1 =================================== 1 ===================================
2 Documentation for /proc/sys/kernel/ 2 Documentation for /proc/sys/kernel/
3 =================================== 3 ===================================
4 4
5 .. See scripts/check-sysctl-docs to keep this 5 .. See scripts/check-sysctl-docs to keep this up to date
6 6
7 7
8 Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <riel@n 8 Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, Rik van Riel <riel@nl.linux.org>
9 9
10 Copyright (c) 2009, Shen Feng<shen@cn.fu 10 Copyright (c) 2009, Shen Feng<shen@cn.fujitsu.com>
11 11
12 For general info and legal blurb, please look !! 12 For general info and legal blurb, please look in :doc:`index`.
13 Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/index.rst. <<
14 13
15 ---------------------------------------------- 14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16 15
17 This file contains documentation for the sysct 16 This file contains documentation for the sysctl files in
18 ``/proc/sys/kernel/``. !! 17 ``/proc/sys/kernel/`` and is valid for Linux kernel version 2.2.
19 18
20 The files in this directory can be used to tun 19 The files in this directory can be used to tune and monitor
21 miscellaneous and general things in the operat 20 miscellaneous and general things in the operation of the Linux
22 kernel. Since some of the files *can* be used 21 kernel. Since some of the files *can* be used to screw up your
23 system, it is advisable to read both documenta 22 system, it is advisable to read both documentation and source
24 before actually making adjustments. 23 before actually making adjustments.
25 24
26 Currently, these files might (depending on you 25 Currently, these files might (depending on your configuration)
27 show up in ``/proc/sys/kernel``: 26 show up in ``/proc/sys/kernel``:
28 27
29 .. contents:: :local: 28 .. contents:: :local:
30 29
31 30
32 acct 31 acct
33 ==== 32 ====
34 33
35 :: 34 ::
36 35
37 highwater lowwater frequency 36 highwater lowwater frequency
38 37
39 If BSD-style process accounting is enabled the 38 If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values control
40 its behaviour. If free space on filesystem whe 39 its behaviour. If free space on filesystem where the log lives
41 goes below ``lowwater``\ % accounting suspends !! 40 goes below ``lowwater``% accounting suspends. If free space gets
42 above ``highwater``\ % accounting resumes. ``f !! 41 above ``highwater``% accounting resumes. ``frequency`` determines
43 how often do we check the amount of free space 42 how often do we check the amount of free space (value is in
44 seconds). Default: 43 seconds). Default:
45 44
46 :: 45 ::
47 46
48 4 2 30 47 4 2 30
49 48
50 That is, suspend accounting if free space drop 49 That is, suspend accounting if free space drops below 2%; resume it
51 if it increases to at least 4%; consider infor 50 if it increases to at least 4%; consider information about amount of
52 free space valid for 30 seconds. 51 free space valid for 30 seconds.
53 52
54 53
55 acpi_video_flags 54 acpi_video_flags
56 ================ 55 ================
57 56
58 See Documentation/power/video.rst. This allows !! 57 See :doc:`/power/video`. This allows the video resume mode to be set,
59 in a similar fashion to the ``acpi_sleep`` ker 58 in a similar fashion to the ``acpi_sleep`` kernel parameter, by
60 combining the following values: 59 combining the following values:
61 60
62 = ======= 61 = =======
63 1 s3_bios 62 1 s3_bios
64 2 s3_mode 63 2 s3_mode
65 4 s3_beep 64 4 s3_beep
66 = ======= 65 = =======
67 66
68 arch <<
69 ==== <<
70 <<
71 The machine hardware name, the same output as <<
72 (e.g. ``x86_64`` or ``aarch64``). <<
73 67
74 auto_msgmni 68 auto_msgmni
75 =========== 69 ===========
76 70
77 This variable has no effect and may be removed 71 This variable has no effect and may be removed in future kernel
78 releases. Reading it always returns 0. 72 releases. Reading it always returns 0.
79 Up to Linux 3.17, it enabled/disabled automati 73 Up to Linux 3.17, it enabled/disabled automatic recomputing of
80 `msgmni`_ 74 `msgmni`_
81 upon memory add/remove or upon IPC namespace c 75 upon memory add/remove or upon IPC namespace creation/removal.
