1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc 34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge 35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - 36 GNU make 4.0 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount 42 util-linux 2.10o mount --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- 63 GNU tar 1.28 tar --version
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags 64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag 65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimage --version
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python 66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python3 --version
67 GNU AWK (optional) 5.1.0 gawk - <<
68 ====================== =============== ====== 67 ====================== =============== ========================================
69 68
70 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 69 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
71 70
72 Kernel compilation 71 Kernel compilation
73 ****************** 72 ******************
74 73
75 GCC 74 GCC
76 --- 75 ---
77 76
78 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 77 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
79 computer. 78 computer.
80 79
81 Clang/LLVM (optional) 80 Clang/LLVM (optional)
82 --------------------- 81 ---------------------
83 82
84 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 83 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
85 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 84 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
86 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 85 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
87 from the kernel that were used to support olde 86 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
88 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 87 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
89 88
90 Rust (optional) 89 Rust (optional)
91 --------------- 90 ---------------
92 91
93 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi 92 A recent version of the Rust compiler is required.
94 93
95 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 94 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
96 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 95 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
97 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 96 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
98 be detected. 97 be detected.
99 98
100 bindgen (optional) 99 bindgen (optional)
101 ------------------ 100 ------------------
102 101
103 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 102 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
104 It depends on ``libclang``. 103 It depends on ``libclang``.
105 104
106 Make 105 Make
107 ---- 106 ----
108 107
109 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t 108 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build the kernel.
110 109
111 Bash 110 Bash
112 ---- 111 ----
113 112
114 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 113 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
115 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 114 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
116 115
117 Binutils 116 Binutils
118 -------- 117 --------
119 118
120 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 119 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
121 120
122 pkg-config 121 pkg-config
123 ---------- 122 ----------
124 123
125 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 124 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
126 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 125 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
127 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 126 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
128 verified or documented. 127 verified or documented.
129 128
130 Flex 129 Flex
131 ---- 130 ----
132 131
133 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 132 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
134 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 133 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
135 134
136 135
137 Bison 136 Bison
138 ----- 137 -----
139 138
140 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 139 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
141 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 140 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
142 141
143 pahole 142 pahole
144 ------ 143 ------
145 144
146 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 145 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
147 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 146 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
148 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 147 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
149 148
150 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 149 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
151 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 150 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
152 151
153 Perl 152 Perl
154 ---- 153 ----
155 154
156 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 155 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
157 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 156 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
158 157
159 BC 158 BC
160 -- 159 --
161 160
162 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 161 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
163 162
164 163
165 OpenSSL 164 OpenSSL
166 ------- 165 -------
167 166
168 Module signing and external certificate handli 167 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
169 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 168 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
170 169
171 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 170 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
172 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 171 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
173 and higher. 172 and higher.
174 173
175 Tar 174 Tar
176 --- 175 ---
177 176
178 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access 177 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs
179 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). 178 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS).
180 179
181 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) 180 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
182 ----------------------------- 181 -----------------------------
183 182
184 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 183 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
185 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due 184 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
186 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. 185 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
187 186
188 mkimage 187 mkimage
189 ------- 188 -------
190 189
191 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T 190 This tool is used when building a Flat Image Tree (FIT), commonly used on ARM
192 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b 191 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-boot-tools`` package or can be
193 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins 192 built from the U-Boot source code. See the instructions at
194 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. 193 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools.html#building-tools-for-linux
195 <<
196 GNU AWK <<
197 ------- <<
198 <<
199 GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to <<
200 builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES) <<
201 194
202 System utilities 195 System utilities
203 **************** 196 ****************
204 197
205 Architectural changes 198 Architectural changes
206 --------------------- 199 ---------------------
207 200
208 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 201 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
209 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 202 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
210 203
211 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 204 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
212 205
213 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 206 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
214 documentation via specially-formatted comments 207 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
215 definitions in the source. These comments can 208 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
216 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 209 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
217 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 210 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
218 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 211 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
219 Sphinx. 212 Sphinx.
220 213
221 Util-linux 214 Util-linux
222 ---------- 215 ----------
223 216
224 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 217 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
225 support new options to mount, recognize more s 218 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
226 types, and similar goodies. 219 types, and similar goodies.
