1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang !! 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc !! 34 Rust (optional) 1.62.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge !! 35 bindgen (optional) 0.56.0 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - !! 36 GNU make 3.82 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount !! 42 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx !! 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- <<
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags 63 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag <<
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python <<
67 GNU AWK (optional) 5.1.0 gawk - <<
68 ====================== =============== ====== 64 ====================== =============== ========================================
69 65
70 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 66 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
71 67
72 Kernel compilation 68 Kernel compilation
73 ****************** 69 ******************
74 70
75 GCC 71 GCC
76 --- 72 ---
77 73
78 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 74 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
79 computer. 75 computer.
80 76
81 Clang/LLVM (optional) 77 Clang/LLVM (optional)
82 --------------------- 78 ---------------------
83 79
84 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 80 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
85 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 81 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
86 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 82 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
87 from the kernel that were used to support olde 83 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
88 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 84 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
89 85
90 Rust (optional) 86 Rust (optional)
91 --------------- 87 ---------------
92 88
93 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi !! 89 A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
>> 90 may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
>> 91 the moment.
>> 92
>> 93 Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
>> 94 (like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
>> 95 is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
>> 96 useful for developing.
94 97
95 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 98 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
96 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 99 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
97 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 100 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
98 be detected. 101 be detected.
99 102
100 bindgen (optional) 103 bindgen (optional)
101 ------------------ 104 ------------------
102 105
103 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 106 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
104 It depends on ``libclang``. 107 It depends on ``libclang``.
105 108
106 Make 109 Make
107 ---- 110 ----
108 111
109 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t !! 112 You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
110 113
111 Bash 114 Bash
112 ---- 115 ----
113 116
114 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 117 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
115 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 118 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
116 119
117 Binutils 120 Binutils
118 -------- 121 --------
119 122
120 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 123 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
121 124
122 pkg-config 125 pkg-config
123 ---------- 126 ----------
124 127
125 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 128 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
126 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 129 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
127 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 130 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
128 verified or documented. 131 verified or documented.
129 132
130 Flex 133 Flex
131 ---- 134 ----
132 135
133 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 136 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
134 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 137 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
135 138
136 139
137 Bison 140 Bison
138 ----- 141 -----
139 142
140 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 143 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
141 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 144 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
142 145
143 pahole !! 146 pahole:
144 ------ !! 147 -------
145 148
146 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 149 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
147 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 150 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
148 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 151 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
149 152
150 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 153 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
151 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 154 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
152 155
153 Perl 156 Perl
154 ---- 157 ----
155 158
156 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 159 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
157 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 160 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
158 161
159 BC 162 BC
160 -- 163 --
161 164
162 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 165 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
163 166
164 167
165 OpenSSL 168 OpenSSL
166 ------- 169 -------
167 170
168 Module signing and external certificate handli 171 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
169 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 172 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
170 173
171 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 174 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
172 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 175 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
173 and higher. 176 and higher.
174 177
175 Tar <<
176 --- <<
177 <<
178 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access <<
179 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). <<
180 <<
181 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) 178 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
182 ----------------------------- 179 -----------------------------
183 180
184 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 181 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
185 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due 182 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
186 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. 183 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
187 184
188 mkimage <<
189 ------- <<
190 <<
191 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T <<
192 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b <<
193 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins <<
194 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. <<
195 <<
196 GNU AWK <<
197 ------- <<
198 <<
199 GNU AWK is needed if you want kernel builds to <<
200 builtin modules (CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES) <<
201 <<
202 System utilities 185 System utilities
203 **************** 186 ****************
204 187
205 Architectural changes 188 Architectural changes
206 --------------------- 189 ---------------------
207 190
208 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 191 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
209 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 192 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
210 193
211 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 194 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
212 195
213 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 196 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
214 documentation via specially-formatted comments 197 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
215 definitions in the source. These comments can 198 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
216 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 199 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
217 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 200 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
218 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 201 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
219 Sphinx. 202 Sphinx.
220 203
221 Util-linux 204 Util-linux
222 ---------- 205 ----------
223 206
224 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 207 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
225 support new options to mount, recognize more s 208 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
226 types, and similar goodies. !! 209 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
227 You'll probably want to upgrade. 210 You'll probably want to upgrade.
228 211
229 Ksymoops 212 Ksymoops
230 -------- 213 --------
231 214
232 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 215 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
233 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 216 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
234 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 217 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
235 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 218 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
236 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 219 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
237 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 220 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
238 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 221 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
239 with ksymoops. 222 with ksymoops.