82 Echoing "1" into this file enabled msgmni auto 76 Echoing "1" into this file enabled msgmni automatic recomputing.
83 Echoing "0" turned it off. The default value w 77 Echoing "0" turned it off. The default value was 1.
84 78
85 79
86 bootloader_type (x86 only) 80 bootloader_type (x86 only)
87 ========================== 81 ==========================
88 82
89 This gives the bootloader type number as indic 83 This gives the bootloader type number as indicated by the bootloader,
90 shifted left by 4, and OR'd with the low four 84 shifted left by 4, and OR'd with the low four bits of the bootloader
91 version. The reason for this encoding is that 85 version. The reason for this encoding is that this used to match the
92 ``type_of_loader`` field in the kernel header; 86 ``type_of_loader`` field in the kernel header; the encoding is kept for
93 backwards compatibility. That is, if the full 87 backwards compatibility. That is, if the full bootloader type number
94 is 0x15 and the full version number is 0x234, 88 is 0x15 and the full version number is 0x234, this file will contain
95 the value 340 = 0x154. 89 the value 340 = 0x154.
96 90
97 See the ``type_of_loader`` and ``ext_loader_ty 91 See the ``type_of_loader`` and ``ext_loader_type`` fields in
98 Documentation/arch/x86/boot.rst for additional !! 92 :doc:`/x86/boot` for additional information.
99 93
100 94
101 bootloader_version (x86 only) 95 bootloader_version (x86 only)
102 ============================= 96 =============================
103 97
104 The complete bootloader version number. In th 98 The complete bootloader version number. In the example above, this
105 file will contain the value 564 = 0x234. 99 file will contain the value 564 = 0x234.
106 100
107 See the ``type_of_loader`` and ``ext_loader_ve 101 See the ``type_of_loader`` and ``ext_loader_ver`` fields in
108 Documentation/arch/x86/boot.rst for additional !! 102 :doc:`/x86/boot` for additional information.
109 103
110 104
111 bpf_stats_enabled 105 bpf_stats_enabled
112 ================= 106 =================
113 107
114 Controls whether the kernel should collect sta 108 Controls whether the kernel should collect statistics on BPF programs
115 (total time spent running, number of times run 109 (total time spent running, number of times run...). Enabling
116 statistics causes a slight reduction in perfor 110 statistics causes a slight reduction in performance on each program
117 run. The statistics can be seen using ``bpftoo 111 run. The statistics can be seen using ``bpftool``.
118 112
119 = =================================== 113 = ===================================
120 0 Don't collect statistics (default). 114 0 Don't collect statistics (default).
121 1 Collect statistics. 115 1 Collect statistics.
122 = =================================== 116 = ===================================
123 117
124 118
125 cad_pid 119 cad_pid
126 ======= 120 =======
127 121
128 This is the pid which will be signalled on reb 122 This is the pid which will be signalled on reboot (notably, by
129 Ctrl-Alt-Delete). Writing a value to this file 123 Ctrl-Alt-Delete). Writing a value to this file which doesn't
130 correspond to a running process will result in 124 correspond to a running process will result in ``-ESRCH``.
131 125
132 See also `ctrl-alt-del`_. 126 See also `ctrl-alt-del`_.
133 127
134 128
135 cap_last_cap 129 cap_last_cap
136 ============ 130 ============
137 131
138 Highest valid capability of the running kernel 132 Highest valid capability of the running kernel. Exports
139 ``CAP_LAST_CAP`` from the kernel. 133 ``CAP_LAST_CAP`` from the kernel.
140 134
141 135
142 .. _core_pattern: <<
143 <<
144 core_pattern 136 core_pattern
145 ============ 137 ============
146 138
147 ``core_pattern`` is used to specify a core dum 139 ``core_pattern`` is used to specify a core dumpfile pattern name.
148 140
149 * max length 127 characters; default value is 141 * max length 127 characters; default value is "core"
150 * ``core_pattern`` is used as a pattern templa 142 * ``core_pattern`` is used as a pattern template for the output
151 filename; certain string patterns (beginning 143 filename; certain string patterns (beginning with '%') are
152 substituted with their actual values. 144 substituted with their actual values.
153 * backward compatibility with ``core_uses_pid` 145 * backward compatibility with ``core_uses_pid``:
154 146
155 If ``core_pattern`` does not include " 147 If ``core_pattern`` does not include "%p" (default does not)
156 and ``core_uses_pid`` is set, then .PI 148 and ``core_uses_pid`` is set, then .PID will be appended to
157 the filename. 149 the filename.
