1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang !! 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc !! 34 Rust (optional) 1.73.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge 35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - !! 36 GNU make 3.82 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount !! 42 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx !! 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- 63 GNU tar 1.28 tar --version
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags 64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag <<
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python <<
67 GNU AWK (optional) 5.1.0 gawk - <<
68 ====================== =============== ====== 65 ====================== =============== ========================================
69 66
70 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 67 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
71 68
72 Kernel compilation 69 Kernel compilation
73 ****************** 70 ******************
74 71
75 GCC 72 GCC
76 --- 73 ---
77 74
78 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 75 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
79 computer. 76 computer.
80 77
81 Clang/LLVM (optional) 78 Clang/LLVM (optional)
82 --------------------- 79 ---------------------
83 80
84 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 81 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
85 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 82 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
86 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 83 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
87 from the kernel that were used to support olde 84 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
88 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 85 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
89 86
90 Rust (optional) 87 Rust (optional)
91 --------------- 88 ---------------
92 89
93 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi !! 90 A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
>> 91 may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
>> 92 the moment.
>> 93
>> 94 Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
>> 95 (like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
>> 96 is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
>> 97 useful for developing.
94 98
95 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 99 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
96 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 100 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
97 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 101 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
98 be detected. 102 be detected.
99 103
100 bindgen (optional) 104 bindgen (optional)
101 ------------------ 105 ------------------
102 106
103 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 107 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
104 It depends on ``libclang``. 108 It depends on ``libclang``.
105 109
106 Make 110 Make
107 ---- 111 ----
108 112
109 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t !! 113 You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
110 114
111 Bash 115 Bash
112 ---- 116 ----
113 117
114 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 118 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
115 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 119 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
116 120
117 Binutils 121 Binutils
118 -------- 122 --------
119 123
120 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 124 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
121 125
122 pkg-config 126 pkg-config
123 ---------- 127 ----------
124 128
125 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 129 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
126 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 130 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
127 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 131 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
128 verified or documented. 132 verified or documented.
129 133
130 Flex 134 Flex
131 ---- 135 ----
132 136
133 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 137 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
134 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 138 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
135 139
136 140
137 Bison 141 Bison
138 ----- 142 -----
139 143
140 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 144 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
141 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 145 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
142 146
143 pahole !! 147 pahole:
144 ------ !! 148 -------
145 149
146 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 150 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
147 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 151 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
148 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 152 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
149 153
150 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 154 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
151 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 155 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
152 156
153 Perl 157 Perl
154 ---- 158 ----
155 159
156 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 160 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
157 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 161 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
158 162
159 BC 163 BC
160 -- 164 --
161 165
162 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 166 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
163 167
164 168
165 OpenSSL 169 OpenSSL
166 ------- 170 -------
167 171
168 Module signing and external certificate handli 172 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
169 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 173 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
170 174
171 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 175 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
172 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 176 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
173 and higher. 177 and higher.
174 178
175 Tar 179 Tar
176 --- 180 ---
177 181
178 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access 182 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs
179 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). 183 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS).
180 184
181 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) 185 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
182 ----------------------------- 186 -----------------------------
183 187
184 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 188 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
185 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due 189 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
186 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. 190 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
187 191
188 mkimage <<
189 ------- <<
190 <<
191 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T <<
192 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b <<
193 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins <<
194 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. <<
195 <<
196 GNU AWK <<
197 ------- <<
198 <<
199 GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to <<
200 builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES) <<
201 <<
202 System utilities 192 System utilities
203 **************** 193 ****************
204 194
205 Architectural changes 195 Architectural changes
206 --------------------- 196 ---------------------
207 197
208 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 198 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
209 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 199 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
210 200
211 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 201 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
212 202
213 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 203 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
214 documentation via specially-formatted comments 204 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
215 definitions in the source. These comments can 205 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
216 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 206 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
217 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 207 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
218 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 208 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
219 Sphinx. 209 Sphinx.
220 210
221 Util-linux 211 Util-linux
222 ---------- 212 ----------
223 213
224 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 214 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
225 support new options to mount, recognize more s 215 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
226 types, and similar goodies. !! 216 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
227 You'll probably want to upgrade. 217 You'll probably want to upgrade.
228 218
229 Ksymoops 219 Ksymoops
230 -------- 220 --------
231 221
232 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 222 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
233 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 223 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
234 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 224 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
235 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 225 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
236 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 226 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
237 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 227 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
238 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 228 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
239 with ksymoops. 229 with ksymoops.