240 223
241 Mkinitrd 224 Mkinitrd
242 -------- 225 --------
243 226
244 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 227 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
245 mkinitrd be upgraded. 228 mkinitrd be upgraded.
246 229
247 E2fsprogs 230 E2fsprogs
248 --------- 231 ---------
249 232
250 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 233 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
251 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 234 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
252 235
253 JFSutils 236 JFSutils
254 -------- 237 --------
255 238
256 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 239 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
257 The following utilities are available: 240 The following utilities are available:
258 241
259 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 242 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
260 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 243 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
261 244
262 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 245 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
263 246
264 - other file system utilities are also availab 247 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
265 248
266 Reiserfsprogs 249 Reiserfsprogs
267 ------------- 250 -------------
268 251
269 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 252 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
270 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 253 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
271 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 254 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
272 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 255 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
273 256
274 Xfsprogs 257 Xfsprogs
275 -------- 258 --------
276 259
277 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 260 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
278 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 261 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
279 architecture independent and any version from 262 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
280 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 263 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
281 later is recommended, due to some significant 264 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
282 265
283 PCMCIAutils 266 PCMCIAutils
284 ----------- 267 -----------
285 268
286 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 269 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
287 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 270 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
288 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 271 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
289 subsystem is used. 272 subsystem is used.
290 273
291 Quota-tools 274 Quota-tools
292 ----------- 275 -----------
293 276
294 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 277 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
295 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 278 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
296 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 279 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
297 from the table above. 280 from the table above.
298 281
299 Intel IA32 microcode 282 Intel IA32 microcode
300 -------------------- 283 --------------------
301 284
302 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 285 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
303 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 286 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
304 udev you may need to:: 287 udev you may need to::
305 288
306 mkdir /dev/cpu 289 mkdir /dev/cpu
307 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 290 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
308 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 291 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
309 292
310 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 293 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
311 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 294 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
312 295
313 udev 296 udev
314 ---- 297 ----
315 298
316 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 299 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
317 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 300 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
318 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 301 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
319 devices. 302 devices.
320 303
321 FUSE 304 FUSE
322 ---- 305 ----
323 306
324 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 307 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
325 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 308 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
326 309
327 Networking 310 Networking
328 ********** 311 **********
329 312
330 General changes 313 General changes
331 --------------- 314 ---------------
332 315
333 If you have advanced network configuration nee 316 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
334 consider using the network tools from ip-route 317 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
335 318
336 Packet Filter / NAT 319 Packet Filter / NAT
337 ------------------- 320 -------------------
338 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 321 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
339 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 322 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
340 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 323 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
341 324
342 PPP 325 PPP
343 --- 326 ---
344 327
345 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 328 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
346 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 329 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
347 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 330 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
348 331
349 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 332 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
350 which can be made by:: 333 which can be made by::
351 334
352 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 335 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
353 336
354 as root. 337 as root.
355 338
356 NFS-utils 339 NFS-utils
357 --------- 340 ---------
358 341
359 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 342 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
360 about any client that expected to be able to a 343 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
361 information would be given to the kernel by `` 344 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
362 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 345 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
363 would take information about active clients fr 346 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
364 347
365 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 348 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
366 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 349 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
367 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 350 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
368 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 351 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
369 352
370 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 353 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
371 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 354 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
372 appropriate export information to the kernel. 355 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
373 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 356 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
374 currently active clients. 357 currently active clients.
375 358
376 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 359 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
377 360
378 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 361 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
379 362
380 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 363 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
381 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 364 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
382 that is possible. 365 that is possible.
383 366
384 mcelog 367 mcelog
385 ------ 368 ------
386 369
387 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 370 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
388 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 371 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
389 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 372 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
390 373
391 Kernel documentation 374 Kernel documentation
392 ******************** 375 ********************
393 376
394 Sphinx 377 Sphinx
395 ------ 378 ------
396 379
397 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 380 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
398 for details about Sphinx requirements. 381 for details about Sphinx requirements.