158 150
159 * corename format specifiers 151 * corename format specifiers
160 152
161 ======== ====================== 153 ======== ==========================================
162 %<NUL> '%' is dropped 154 %<NUL> '%' is dropped
163 %% output one '%' 155 %% output one '%'
164 %p pid 156 %p pid
165 %P global pid (init PID n 157 %P global pid (init PID namespace)
166 %i tid 158 %i tid
167 %I global tid (init PID n 159 %I global tid (init PID namespace)
168 %u uid (in initial user n 160 %u uid (in initial user namespace)
169 %g gid (in initial user n 161 %g gid (in initial user namespace)
170 %d dump mode, matches ``P 162 %d dump mode, matches ``PR_SET_DUMPABLE`` and
171 ``/proc/sys/fs/suid_du 163 ``/proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable``
172 %s signal number 164 %s signal number
173 %t UNIX time of dump 165 %t UNIX time of dump
174 %h hostname 166 %h hostname
175 %e executable filename (m 167 %e executable filename (may be shortened, could be changed by prctl etc)
176 %f executable filename 168 %f executable filename
177 %E executable path 169 %E executable path
178 %c maximum size of core f 170 %c maximum size of core file by resource limit RLIMIT_CORE
179 %C CPU the task ran on <<
180 %<OTHER> both are dropped 171 %<OTHER> both are dropped
181 ======== ====================== 172 ======== ==========================================
182 173
183 * If the first character of the pattern is a ' 174 * If the first character of the pattern is a '|', the kernel will treat
184 the rest of the pattern as a command to run. 175 the rest of the pattern as a command to run. The core dump will be
185 written to the standard input of that progra 176 written to the standard input of that program instead of to a file.
186 177
187 178
188 core_pipe_limit 179 core_pipe_limit
189 =============== 180 ===============
190 181
191 This sysctl is only applicable when `core_patt 182 This sysctl is only applicable when `core_pattern`_ is configured to
192 pipe core files to a user space helper (when t 183 pipe core files to a user space helper (when the first character of
193 ``core_pattern`` is a '|', see above). 184 ``core_pattern`` is a '|', see above).
194 When collecting cores via a pipe to an applica 185 When collecting cores via a pipe to an application, it is occasionally
195 useful for the collecting application to gathe 186 useful for the collecting application to gather data about the
196 crashing process from its ``/proc/pid`` direct 187 crashing process from its ``/proc/pid`` directory.
197 In order to do this safely, the kernel must wa 188 In order to do this safely, the kernel must wait for the collecting
198 process to exit, so as not to remove the crash 189 process to exit, so as not to remove the crashing processes proc files
199 prematurely. 190 prematurely.
200 This in turn creates the possibility that a mi 191 This in turn creates the possibility that a misbehaving userspace
201 collecting process can block the reaping of a 192 collecting process can block the reaping of a crashed process simply
202 by never exiting. 193 by never exiting.
203 This sysctl defends against that. 194 This sysctl defends against that.
204 It defines how many concurrent crashing proces 195 It defines how many concurrent crashing processes may be piped to user
205 space applications in parallel. 196 space applications in parallel.
206 If this value is exceeded, then those crashing 197 If this value is exceeded, then those crashing processes above that
207 value are noted via the kernel log and their c 198 value are noted via the kernel log and their cores are skipped.
208 0 is a special value, indicating that unlimite 199 0 is a special value, indicating that unlimited processes may be
209 captured in parallel, but that no waiting will 200 captured in parallel, but that no waiting will take place (i.e. the
210 collecting process is not guaranteed access to 201 collecting process is not guaranteed access to ``/proc/<crashing
211 pid>/``). 202 pid>/``).
212 This value defaults to 0. 203 This value defaults to 0.
213 204
214 205
215 core_uses_pid 206 core_uses_pid
216 ============= 207 =============
217 208
218 The default coredump filename is "core". By s 209 The default coredump filename is "core". By setting
219 ``core_uses_pid`` to 1, the coredump filename 210 ``core_uses_pid`` to 1, the coredump filename becomes core.PID.
220 If `core_pattern`_ does not include "%p" (defa 211 If `core_pattern`_ does not include "%p" (default does not)
221 and ``core_uses_pid`` is set, then .PID will b 212 and ``core_uses_pid`` is set, then .PID will be appended to
222 the filename. 213 the filename.
223 214
224 215
225 ctrl-alt-del 216 ctrl-alt-del
226 ============ 217 ============
227 218
228 When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del 219 When the value in this file is 0, ctrl-alt-del is trapped and
229 sent to the ``init(1)`` program to handle a gr 220 sent to the ``init(1)`` program to handle a graceful restart.
230 When, however, the value is > 0, Linux's react 221 When, however, the value is > 0, Linux's reaction to a Vulcan
231 Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, 222 Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, without even
232 syncing its dirty buffers. 223 syncing its dirty buffers.
