1 ============ 1 ============
2 dm-integrity 2 dm-integrity
3 ============ 3 ============
4 4
5 The dm-integrity target emulates a block devic 5 The dm-integrity target emulates a block device that has additional
6 per-sector tags that can be used for storing i 6 per-sector tags that can be used for storing integrity information.
7 7
8 A general problem with storing integrity tags 8 A general problem with storing integrity tags with every sector is that
9 writing the sector and the integrity tag must 9 writing the sector and the integrity tag must be atomic - i.e. in case of
10 crash, either both sector and integrity tag or 10 crash, either both sector and integrity tag or none of them is written.
11 11
12 To guarantee write atomicity, the dm-integrity 12 To guarantee write atomicity, the dm-integrity target uses journal, it
13 writes sector data and integrity tags into a j 13 writes sector data and integrity tags into a journal, commits the journal
14 and then copies the data and integrity tags to 14 and then copies the data and integrity tags to their respective location.
15 15
16 The dm-integrity target can be used with the d 16 The dm-integrity target can be used with the dm-crypt target - in this
17 situation the dm-crypt target creates the inte 17 situation the dm-crypt target creates the integrity data and passes them
18 to the dm-integrity target via bio_integrity_p 18 to the dm-integrity target via bio_integrity_payload attached to the bio.
19 In this mode, the dm-crypt and dm-integrity ta 19 In this mode, the dm-crypt and dm-integrity targets provide authenticated
20 disk encryption - if the attacker modifies the 20 disk encryption - if the attacker modifies the encrypted device, an I/O
21 error is returned instead of random data. 21 error is returned instead of random data.
22 22
23 The dm-integrity target can also be used as a 23 The dm-integrity target can also be used as a standalone target, in this
24 mode it calculates and verifies the integrity 24 mode it calculates and verifies the integrity tag internally. In this
25 mode, the dm-integrity target can be used to d 25 mode, the dm-integrity target can be used to detect silent data
26 corruption on the disk or in the I/O path. 26 corruption on the disk or in the I/O path.
27 27
28 There's an alternate mode of operation where d !! 28 There's an alternate mode of operation where dm-integrity uses bitmap
29 instead of a journal. If a bit in the bitmap i 29 instead of a journal. If a bit in the bitmap is 1, the corresponding
30 region's data and integrity tags are not synch 30 region's data and integrity tags are not synchronized - if the machine
31 crashes, the unsynchronized regions will be re 31 crashes, the unsynchronized regions will be recalculated. The bitmap mode
32 is faster than the journal mode, because we do 32 is faster than the journal mode, because we don't have to write the data
33 twice, but it is also less reliable, because i 33 twice, but it is also less reliable, because if data corruption happens
34 when the machine crashes, it may not be detect 34 when the machine crashes, it may not be detected.
35 35
36 When loading the target for the first time, th 36 When loading the target for the first time, the kernel driver will format
37 the device. But it will only format the device 37 the device. But it will only format the device if the superblock contains
38 zeroes. If the superblock is neither valid nor 38 zeroes. If the superblock is neither valid nor zeroed, the dm-integrity
39 target can't be loaded. 39 target can't be loaded.