399 382
400 rustdoc 383 rustdoc
401 ------- 384 -------
402 385
403 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 386 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
404 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 387 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
405 388
406 Getting updated software 389 Getting updated software
407 ======================== 390 ========================
408 391
409 Kernel compilation 392 Kernel compilation
410 ****************** 393 ******************
411 394
412 gcc 395 gcc
413 --- 396 ---
414 397
415 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 398 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
416 399
417 Clang/LLVM 400 Clang/LLVM
418 ---------- 401 ----------
419 402
420 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 403 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
421 404
422 Rust 405 Rust
423 ---- 406 ----
424 407
425 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 408 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
426 409
427 bindgen 410 bindgen
428 ------- 411 -------
429 412
430 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 413 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
431 414
432 Make 415 Make
433 ---- 416 ----
434 417
435 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 418 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
436 419
437 Bash 420 Bash
438 ---- 421 ----
439 422
440 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 423 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
441 424
442 Binutils 425 Binutils
443 -------- 426 --------
444 427
445 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 428 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
446 429
447 Flex 430 Flex
448 ---- 431 ----
449 432
450 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 433 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
451 434
452 Bison 435 Bison
453 ----- 436 -----
454 437
455 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 438 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
456 439
457 OpenSSL 440 OpenSSL
458 ------- 441 -------
459 442
460 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 443 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
461 444
462 System utilities 445 System utilities
463 **************** 446 ****************
464 447
465 Util-linux 448 Util-linux
466 ---------- 449 ----------
467 450
468 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 451 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
469 452
470 Kmod 453 Kmod
471 ---- 454 ----
472 455
473 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 456 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
474 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 457 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
475 458
476 Ksymoops 459 Ksymoops
477 -------- 460 --------
478 461
479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 462 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
480 463
481 Mkinitrd 464 Mkinitrd
482 -------- 465 --------
483 466
484 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 467 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
485 468
486 E2fsprogs 469 E2fsprogs
487 --------- 470 ---------
488 471
489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 472 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 473 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
491 474
492 JFSutils 475 JFSutils
493 -------- 476 --------
494 477
495 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> !! 478 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
496 479
497 Reiserfsprogs 480 Reiserfsprogs
498 ------------- 481 -------------
499 482
500 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 483 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
501 484
502 Xfsprogs 485 Xfsprogs
503 -------- 486 --------
504 487
505 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 488 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
506 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
507 490
508 Pcmciautils 491 Pcmciautils
509 ----------- 492 -----------
510 493
511 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 494 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
512 495
513 Quota-tools 496 Quota-tools
514 ----------- 497 -----------
515 498
516 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota !! 499 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
517 500
518 501
519 Intel P6 microcode 502 Intel P6 microcode
520 ------------------ 503 ------------------
521 504
522 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 505 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
523 506
524 udev 507 udev
525 ---- 508 ----
526 509
527 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 510 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
528 511
529 FUSE 512 FUSE
530 ---- 513 ----
531 514
532 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 515 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
533 516
534 mcelog 517 mcelog
535 ------ 518 ------
536 519
537 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> !! 520 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
538 521
539 cpio 522 cpio
540 ---- 523 ----
541 524
542 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 525 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
543 526
544 Networking 527 Networking
545 ********** 528 **********
546 529
547 PPP 530 PPP
548 --- 531 ---
549 532
550 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 533 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
551 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 534 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
552 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 535 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
553 536
554 NFS-utils 537 NFS-utils
555 --------- 538 ---------
556 539
557 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p !! 540 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
558 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> <<
559 541
560 Iptables 542 Iptables
561 -------- 543 --------
562 544
563 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 545 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
564 546
565 Ip-route2 547 Ip-route2
566 --------- 548 ---------
567 549
568 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 550 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
569 551
570 OProfile 552 OProfile
571 -------- 553 --------
572 554
573 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> !! 555 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
>> 556
>> 557 NFS-Utils
>> 558 ---------
>> 559
>> 560 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
574 561
575 Kernel documentation 562 Kernel documentation
576 ******************** 563 ********************
577 564
578 Sphinx 565 Sphinx
579 ------ 566 ------
580 567
581 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 568 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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