing.
94 96
95 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 97 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
96 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 98 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
97 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 99 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
98 be detected. 100 be detected.
99 101
100 bindgen (optional) 102 bindgen (optional)
101 ------------------ 103 ------------------
102 104
103 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 105 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
104 It depends on ``libclang``. 106 It depends on ``libclang``.
105 107
106 Make 108 Make
107 ---- 109 ----
108 110
109 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t !! 111 You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
110 112
111 Bash 113 Bash
112 ---- 114 ----
113 115
114 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 116 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
115 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 117 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
116 118
117 Binutils 119 Binutils
118 -------- 120 --------
119 121
120 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 122 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
121 123
122 pkg-config 124 pkg-config
123 ---------- 125 ----------
124 126
125 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 127 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
126 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 128 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
127 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 129 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
128 verified or documented. 130 verified or documented.
129 131
130 Flex 132 Flex
131 ---- 133 ----
132 134
133 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 135 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
134 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 136 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
135 137
136 138
137 Bison 139 Bison
138 ----- 140 -----
139 141
140 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 142 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
141 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 143 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
142 144
143 pahole !! 145 pahole:
144 ------ !! 146 -------
145 147
146 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 148 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
147 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 149 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
148 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 150 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
149 151
150 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 152 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
151 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 153 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
152 154
153 Perl 155 Perl
154 ---- 156 ----
155 157
156 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 158 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
157 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 159 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
158 160
159 BC 161 BC
160 -- 162 --
161 163
162 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 164 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
163 165
164 166
165 OpenSSL 167 OpenSSL
166 ------- 168 -------
167 169
168 Module signing and external certificate handli 170 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
169 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 171 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
170 172
171 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 173 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
172 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 174 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
173 and higher. 175 and higher.
174 176
175 Tar <<
176 --- <<
177 <<
178 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access <<
179 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). <<
180 <<
181 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) <<
182 ----------------------------- <<
183 <<
184 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 <<
185 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due <<
186 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. <<
187 <<
188 mkimage <<
189 ------- <<
190 <<
191 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T <<
192 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b <<
193 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins <<
194 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. <<
195 <<
196 GNU AWK <<
197 ------- <<
198 <<
199 GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to <<
200 builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES) <<
201 177
202 System utilities 178 System utilities
203 **************** 179 ****************
204 180
205 Architectural changes 181 Architectural changes
206 --------------------- 182 ---------------------
207 183
208 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 184 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
209 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 185 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
210 186
211 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 187 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
212 188
213 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 189 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
214 documentation via specially-formatted comments 190 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
215 definitions in the source. These comments can 191 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
216 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 192 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
217 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 193 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
218 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 194 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
219 Sphinx. 195 Sphinx.
220 196
221 Util-linux 197 Util-linux
222 ---------- 198 ----------
223 199
224 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 200 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
225 support new options to mount, recognize more s 201 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
226 types, and similar goodies. !! 202 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
227 You'll probably want to upgrade. 203 You'll probably want to upgrade.
228 204
229 Ksymoops 205 Ksymoops
230 -------- 206 --------
231 207
232 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 208 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
233 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 209 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
234 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 210 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
235 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 211 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
236 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 212 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
237 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 213 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
238 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 214 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
239 with ksymoops. 215 with ksymoops.
240 216
241 Mkinitrd 217 Mkinitrd
242 -------- 218 --------
243 219
244 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 220 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
245 mkinitrd be upgraded. 221 mkinitrd be upgraded.
246 222
247 E2fsprogs 223 E2fsprogs
248 --------- 224 ---------
249 225
250 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 226 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
251 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 227 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
252 228
253 JFSutils 229 JFSutils
254 -------- 230 --------
255 231
256 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 232 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
257 The following utilities are available: 233 The following utilities are available:
258 234
259 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 235 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
260 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 236 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
261 237
262 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 238 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
263 239
264 - other file system utilities are also availab 240 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
265 241
266 Reiserfsprogs 242 Reiserfsprogs
267 ------------- 243 -------------
268 244
269 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 245 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
270 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 246 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
271 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 247 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
272 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 248 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
273 249
274 Xfsprogs 250 Xfsprogs
275 -------- 251 --------
276 252
277 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 253 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
278 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 254 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
279 architecture independent and any version from 255 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
280 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 256 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
281 later is recommended, due to some significant 257 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
282 258
283 PCMCIAutils 259 PCMCIAutils
284 ----------- 260 -----------
285 261
286 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 262 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
287 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 263 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
288 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 264 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
289 subsystem is used. 265 subsystem is used.
290 266
291 Quota-tools 267 Quota-tools
292 ----------- 268 -----------
293 269
294 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 270 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
295 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 271 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
296 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 272 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
297 from the table above. 273 from the table above.
298 274
299 Intel IA32 microcode 275 Intel IA32 microcode
300 -------------------- 276 --------------------
301 277
302 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 278 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
303 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 279 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
304 udev you may need to:: 280 udev you may need to::
305 281
306 mkdir /dev/cpu 282 mkdir /dev/cpu
307 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 283 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
308 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 284 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
309 285
310 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 286 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
311 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 287 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
312 288
313 udev 289 udev
314 ---- 290 ----
315 291
316 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 292 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
317 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 293 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
318 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 294 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
319 devices. 295 devices.