40 40
41 Accesses to the on-disk metadata area containi <<
42 buffered using dm-bufio. When an access to any <<
43 occurs, each unique metadata area gets its own <<
44 is capped at the size of the metadata area, bu <<
45 requiring multiple buffers to represent the fu <<
46 buffer size will produce a smaller resulting r <<
47 metadata area for small reads/writes. The meta <<
48 a full write to the data covered by a single b <<
49 <<
50 To use the target for the first time: 41 To use the target for the first time:
51 42
52 1. overwrite the superblock with zeroes 43 1. overwrite the superblock with zeroes
53 2. load the dm-integrity target with one-secto 44 2. load the dm-integrity target with one-sector size, the kernel driver
54 will format the device 45 will format the device
55 3. unload the dm-integrity target 46 3. unload the dm-integrity target
56 4. read the "provided_data_sectors" value from 47 4. read the "provided_data_sectors" value from the superblock
57 5. load the dm-integrity target with the targe 48 5. load the dm-integrity target with the target size
58 "provided_data_sectors" 49 "provided_data_sectors"
59 6. if you want to use dm-integrity with dm-cry 50 6. if you want to use dm-integrity with dm-crypt, load the dm-crypt target
60 with the size "provided_data_sectors" 51 with the size "provided_data_sectors"
61 52
62 53
63 Target arguments: 54 Target arguments:
64 55
65 1. the underlying block device 56 1. the underlying block device
66 57
67 2. the number of reserved sector at the beginn 58 2. the number of reserved sector at the beginning of the device - the
68 dm-integrity won't read of write these sect 59 dm-integrity won't read of write these sectors
69 60
70 3. the size of the integrity tag (if "-" is us 61 3. the size of the integrity tag (if "-" is used, the size is taken from
71 the internal-hash algorithm) 62 the internal-hash algorithm)
72 63
73 4. mode: 64 4. mode:
74 65
75 D - direct writes (without journal) 66 D - direct writes (without journal)
76 in this mode, journaling is 67 in this mode, journaling is
77 not used and data sectors and 68 not used and data sectors and integrity tags are written
78 separately. In case of crash, 69 separately. In case of crash, it is possible that the data
79 and integrity tag doesn't matc 70 and integrity tag doesn't match.
80 J - journaled writes 71 J - journaled writes
81 data and integrity tags are wr 72 data and integrity tags are written to the
82 journal and atomicity is guara 73 journal and atomicity is guaranteed. In case of crash,
83 either both data and tag or no 74 either both data and tag or none of them are written. The
84 journaled mode degrades write 75 journaled mode degrades write throughput twice because the
85 data have to be written twice. 76 data have to be written twice.
86 B - bitmap mode - data and metadata ar 77 B - bitmap mode - data and metadata are written without any
87 synchronization, the driver ma 78 synchronization, the driver maintains a bitmap of dirty
88 regions where data and metadat 79 regions where data and metadata don't match. This mode can
89 only be used with internal has 80 only be used with internal hash.
90 R - recovery mode - in this mode, jour 81 R - recovery mode - in this mode, journal is not replayed,
91 checksums are not checked and 82 checksums are not checked and writes to the device are not
92 allowed. This mode is useful f 83 allowed. This mode is useful for data recovery if the
93 device cannot be activated in 84 device cannot be activated in any of the other standard
94 modes. 85 modes.
95 86
96 5. the number of additional arguments 87 5. the number of additional arguments
97 88
98 Additional arguments: 89 Additional arguments:
99 90
100 journal_sectors:number 91 journal_sectors:number
101 The size of journal, this argument is 92 The size of journal, this argument is used only if formatting the
102 device. If the device is already forma 93 device. If the device is already formatted, the value from the
103 superblock is used. 94 superblock is used.
104 95
105 interleave_sectors:number (default 32768) !! 96 interleave_sectors:number
106 The number of interleaved sectors. Thi 97 The number of interleaved sectors. This values is rounded down to
107 a power of two. If the device is alrea 98 a power of two. If the device is already formatted, the value from
108 the superblock is used. 99 the superblock is used.
109 100
110 meta_device:device 101 meta_device:device
111 Don't interleave the data and metadata 102 Don't interleave the data and metadata on the device. Use a
112 separate device for metadata. 103 separate device for metadata.
113 104
114 buffer_sectors:number (default 128) !! 105 buffer_sectors:number
115 The number of sectors in one metadata !! 106 The number of sectors in one buffer. The value is rounded down to
116 down to a power of two. !! 107 a power of two.