233 224
234 Note: 225 Note:
235 when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboar 226 when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in 'raw'
236 mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the 227 mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it
237 ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it's 228 ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it's up to the program
238 to decide what to do with it. 229 to decide what to do with it.
239 230
240 231
241 dmesg_restrict 232 dmesg_restrict
242 ============== 233 ==============
243 234
244 This toggle indicates whether unprivileged use 235 This toggle indicates whether unprivileged users are prevented
245 from using ``dmesg(8)`` to view messages from 236 from using ``dmesg(8)`` to view messages from the kernel's log
246 buffer. 237 buffer.
247 When ``dmesg_restrict`` is set to 0 there are 238 When ``dmesg_restrict`` is set to 0 there are no restrictions.
248 When ``dmesg_restrict`` is set to 1, users mus 239 When ``dmesg_restrict`` is set to 1, users must have
249 ``CAP_SYSLOG`` to use ``dmesg(8)``. 240 ``CAP_SYSLOG`` to use ``dmesg(8)``.
250 241
251 The kernel config option ``CONFIG_SECURITY_DME 242 The kernel config option ``CONFIG_SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT`` sets the
252 default value of ``dmesg_restrict``. 243 default value of ``dmesg_restrict``.
253 244
254 245
255 domainname & hostname 246 domainname & hostname
256 ===================== 247 =====================
257 248
258 These files can be used to set the NIS/YP doma 249 These files can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the
259 hostname of your box in exactly the same way a 250 hostname of your box in exactly the same way as the commands
260 domainname and hostname, i.e.:: 251 domainname and hostname, i.e.::
261 252
262 # echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/h 253 # echo "darkstar" > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
263 # echo "mydomain" > /proc/sys/kernel/d 254 # echo "mydomain" > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
264 255
265 has the same effect as:: 256 has the same effect as::
266 257
267 # hostname "darkstar" 258 # hostname "darkstar"
268 # domainname "mydomain" 259 # domainname "mydomain"
269 260
270 Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop. 261 Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the
271 hostname "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain N 262 hostname "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server)
272 domainname "frop.org", not to be confused with 263 domainname "frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS (Network
273 Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) doma 264 Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname. These two
274 domain names are in general different. For a d 265 domain names are in general different. For a detailed discussion
275 see the ``hostname(1)`` man page. 266 see the ``hostname(1)`` man page.
276 267
277 268
278 firmware_config 269 firmware_config
279 =============== 270 ===============
280 271
281 See Documentation/driver-api/firmware/fallback !! 272 See :doc:`/driver-api/firmware/fallback-mechanisms`.
282 273
283 The entries in this directory allow the firmwa 274 The entries in this directory allow the firmware loader helper
284 fallback to be controlled: 275 fallback to be controlled:
285 276
286 * ``force_sysfs_fallback``, when set to 1, for 277 * ``force_sysfs_fallback``, when set to 1, forces the use of the
287 fallback; 278 fallback;
288 * ``ignore_sysfs_fallback``, when set to 1, ig 279 * ``ignore_sysfs_fallback``, when set to 1, ignores any fallback.
289 280
290 281
291 ftrace_dump_on_oops 282 ftrace_dump_on_oops
292 =================== 283 ===================
293 284
294 Determines whether ``ftrace_dump()`` should be 285 Determines whether ``ftrace_dump()`` should be called on an oops (or
295 kernel panic). This will output the contents o 286 kernel panic). This will output the contents of the ftrace buffers to
296 the console. This is very useful for capturin 287 the console. This is very useful for capturing traces that lead to
297 crashes and outputting them to a serial consol 288 crashes and outputting them to a serial console.
298 289
299 ======================= ====================== !! 290 = ===================================================
300 0 Disabled (default). !! 291 0 Disabled (default).
301 1 Dump buffers of all CP !! 292 1 Dump buffers of all CPUs.
302 2(orig_cpu) Dump the buffer of the !! 293 2 Dump the buffer of the CPU that triggered the oops.
303 oops. !! 294 = ===================================================
304 <instance> Dump the specific inst <<
305 <instance>=2(orig_cpu) Dump the specific inst <<
306 that triggered the oop <<
307 ======================= ====================== <<
308 <<
309 Multiple instance dump is also supported, and <<
310 by commas. If global buffer also needs to be d <<
311 the dump mode (1/2/orig_cpu) first for global <<
312 <<
313 So for example to dump "foo" and "bar" instanc <<
314 user can:: <<
315 <<
316 echo "foo,bar" > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_dum <<
317 <<
318 To dump global buffer and "foo" instance buffe <<
319 CPUs along with the "bar" instance buffer on C <<
320 oops, user can:: <<
321 295
322 echo "1,foo,bar=2" > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace <<
323 296
324 ftrace_enabled, stack_tracer_enabled 297 ftrace_enabled, stack_tracer_enabled
325 ==================================== 298 ====================================