320 296
321 FUSE 297 FUSE
322 ---- 298 ----
323 299
324 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 300 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
325 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 301 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
326 302
327 Networking 303 Networking
328 ********** 304 **********
329 305
330 General changes 306 General changes
331 --------------- 307 ---------------
332 308
333 If you have advanced network configuration nee 309 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
334 consider using the network tools from ip-route 310 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
335 311
336 Packet Filter / NAT 312 Packet Filter / NAT
337 ------------------- 313 -------------------
338 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 314 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
339 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 315 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
340 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 316 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
341 317
342 PPP 318 PPP
343 --- 319 ---
344 320
345 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 321 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
346 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 322 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
347 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 323 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
348 324
349 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 325 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
350 which can be made by:: 326 which can be made by::
351 327
352 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 328 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
353 329
354 as root. 330 as root.
355 331
356 NFS-utils 332 NFS-utils
357 --------- 333 ---------
358 334
359 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 335 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
360 about any client that expected to be able to a 336 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
361 information would be given to the kernel by `` 337 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
362 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 338 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
363 would take information about active clients fr 339 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
364 340
365 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 341 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
366 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 342 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
367 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 343 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
368 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 344 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
369 345
370 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 346 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
371 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 347 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
372 appropriate export information to the kernel. 348 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
373 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 349 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
374 currently active clients. 350 currently active clients.
375 351
376 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 352 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
377 353
378 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 354 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
379 355
380 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 356 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
381 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 357 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
382 that is possible. 358 that is possible.
383 359
384 mcelog 360 mcelog
385 ------ 361 ------
386 362
387 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 363 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
388 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 364 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
389 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 365 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
390 366
391 Kernel documentation 367 Kernel documentation
392 ******************** 368 ********************
393 369
394 Sphinx 370 Sphinx
395 ------ 371 ------
396 372
397 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 373 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
398 for details about Sphinx requirements. 374 for details about Sphinx requirements.
399 375
400 rustdoc 376 rustdoc
401 ------- 377 -------
402 378
403 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 379 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
404 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 380 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
405 381
406 Getting updated software 382 Getting updated software
407 ======================== 383 ========================
408 384
409 Kernel compilation 385 Kernel compilation
410 ****************** 386 ******************
411 387
412 gcc 388 gcc
413 --- 389 ---
414 390
415 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 391 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
416 392
417 Clang/LLVM 393 Clang/LLVM
418 ---------- 394 ----------
419 395
420 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 396 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
421 397
422 Rust 398 Rust
423 ---- 399 ----
424 400
425 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 401 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
426 402
427 bindgen 403 bindgen
428 ------- 404 -------
429 405
430 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 406 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
431 407
432 Make 408 Make
433 ---- 409 ----
434 410
435 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 411 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
436 412
437 Bash 413 Bash
438 ---- 414 ----
439 415
440 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 416 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
441 417
442 Binutils 418 Binutils
443 -------- 419 --------
444 420
445 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 421 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
446 422
447 Flex 423 Flex
448 ---- 424 ----
449 425
450 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 426 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
451 427
452 Bison 428 Bison
453 ----- 429 -----
454 430
455 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 431 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
456 432
457 OpenSSL 433 OpenSSL
458 ------- 434 -------
459 435
460 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 436 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
461 437
462 System utilities 438 System utilities
463 **************** 439 ****************
464 440
465 Util-linux 441 Util-linux
466 ---------- 442 ----------
467 443
468 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 444 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
469 445
470 Kmod 446 Kmod
471 ---- 447 ----
472 448
473 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 449 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
474 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 450 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
475 451
476 Ksymoops 452 Ksymoops
477 -------- 453 --------
478 454
479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 455 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
480 456
481 Mkinitrd 457 Mkinitrd
482 -------- 458 --------
483 459
484 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 460 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
485 461
486 E2fsprogs 462 E2fsprogs
487 --------- 463 ---------
488 464
489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 465 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 466 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
491 467
492 JFSutils 468 JFSutils
493 -------- 469 --------
494 470
495 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> !! 471 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
496 472
497 Reiserfsprogs 473 Reiserfsprogs
498 ------------- 474 -------------
499 475
500 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 476 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
501 477
502 Xfsprogs 478 Xfsprogs
503 -------- 479 --------
504 480
505 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 481 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
506 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
507 483
508 Pcmciautils 484 Pcmciautils
509 ----------- 485 -----------
510 486
511 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 487 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
512 488
513 Quota-tools 489 Quota-tools
514 ----------- 490 -----------
515 491
516 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota !! 492 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
517 493
518 494
519 Intel P6 microcode 495 Intel P6 microcode
520 ------------------ 496 ------------------
521 497
522 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 498 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
523 499
524 udev 500 udev
525 ---- 501 ----
526 502
527 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 503 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
528 504
529 FUSE 505 FUSE
530 ---- 506 ----
531 507
532 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 508 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
533 509
534 mcelog 510 mcelog
535 ------ 511 ------
536 512
537 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> !! 513 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
538 514
539 cpio 515 cpio
540 ---- 516 ----
541 517
542 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 518 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
543 519
544 Networking 520 Networking
545 ********** 521 **********
546 522
547 PPP 523 PPP
548 --- 524 ---
549 525
550 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 526 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
551 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 527 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
552 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 528 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
553 529
554 NFS-utils 530 NFS-utils
555 --------- 531 ---------
556 532
557 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p !! 533 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
558 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> <<
559 534
560 Iptables 535 Iptables
561 -------- 536 --------
562 537
563 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 538 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
564 539
565 Ip-route2 540 Ip-route2
566 --------- 541 ---------
567 542
568 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 543 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
569 544
570 OProfile 545 OProfile
571 -------- 546 --------
572 547
573 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> !! 548 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
>> 549
>> 550 NFS-Utils
>> 551 ---------
>> 552
>> 553 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
574 554
575 Kernel documentation 555 Kernel documentation
576 ******************** 556 ********************
577 557
578 Sphinx 558 Sphinx
579 ------ 559 ------
580 560
581 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 561 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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