>> 108
>> 109 The tag area is accessed using buffers, the buffer size is
>> 110 configurable. The large buffer size means that the I/O size will
>> 111 be larger, but there could be less I/Os issued.
117 112
118 journal_watermark:number (default 50) !! 113 journal_watermark:number
119 The journal watermark in percents. Whe 114 The journal watermark in percents. When the size of the journal
120 exceeds this watermark, the thread tha 115 exceeds this watermark, the thread that flushes the journal will
121 be started. 116 be started.
122 117
123 commit_time:number (default 10000) !! 118 commit_time:number
124 Commit time in milliseconds. When this 119 Commit time in milliseconds. When this time passes, the journal is
125 written. The journal is also written i !! 120 written. The journal is also written immediatelly if the FLUSH
126 request is received. 121 request is received.
127 122
128 internal_hash:algorithm(:key) (the key is op 123 internal_hash:algorithm(:key) (the key is optional)
129 Use internal hash or crc. 124 Use internal hash or crc.
130 When this argument is used, the dm-int 125 When this argument is used, the dm-integrity target won't accept
131 integrity tags from the upper target, 126 integrity tags from the upper target, but it will automatically
132 generate and verify the integrity tags 127 generate and verify the integrity tags.
133 128
134 You can use a crc algorithm (such as c 129 You can use a crc algorithm (such as crc32), then integrity target
135 will protect the data against accident 130 will protect the data against accidental corruption.
136 You can also use a hmac algorithm (for 131 You can also use a hmac algorithm (for example
137 "hmac(sha256):0123456789abcdef"), in t 132 "hmac(sha256):0123456789abcdef"), in this mode it will provide
138 cryptographic authentication of the da 133 cryptographic authentication of the data without encryption.
139 134
140 When this argument is not used, the in 135 When this argument is not used, the integrity tags are accepted
141 from an upper layer target, such as dm 136 from an upper layer target, such as dm-crypt. The upper layer
142 target should check the validity of th 137 target should check the validity of the integrity tags.
143 138
144 recalculate 139 recalculate
145 Recalculate the integrity tags automat 140 Recalculate the integrity tags automatically. It is only valid
146 when using internal hash. 141 when using internal hash.
147 142
148 journal_crypt:algorithm(:key) (the key is op 143 journal_crypt:algorithm(:key) (the key is optional)
149 Encrypt the journal using given algori 144 Encrypt the journal using given algorithm to make sure that the
150 attacker can't read the journal. You c 145 attacker can't read the journal. You can use a block cipher here
151 (such as "cbc(aes)") or a stream ciphe !! 146 (such as "cbc(aes)") or a stream cipher (for example "chacha20",
152 or "ctr(aes)"). !! 147 "salsa20" or "ctr(aes)").
153 148
154 The journal contains history of last w 149 The journal contains history of last writes to the block device,
155 an attacker reading the journal could !! 150 an attacker reading the journal could see the last sector nubmers
156 that were written. From the sector num 151 that were written. From the sector numbers, the attacker can infer
157 the size of files that were written. T 152 the size of files that were written. To protect against this
158 situation, you can encrypt the journal 153 situation, you can encrypt the journal.
159 154
160 journal_mac:algorithm(:key) (the key is op 155 journal_mac:algorithm(:key) (the key is optional)
161 Protect sector numbers in the journal 156 Protect sector numbers in the journal from accidental or malicious
162 modification. To protect against accid 157 modification. To protect against accidental modification, use a
163 crc algorithm, to protect against mali 158 crc algorithm, to protect against malicious modification, use a
164 hmac algorithm with a key. 159 hmac algorithm with a key.
165 160
166 This option is not needed when using i 161 This option is not needed when using internal-hash because in this
167 mode, the integrity of journal entries 162 mode, the integrity of journal entries is checked when replaying
168 the journal. Thus, modified sector num 163 the journal. Thus, modified sector number would be detected at
169 this stage. 164 this stage.
