1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc 34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge 35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - 36 GNU make 4.0 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount 42 util-linux 2.10o mount --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- 63 GNU tar 1.28 tar --version
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags 64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag 65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimage --version
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python 66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python3 --version
67 GNU AWK (optional) 5.1.0 gawk - 67 GNU AWK (optional) 5.1.0 gawk --version
68 ====================== =============== ====== 68 ====================== =============== ========================================
69 69
70 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 70 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
71 71
72 Kernel compilation 72 Kernel compilation
73 ****************** 73 ******************
74 74
75 GCC 75 GCC
76 --- 76 ---
77 77
78 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 78 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
79 computer. 79 computer.
80 80
81 Clang/LLVM (optional) 81 Clang/LLVM (optional)
82 --------------------- 82 ---------------------
83 83
84 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 84 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
85 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 85 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
86 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 86 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
87 from the kernel that were used to support olde 87 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
88 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 88 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
89 89
90 Rust (optional) 90 Rust (optional)
91 --------------- 91 ---------------
92 92
93 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi 93 A recent version of the Rust compiler is required.
94 94
95 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 95 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
96 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 96 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
97 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 97 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
98 be detected. 98 be detected.
99 99
100 bindgen (optional) 100 bindgen (optional)
101 ------------------ 101 ------------------
102 102
103 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 103 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
104 It depends on ``libclang``. 104 It depends on ``libclang``.
105 105
106 Make 106 Make
107 ---- 107 ----
108 108
109 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t 109 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build the kernel.
110 110
111 Bash 111 Bash
112 ---- 112 ----
113 113
114 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 114 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
115 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 115 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
116 116
117 Binutils 117 Binutils
118 -------- 118 --------
119 119
120 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 120 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
121 121
122 pkg-config 122 pkg-config
123 ---------- 123 ----------
124 124
125 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 125 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
126 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 126 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
127 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 127 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
128 verified or documented. 128 verified or documented.
129 129
130 Flex 130 Flex
131 ---- 131 ----
132 132
133 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 133 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
134 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 134 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
135 135
136 136
137 Bison 137 Bison
138 ----- 138 -----
139 139
140 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 140 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
141 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 141 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
142 142
143 pahole 143 pahole
144 ------ 144 ------
145 145
146 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 146 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
147 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 147 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
148 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 148 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
149 149
150 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 150 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
151 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 151 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
152 152
153 Perl 153 Perl
154 ---- 154 ----
155 155
156 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 156 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
157 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 157 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
158 158
159 BC 159 BC
160 -- 160 --
161 161
162 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 162 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
163 163
164 164
165 OpenSSL 165 OpenSSL
166 ------- 166 -------
167 167
168 Module signing and external certificate handli 168 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
169 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 169 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
170 170
171 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 171 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
172 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 172 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
173 and higher. 173 and higher.
174 174
175 Tar 175 Tar
176 --- 176 ---
177 177
178 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access 178 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs
179 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). 179 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS).
180 180
181 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) 181 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
182 ----------------------------- 182 -----------------------------
183 183
184 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 184 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
185 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due 185 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
186 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. 186 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
187 187
188 mkimage 188 mkimage
189 ------- 189 -------
190 190
191 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T 191 This tool is used when building a Flat Image Tree (FIT), commonly used on ARM
192 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b 192 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-boot-tools`` package or can be
193 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins 193 built from the U-Boot source code. See the instructions at
194 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. 194 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools.html#building-tools-for-linux
195 195
196 GNU AWK 196 GNU AWK
197 ------- 197 -------
198 198
199 GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to 199 GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to generate address range data for
200 builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES) 200 builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES).
201 201
202 System utilities 202 System utilities
203 **************** 203 ****************
204 204
205 Architectural changes 205 Architectural changes
206 --------------------- 206 ---------------------
207 207
208 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 208 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
209 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 209 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
210 210
211 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 211 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
212 212
213 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 213 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
214 documentation via specially-formatted comments 214 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
215 definitions in the source. These comments can 215 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
216 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 216 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
217 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 217 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
218 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 218 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
219 Sphinx. 219 Sphinx.
220 220
221 Util-linux 221 Util-linux
222 ---------- 222 ----------
223 223
224 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 224 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
225 support new options to mount, recognize more s 225 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
226 types, and similar goodies. 226 types, and similar goodies.