227 You'll probably want to upgrade. 220 You'll probably want to upgrade.
228 221
229 Ksymoops 222 Ksymoops
230 -------- 223 --------
231 224
232 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 225 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
233 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 226 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
234 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 227 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
235 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 228 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
236 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 229 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
237 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 230 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
238 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 231 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
239 with ksymoops. 232 with ksymoops.
240 233
241 Mkinitrd 234 Mkinitrd
242 -------- 235 --------
243 236
244 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 237 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
245 mkinitrd be upgraded. 238 mkinitrd be upgraded.
246 239
247 E2fsprogs 240 E2fsprogs
248 --------- 241 ---------
249 242
250 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 243 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
251 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 244 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
252 245
253 JFSutils 246 JFSutils
254 -------- 247 --------
255 248
256 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 249 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
257 The following utilities are available: 250 The following utilities are available:
258 251
259 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 252 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
260 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 253 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
261 254
262 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 255 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
263 256
264 - other file system utilities are also availab 257 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
265 258
266 Reiserfsprogs 259 Reiserfsprogs
267 ------------- 260 -------------
268 261
269 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 262 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
270 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 263 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
271 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 264 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
272 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 265 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
273 266
274 Xfsprogs 267 Xfsprogs
275 -------- 268 --------
276 269
277 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 270 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
278 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 271 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
279 architecture independent and any version from 272 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
280 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 273 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
281 later is recommended, due to some significant 274 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
282 275
283 PCMCIAutils 276 PCMCIAutils
284 ----------- 277 -----------
285 278
286 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 279 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
287 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 280 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
288 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 281 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
289 subsystem is used. 282 subsystem is used.
290 283
291 Quota-tools 284 Quota-tools
292 ----------- 285 -----------
293 286
294 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 287 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
295 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 288 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
296 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 289 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
297 from the table above. 290 from the table above.
298 291
299 Intel IA32 microcode 292 Intel IA32 microcode
300 -------------------- 293 --------------------
301 294
302 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 295 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
303 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 296 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
304 udev you may need to:: 297 udev you may need to::
305 298
306 mkdir /dev/cpu 299 mkdir /dev/cpu
307 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 300 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
308 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 301 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
309 302
310 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 303 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
311 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 304 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
312 305
313 udev 306 udev
314 ---- 307 ----
315 308
316 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 309 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
317 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 310 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
318 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 311 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
319 devices. 312 devices.
320 313
321 FUSE 314 FUSE
322 ---- 315 ----
323 316
324 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 317 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
325 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 318 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
326 319
327 Networking 320 Networking
328 ********** 321 **********
329 322
330 General changes 323 General changes
331 --------------- 324 ---------------
332 325
333 If you have advanced network configuration nee 326 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
334 consider using the network tools from ip-route 327 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
335 328
336 Packet Filter / NAT 329 Packet Filter / NAT
337 ------------------- 330 -------------------
338 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 331 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
339 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 332 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
340 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 333 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
341 334
342 PPP 335 PPP
343 --- 336 ---
344 337
345 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 338 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
346 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 339 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
347 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 340 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
348 341
349 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 342 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
350 which can be made by:: 343 which can be made by::
351 344
352 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 345 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
353 346
354 as root. 347 as root.
355 348
356 NFS-utils 349 NFS-utils
357 --------- 350 ---------
358 351
359 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 352 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
360 about any client that expected to be able to a 353 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
361 information would be given to the kernel by `` 354 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
362 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 355 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
363 would take information about active clients fr 356 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
364 357
365 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 358 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
366 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 359 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
367 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 360 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
368 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 361 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
369 362
370 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 363 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
371 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 364 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
372 appropriate export information to the kernel. 365 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
373 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 366 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
374 currently active clients. 367 currently active clients.
375 368
376 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 369 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
377 370
378 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 371 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
379 372
380 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 373 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
381 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 374 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
382 that is possible. 375 that is possible.
383 376
384 mcelog 377 mcelog
385 ------ 378 ------
386 379
387 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 380 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
388 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 381 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
389 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 382 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
390 383
391 Kernel documentation 384 Kernel documentation
392 ******************** 385 ********************
393 386
394 Sphinx 387 Sphinx
395 ------ 388 ------
396 389
397 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 390 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
398 for details about Sphinx requirements. 391 for details about Sphinx requirements.