170 165
171 block_size:number (default 512) !! 166 block_size:number
172 The size of a data block in bytes. The !! 167 The size of a data block in bytes. The larger the block size the
173 less overhead there is for per-block i 168 less overhead there is for per-block integrity metadata.
174 Supported values are 512, 1024, 2048 a !! 169 Supported values are 512, 1024, 2048 and 4096 bytes. If not
>> 170 specified the default block size is 512 bytes.
175 171
176 sectors_per_bit:number 172 sectors_per_bit:number
177 In the bitmap mode, this parameter spe 173 In the bitmap mode, this parameter specifies the number of
178 512-byte sectors that corresponds to o 174 512-byte sectors that corresponds to one bitmap bit.
179 175
180 bitmap_flush_interval:number 176 bitmap_flush_interval:number
181 The bitmap flush interval in milliseco 177 The bitmap flush interval in milliseconds. The metadata buffers
182 are synchronized when this interval ex 178 are synchronized when this interval expires.
183 179
184 allow_discards <<
185 Allow block discard requests (a.k.a. T <<
186 Discards are only allowed to devices u <<
187 <<
188 fix_padding 180 fix_padding
189 Use a smaller padding of the tag area 181 Use a smaller padding of the tag area that is more
190 space-efficient. If this option is not 182 space-efficient. If this option is not present, large padding is
191 used - that is for compatibility with 183 used - that is for compatibility with older kernels.
192 184
193 fix_hmac !! 185 allow_discards
194 Improve security of internal_hash and !! 186 Allow block discard requests (a.k.a. TRIM) for the integrity device.
195 !! 187 Discards are only allowed to devices using internal hash.
196 - the section number is mixed to the m <<
197 copy sectors from one journal sectio <<
198 - the superblock is protected by journ <<
199 - a 16-byte salt stored in the superbl <<
200 that the attacker can't detect that <<
201 key and also to disallow the attacke <<
202 disk to another <<
203 <<
204 legacy_recalculate <<
205 Allow recalculating of volumes with HM <<
206 default for security reasons - an atta <<
207 set recalc_sector to zero, and the ker <<
208 modification. <<
209 188
210 The journal mode (D/J), buffer_sectors, journa 189 The journal mode (D/J), buffer_sectors, journal_watermark, commit_time and
211 allow_discards can be changed when reloading t 190 allow_discards can be changed when reloading the target (load an inactive
212 table and swap the tables with suspend and res 191 table and swap the tables with suspend and resume). The other arguments
213 should not be changed when reloading the targe 192 should not be changed when reloading the target because the layout of disk
214 data depend on them and the reloaded target wo 193 data depend on them and the reloaded target would be non-functional.
215 194
216 For example, on a device using the default int <<
217 block_size of 512, and an internal_hash of crc <<
218 bytes, it will take 128 KiB of tags to track a <<
219 256 sectors of metadata per data area. With th <<
220 128, that means there will be 2 buffers per me <<
221 per 16 MiB of data. <<
222 195
223 Status line: 196 Status line:
224 197
225 1. the number of integrity mismatches 198 1. the number of integrity mismatches
226 2. provided data sectors - that is the number 199 2. provided data sectors - that is the number of sectors that the user
227 could use 200 could use
228 3. the current recalculating position (or '-' 201 3. the current recalculating position (or '-' if we didn't recalculate)
229 202
230 203
231 The layout of the formatted block device: 204 The layout of the formatted block device:
232 205
233 * reserved sectors 206 * reserved sectors
234 (they are not used by this target, they ca 207 (they are not used by this target, they can be used for
235 storing LUKS metadata or for other purpose 208 storing LUKS metadata or for other purpose), the size of the reserved
236 area is specified in the target arguments 209 area is specified in the target arguments
237 210
238 * superblock (4kiB) 211 * superblock (4kiB)
239 * magic string - identifies that the d 212 * magic string - identifies that the device was formatted
240 * version 213 * version
241 * log2(interleave sectors) 214 * log2(interleave sectors)
242 * integrity tag size 215 * integrity tag size
243 * the number of journal sections 216 * the number of journal sections
244 * provided data sectors - the number o 217 * provided data sectors - the number of sectors that this target
245 provides (i.e. the size of the devic 218 provides (i.e. the size of the device minus the size of all
246 metadata and padding). The user of t 219 metadata and padding). The user of this target should not send
247 bios that access data beyond the "pr 220 bios that access data beyond the "provided data sectors" limit.