227 You'll probably want to upgrade. 227 You'll probably want to upgrade.
228 228
229 Ksymoops 229 Ksymoops
230 -------- 230 --------
231 231
232 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 232 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
233 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 233 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
234 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 234 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
235 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 235 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
236 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 236 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
237 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 237 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
238 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 238 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
239 with ksymoops. 239 with ksymoops.
240 240
241 Mkinitrd 241 Mkinitrd
242 -------- 242 --------
243 243
244 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 244 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
245 mkinitrd be upgraded. 245 mkinitrd be upgraded.
246 246
247 E2fsprogs 247 E2fsprogs
248 --------- 248 ---------
249 249
250 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 250 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
251 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 251 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
252 252
253 JFSutils 253 JFSutils
254 -------- 254 --------
255 255
256 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 256 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
257 The following utilities are available: 257 The following utilities are available:
258 258
259 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 259 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
260 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 260 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
261 261
262 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 262 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
263 263
264 - other file system utilities are also availab 264 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
265 265
266 Reiserfsprogs 266 Reiserfsprogs
267 ------------- 267 -------------
268 268
269 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 269 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
270 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 270 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
271 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 271 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
272 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 272 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
273 273
274 Xfsprogs 274 Xfsprogs
275 -------- 275 --------
276 276
277 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 277 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
278 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 278 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
279 architecture independent and any version from 279 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
280 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 280 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
281 later is recommended, due to some significant 281 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
282 282
283 PCMCIAutils 283 PCMCIAutils
284 ----------- 284 -----------
285 285
286 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 286 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
287 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 287 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
288 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 288 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
289 subsystem is used. 289 subsystem is used.
290 290
291 Quota-tools 291 Quota-tools
292 ----------- 292 -----------
293 293
294 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 294 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
295 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 295 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
296 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 296 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
297 from the table above. 297 from the table above.
298 298
299 Intel IA32 microcode 299 Intel IA32 microcode
300 -------------------- 300 --------------------
301 301
302 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 302 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
303 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 303 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
304 udev you may need to:: 304 udev you may need to::
305 305
306 mkdir /dev/cpu 306 mkdir /dev/cpu
307 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 307 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
308 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 308 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
309 309
310 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 310 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
311 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 311 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
312 312
313 udev 313 udev
314 ---- 314 ----
315 315
316 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 316 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
317 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 317 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
318 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 318 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
319 devices. 319 devices.
320 320
321 FUSE 321 FUSE
322 ---- 322 ----
323 323
324 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 324 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
325 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 325 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
326 326
327 Networking 327 Networking
328 ********** 328 **********
329 329
330 General changes 330 General changes
331 --------------- 331 ---------------
332 332
333 If you have advanced network configuration nee 333 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
334 consider using the network tools from ip-route 334 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
335 335
336 Packet Filter / NAT 336 Packet Filter / NAT
337 ------------------- 337 -------------------
338 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 338 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
339 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 339 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
340 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 340 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
341 341
342 PPP 342 PPP
343 --- 343 ---
344 344
345 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 345 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
346 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 346 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
347 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 347 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
348 348
349 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 349 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
350 which can be made by:: 350 which can be made by::
351 351
352 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 352 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
353 353
354 as root. 354 as root.
355 355
356 NFS-utils 356 NFS-utils
357 --------- 357 ---------
358 358
359 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 359 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
360 about any client that expected to be able to a 360 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
361 information would be given to the kernel by `` 361 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
362 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 362 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
363 would take information about active clients fr 363 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
364 364
365 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 365 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
366 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 366 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
367 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 367 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
368 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 368 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
369 369
370 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 370 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
371 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 371 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
372 appropriate export information to the kernel. 372 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
373 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 373 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
374 currently active clients. 374 currently active clients.
375 375
376 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 376 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
377 377
378 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 378 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
379 379
380 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 380 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
381 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 381 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
382 that is possible. 382 that is possible.
383 383
384 mcelog 384 mcelog
385 ------ 385 ------
386 386
387 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 387 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
388 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 388 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
389 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 389 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
390 390
391 Kernel documentation 391 Kernel documentation
392 ******************** 392 ********************
393 393
394 Sphinx 394 Sphinx
395 ------ 395 ------
396 396
397 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 397 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
398 for details about Sphinx requirements. 398 for details about Sphinx requirements.