399 392
400 rustdoc 393 rustdoc
401 ------- 394 -------
402 395
403 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 396 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
404 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 397 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
405 398
406 Getting updated software 399 Getting updated software
407 ======================== 400 ========================
408 401
409 Kernel compilation 402 Kernel compilation
410 ****************** 403 ******************
411 404
412 gcc 405 gcc
413 --- 406 ---
414 407
415 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 408 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
416 409
417 Clang/LLVM 410 Clang/LLVM
418 ---------- 411 ----------
419 412
420 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 413 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
421 414
422 Rust 415 Rust
423 ---- 416 ----
424 417
425 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 418 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
426 419
427 bindgen 420 bindgen
428 ------- 421 -------
429 422
430 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 423 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
431 424
432 Make 425 Make
433 ---- 426 ----
434 427
435 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 428 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
436 429
437 Bash 430 Bash
438 ---- 431 ----
439 432
440 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 433 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
441 434
442 Binutils 435 Binutils
443 -------- 436 --------
444 437
445 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 438 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
446 439
447 Flex 440 Flex
448 ---- 441 ----
449 442
450 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 443 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
451 444
452 Bison 445 Bison
453 ----- 446 -----
454 447
455 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 448 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
456 449
457 OpenSSL 450 OpenSSL
458 ------- 451 -------
459 452
460 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 453 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
461 454
462 System utilities 455 System utilities
463 **************** 456 ****************
464 457
465 Util-linux 458 Util-linux
466 ---------- 459 ----------
467 460
468 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 461 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
469 462
470 Kmod 463 Kmod
471 ---- 464 ----
472 465
473 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 466 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
474 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 467 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
475 468
476 Ksymoops 469 Ksymoops
477 -------- 470 --------
478 471
479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 472 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
480 473
481 Mkinitrd 474 Mkinitrd
482 -------- 475 --------
483 476
484 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 477 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
485 478
486 E2fsprogs 479 E2fsprogs
487 --------- 480 ---------
488 481
489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 483 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
491 484
492 JFSutils 485 JFSutils
493 -------- 486 --------
494 487
495 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> 488 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
496 489
497 Reiserfsprogs 490 Reiserfsprogs
498 ------------- 491 -------------
499 492
500 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 493 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
501 494
502 Xfsprogs 495 Xfsprogs
503 -------- 496 --------
504 497
505 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 498 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
506 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 499 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
507 500
508 Pcmciautils 501 Pcmciautils
509 ----------- 502 -----------
510 503
511 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 504 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
512 505
513 Quota-tools 506 Quota-tools
514 ----------- 507 -----------
515 508
516 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota 509 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
517 510
518 511
519 Intel P6 microcode 512 Intel P6 microcode
520 ------------------ 513 ------------------
521 514
522 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 515 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
523 516
524 udev 517 udev
525 ---- 518 ----
526 519
527 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 520 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
528 521
529 FUSE 522 FUSE
530 ---- 523 ----
531 524
532 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 525 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
533 526
534 mcelog 527 mcelog
535 ------ 528 ------
536 529
537 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> 530 - <https://www.mcelog.org/>
538 531
539 cpio 532 cpio
540 ---- 533 ----
541 534
542 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 535 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
543 536
544 Networking 537 Networking
545 ********** 538 **********
546 539
547 PPP 540 PPP
548 --- 541 ---
549 542
550 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 543 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
551 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 544 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
552 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 545 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
553 546
554 NFS-utils 547 NFS-utils
555 --------- 548 ---------
556 549
557 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p 550 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
558 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> 551 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
559 552
560 Iptables 553 Iptables
561 -------- 554 --------
562 555
563 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 556 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
564 557
565 Ip-route2 558 Ip-route2
566 --------- 559 ---------
567 560
568 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 561 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
569 562
570 OProfile 563 OProfile
571 -------- 564 --------
572 565
573 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> 566 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
574 567
575 Kernel documentation 568 Kernel documentation
576 ******************** 569 ********************
577 570
578 Sphinx 571 Sphinx
579 ------ 572 ------
580 573
581 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 574 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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