248 * flags 221 * flags
249 SB_FLAG_HAVE_JOURNAL_MAC 222 SB_FLAG_HAVE_JOURNAL_MAC
250 - a flag is set if journal_mac 223 - a flag is set if journal_mac is used
251 SB_FLAG_RECALCULATING 224 SB_FLAG_RECALCULATING
252 - recalculating is in progress 225 - recalculating is in progress
253 SB_FLAG_DIRTY_BITMAP 226 SB_FLAG_DIRTY_BITMAP
254 - journal area contains the bi 227 - journal area contains the bitmap of dirty
255 blocks 228 blocks
256 * log2(sectors per block) 229 * log2(sectors per block)
257 * a position where recalculating finis 230 * a position where recalculating finished
258 * journal 231 * journal
259 The journal is divided into sections, 232 The journal is divided into sections, each section contains:
260 233
261 * metadata area (4kiB), it contains jo 234 * metadata area (4kiB), it contains journal entries
262 235
263 - every journal entry contains: 236 - every journal entry contains:
264 237
265 * logical sector (specifies wh 238 * logical sector (specifies where the data and tag should
266 be written) 239 be written)
267 * last 8 bytes of data 240 * last 8 bytes of data
268 * integrity tag (the size is s 241 * integrity tag (the size is specified in the superblock)
269 242
270 - every metadata sector ends with 243 - every metadata sector ends with
271 244
272 * mac (8-bytes), all the macs 245 * mac (8-bytes), all the macs in 8 metadata sectors form a
273 64-byte value. It is used to 246 64-byte value. It is used to store hmac of sector
274 numbers in the journal secti 247 numbers in the journal section, to protect against a
275 possibility that the attacke 248 possibility that the attacker tampers with sector
276 numbers in the journal. 249 numbers in the journal.
277 * commit id 250 * commit id
278 251
279 * data area (the size is variable; it 252 * data area (the size is variable; it depends on how many journal
280 entries fit into the metadata area) 253 entries fit into the metadata area)
281 254
282 - every sector in the data area co 255 - every sector in the data area contains:
283 256
284 * data (504 bytes of data, the 257 * data (504 bytes of data, the last 8 bytes are stored in
285 the journal entry) 258 the journal entry)
286 * commit id 259 * commit id
287 260
288 To test if the whole journal section w 261 To test if the whole journal section was written correctly, every
289 512-byte sector of the journal ends wi 262 512-byte sector of the journal ends with 8-byte commit id. If the
290 commit id matches on all sectors in a 263 commit id matches on all sectors in a journal section, then it is
291 assumed that the section was written c 264 assumed that the section was written correctly. If the commit id
292 doesn't match, the section was written 265 doesn't match, the section was written partially and it should not
293 be replayed. 266 be replayed.
294 267
295 * one or more runs of interleaved tags and dat 268 * one or more runs of interleaved tags and data.
296 Each run contains: 269 Each run contains:
297 270
298 * tag area - it contains integrity tag 271 * tag area - it contains integrity tags. There is one tag for each
299 sector in the data area. The size of !! 272 sector in the data area
300 greater. <<
301 * data area - it contains data sectors 273 * data area - it contains data sectors. The number of data sectors
302 in one run must be a power of two. l 274 in one run must be a power of two. log2 of this value is stored
303 in the superblock. 275 in the superblock.
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