399 399
400 rustdoc 400 rustdoc
401 ------- 401 -------
402 402
403 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 403 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
404 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 404 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
405 405
406 Getting updated software 406 Getting updated software
407 ======================== 407 ========================
408 408
409 Kernel compilation 409 Kernel compilation
410 ****************** 410 ******************
411 411
412 gcc 412 gcc
413 --- 413 ---
414 414
415 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 415 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
416 416
417 Clang/LLVM 417 Clang/LLVM
418 ---------- 418 ----------
419 419
420 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 420 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
421 421
422 Rust 422 Rust
423 ---- 423 ----
424 424
425 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 425 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
426 426
427 bindgen 427 bindgen
428 ------- 428 -------
429 429
430 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 430 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
431 431
432 Make 432 Make
433 ---- 433 ----
434 434
435 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 435 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
436 436
437 Bash 437 Bash
438 ---- 438 ----
439 439
440 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 440 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
441 441
442 Binutils 442 Binutils
443 -------- 443 --------
444 444
445 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 445 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
446 446
447 Flex 447 Flex
448 ---- 448 ----
449 449
450 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 450 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
451 451
452 Bison 452 Bison
453 ----- 453 -----
454 454
455 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 455 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
456 456
457 OpenSSL 457 OpenSSL
458 ------- 458 -------
459 459
460 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 460 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
461 461
462 System utilities 462 System utilities
463 **************** 463 ****************
464 464
465 Util-linux 465 Util-linux
466 ---------- 466 ----------
467 467
468 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 468 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
469 469
470 Kmod 470 Kmod
471 ---- 471 ----
472 472
473 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 473 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
474 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 474 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
475 475
476 Ksymoops 476 Ksymoops
477 -------- 477 --------
478 478
479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
480 480
481 Mkinitrd 481 Mkinitrd
482 -------- 482 --------
483 483
484 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 484 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
485 485
486 E2fsprogs 486 E2fsprogs
487 --------- 487 ---------
488 488
489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
491 491
492 JFSutils 492 JFSutils
493 -------- 493 --------
494 494
495 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> 495 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
496 496
497 Reiserfsprogs 497 Reiserfsprogs
498 ------------- 498 -------------
499 499
500 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 500 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
501 501
502 Xfsprogs 502 Xfsprogs
503 -------- 503 --------
504 504
505 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 505 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
506 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 506 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
507 507
508 Pcmciautils 508 Pcmciautils
509 ----------- 509 -----------
510 510
511 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 511 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
512 512
513 Quota-tools 513 Quota-tools
514 ----------- 514 -----------
515 515
516 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota 516 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
517 517
518 518
519 Intel P6 microcode 519 Intel P6 microcode
520 ------------------ 520 ------------------
521 521
522 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 522 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
523 523
524 udev 524 udev
525 ---- 525 ----
526 526
527 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 527 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
528 528
529 FUSE 529 FUSE
530 ---- 530 ----
531 531
532 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 532 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
533 533
534 mcelog 534 mcelog
535 ------ 535 ------
536 536
537 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> 537 - <https://www.mcelog.org/>
538 538
539 cpio 539 cpio
540 ---- 540 ----
541 541
542 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 542 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
543 543
544 Networking 544 Networking
545 ********** 545 **********
546 546
547 PPP 547 PPP
548 --- 548 ---
549 549
550 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 550 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
551 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 551 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
552 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 552 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
553 553
554 NFS-utils 554 NFS-utils
555 --------- 555 ---------
556 556
557 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p 557 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
558 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> 558 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
559 559
560 Iptables 560 Iptables
561 -------- 561 --------
562 562
563 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 563 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
564 564
565 Ip-route2 565 Ip-route2
566 --------- 566 ---------
567 567
568 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 568 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
569 569
570 OProfile 570 OProfile
571 -------- 571 --------
572 572
573 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> 573 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
574 574
575 Kernel documentation 575 Kernel documentation
576 ******************** 576 ********************
577 577
578 Sphinx 578 Sphinx
579 ------ 579 ------
580 580
581 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 581 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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