240 230
241 Mkinitrd 231 Mkinitrd
242 -------- 232 --------
243 233
244 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 234 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
245 mkinitrd be upgraded. 235 mkinitrd be upgraded.
246 236
247 E2fsprogs 237 E2fsprogs
248 --------- 238 ---------
249 239
250 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 240 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
251 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 241 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
252 242
253 JFSutils 243 JFSutils
254 -------- 244 --------
255 245
256 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 246 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
257 The following utilities are available: 247 The following utilities are available:
258 248
259 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 249 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
260 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 250 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
261 251
262 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 252 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
263 253
264 - other file system utilities are also availab 254 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
265 255
266 Reiserfsprogs 256 Reiserfsprogs
267 ------------- 257 -------------
268 258
269 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 259 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
270 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 260 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
271 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 261 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
272 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 262 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
273 263
274 Xfsprogs 264 Xfsprogs
275 -------- 265 --------
276 266
277 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 267 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
278 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 268 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
279 architecture independent and any version from 269 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
280 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 270 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
281 later is recommended, due to some significant 271 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
282 272
283 PCMCIAutils 273 PCMCIAutils
284 ----------- 274 -----------
285 275
286 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 276 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
287 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 277 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
288 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 278 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
289 subsystem is used. 279 subsystem is used.
290 280
291 Quota-tools 281 Quota-tools
292 ----------- 282 -----------
293 283
294 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 284 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
295 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 285 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
296 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 286 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
297 from the table above. 287 from the table above.
298 288
299 Intel IA32 microcode 289 Intel IA32 microcode
300 -------------------- 290 --------------------
301 291
302 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 292 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
303 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 293 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
304 udev you may need to:: 294 udev you may need to::
305 295
306 mkdir /dev/cpu 296 mkdir /dev/cpu
307 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 297 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
308 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 298 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
309 299
310 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 300 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
311 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 301 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
312 302
313 udev 303 udev
314 ---- 304 ----
315 305
316 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 306 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
317 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 307 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
318 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 308 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
319 devices. 309 devices.
320 310
321 FUSE 311 FUSE
322 ---- 312 ----
323 313
324 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 314 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
325 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 315 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
326 316
327 Networking 317 Networking
328 ********** 318 **********
329 319
330 General changes 320 General changes
331 --------------- 321 ---------------
332 322
333 If you have advanced network configuration nee 323 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
334 consider using the network tools from ip-route 324 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
335 325
336 Packet Filter / NAT 326 Packet Filter / NAT
337 ------------------- 327 -------------------
338 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 328 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
339 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 329 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
340 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 330 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
341 331
342 PPP 332 PPP
343 --- 333 ---
344 334
345 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 335 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
346 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 336 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
347 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 337 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
348 338
349 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 339 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
350 which can be made by:: 340 which can be made by::
351 341
352 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 342 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
353 343
354 as root. 344 as root.
355 345
356 NFS-utils 346 NFS-utils
357 --------- 347 ---------
358 348
359 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 349 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
360 about any client that expected to be able to a 350 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
361 information would be given to the kernel by `` 351 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
362 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 352 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
363 would take information about active clients fr 353 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
364 354
365 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 355 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
366 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 356 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
367 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 357 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
368 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 358 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
369 359
370 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 360 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
371 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 361 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
372 appropriate export information to the kernel. 362 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
373 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 363 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
374 currently active clients. 364 currently active clients.
375 365
376 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 366 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
377 367
378 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 368 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
379 369
380 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 370 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
381 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 371 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
382 that is possible. 372 that is possible.
383 373
384 mcelog 374 mcelog
385 ------ 375 ------
386 376
387 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 377 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
388 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 378 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
389 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 379 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
390 380
391 Kernel documentation 381 Kernel documentation
392 ******************** 382 ********************
393 383
394 Sphinx 384 Sphinx
395 ------ 385 ------
396 386
397 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 387 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
398 for details about Sphinx requirements. 388 for details about Sphinx requirements.
399 389
400 rustdoc 390 rustdoc
401 ------- 391 -------
402 392
403 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 393 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
404 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 394 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
405 395
406 Getting updated software 396 Getting updated software
407 ======================== 397 ========================
408 398
409 Kernel compilation 399 Kernel compilation
410 ****************** 400 ******************
411 401
412 gcc 402 gcc
413 --- 403 ---
414 404
415 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 405 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
416 406
417 Clang/LLVM 407 Clang/LLVM
418 ---------- 408 ----------
419 409
420 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 410 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
421 411
422 Rust 412 Rust
423 ---- 413 ----
424 414
425 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 415 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
426 416
427 bindgen 417 bindgen
428 ------- 418 -------
429 419
430 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 420 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
431 421
432 Make 422 Make
433 ---- 423 ----
434 424
435 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 425 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
436 426
437 Bash 427 Bash
438 ---- 428 ----
439 429
440 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 430 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
441 431
442 Binutils 432 Binutils
443 -------- 433 --------
444 434
445 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 435 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
446 436
447 Flex 437 Flex
448 ---- 438 ----
449 439
450 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 440 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
451 441
452 Bison 442 Bison
453 ----- 443 -----
454 444
455 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 445 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
456 446
457 OpenSSL 447 OpenSSL
458 ------- 448 -------
459 449
460 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 450 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
461 451
462 System utilities 452 System utilities
463 **************** 453 ****************
464 454
465 Util-linux 455 Util-linux
466 ---------- 456 ----------
467 457
468 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 458 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
469 459
470 Kmod 460 Kmod
471 ---- 461 ----
472 462
473 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 463 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
474 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 464 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
475 465
476 Ksymoops 466 Ksymoops
477 -------- 467 --------
478 468
479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 469 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
480 470
481 Mkinitrd 471 Mkinitrd
482 -------- 472 --------
483 473
484 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 474 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
485 475
486 E2fsprogs 476 E2fsprogs
487 --------- 477 ---------
488 478
489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 480 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
491 481
492 JFSutils 482 JFSutils
493 -------- 483 --------
494 484
495 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> 485 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
496 486
497 Reiserfsprogs 487 Reiserfsprogs
498 ------------- 488 -------------
499 489
500 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
501 491
502 Xfsprogs 492 Xfsprogs
503 -------- 493 --------
504 494
505 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 495 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
506 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 496 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
507 497
508 Pcmciautils 498 Pcmciautils
509 ----------- 499 -----------
510 500
511 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 501 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
512 502
513 Quota-tools 503 Quota-tools
514 ----------- 504 -----------
515 505
516 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota 506 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
517 507
518 508
519 Intel P6 microcode 509 Intel P6 microcode
520 ------------------ 510 ------------------
521 511
522 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 512 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
523 513
524 udev 514 udev
525 ---- 515 ----
526 516
527 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 517 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
528 518
529 FUSE 519 FUSE
530 ---- 520 ----
531 521
532 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 522 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
533 523
534 mcelog 524 mcelog
535 ------ 525 ------
536 526
537 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> 527 - <https://www.mcelog.org/>
538 528
539 cpio 529 cpio
540 ---- 530 ----
541 531
542 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 532 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
543 533
544 Networking 534 Networking
545 ********** 535 **********
546 536
547 PPP 537 PPP
548 --- 538 ---
549 539
550 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 540 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
551 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 541 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
552 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 542 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
553 543
554 NFS-utils 544 NFS-utils
555 --------- 545 ---------
556 546
557 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p 547 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
558 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> 548 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
559 549
560 Iptables 550 Iptables
561 -------- 551 --------
562 552
563 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 553 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
564 554
565 Ip-route2 555 Ip-route2
566 --------- 556 ---------
567 557
568 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 558 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
569 559
570 OProfile 560 OProfile
571 -------- 561 --------
572 562
573 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> 563 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
574 564
575 Kernel documentation 565 Kernel documentation
576 ******************** 566 ********************
577 567
578 Sphinx 568 Sphinx
579 ------ 569 ------
580 570
581 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 571 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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