326 299
327 See Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst. !! 300 See :doc:`/trace/ftrace`.
328 301
329 302
330 hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace 303 hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace
331 ============================ 304 ============================
332 305
333 This value controls the hard lockup detector b 306 This value controls the hard lockup detector behavior when a hard
334 lockup condition is detected as to whether or 307 lockup condition is detected as to whether or not to gather further
335 debug information. If enabled, arch-specific a 308 debug information. If enabled, arch-specific all-CPU stack dumping
336 will be initiated. 309 will be initiated.
337 310
338 = ============================================ 311 = ============================================
339 0 Do nothing. This is the default behavior. 312 0 Do nothing. This is the default behavior.
340 1 On detection capture more debug information. 313 1 On detection capture more debug information.
341 = ============================================ 314 = ============================================
342 315
343 316
344 hardlockup_panic 317 hardlockup_panic
345 ================ 318 ================
346 319
347 This parameter can be used to control whether 320 This parameter can be used to control whether the kernel panics
348 when a hard lockup is detected. 321 when a hard lockup is detected.
349 322
350 = =========================== 323 = ===========================
351 0 Don't panic on hard lockup. 324 0 Don't panic on hard lockup.
352 1 Panic on hard lockup. 325 1 Panic on hard lockup.
353 = =========================== 326 = ===========================
354 327
355 See Documentation/admin-guide/lockup-watchdogs !! 328 See :doc:`/admin-guide/lockup-watchdogs` for more information.
356 This can also be set using the nmi_watchdog ke 329 This can also be set using the nmi_watchdog kernel parameter.
357 330
358 331
359 hotplug 332 hotplug
360 ======= 333 =======
361 334
362 Path for the hotplug policy agent. 335 Path for the hotplug policy agent.
363 Default value is ``CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH`` !! 336 Default value is "``/sbin/hotplug``".
364 to the empty string. <<
365 <<
366 This file only exists when ``CONFIG_UEVENT_HEL <<
367 modern systems rely exclusively on the netlink <<
368 don't need this. <<
369 337
370 338
371 hung_task_all_cpu_backtrace 339 hung_task_all_cpu_backtrace
372 =========================== 340 ===========================
373 341
374 If this option is set, the kernel will send an 342 If this option is set, the kernel will send an NMI to all CPUs to dump
375 their backtraces when a hung task is detected. 343 their backtraces when a hung task is detected. This file shows up if
376 CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK and CONFIG_SMP are ena 344 CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK and CONFIG_SMP are enabled.
377 345
378 0: Won't show all CPUs backtraces when a hung 346 0: Won't show all CPUs backtraces when a hung task is detected.
379 This is the default behavior. 347 This is the default behavior.
380 348
381 1: Will non-maskably interrupt all CPUs and du 349 1: Will non-maskably interrupt all CPUs and dump their backtraces when
382 a hung task is detected. 350 a hung task is detected.
383 351
384 352
385 hung_task_panic 353 hung_task_panic
386 =============== 354 ===============
387 355
388 Controls the kernel's behavior when a hung tas 356 Controls the kernel's behavior when a hung task is detected.
389 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TAS 357 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
390 358
391 = ============================================ 359 = =================================================
392 0 Continue operation. This is the default beha 360 0 Continue operation. This is the default behavior.
393 1 Panic immediately. 361 1 Panic immediately.
394 = ============================================ 362 = =================================================
395 363
396 364
397 hung_task_check_count 365 hung_task_check_count
398 ===================== 366 =====================
399 367
400 The upper bound on the number of tasks that ar 368 The upper bound on the number of tasks that are checked.
401 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TAS 369 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
402 370
403 371
404 hung_task_timeout_secs 372 hung_task_timeout_secs
405 ====================== 373 ======================
406 374
407 When a task in D state did not get scheduled 375 When a task in D state did not get scheduled
408 for more than this value report a warning. 376 for more than this value report a warning.
409 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TAS 377 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
410 378
411 0 means infinite timeout, no checking is done. 379 0 means infinite timeout, no checking is done.
412 380
413 Possible values to set are in range {0:``LONG_ 381 Possible values to set are in range {0:``LONG_MAX``/``HZ``}.
414 382
415 383
416 hung_task_check_interval_secs 384 hung_task_check_interval_secs
417 ============================= 385 =============================
418 386
419 Hung task check interval. If hung task checkin 387 Hung task check interval. If hung task checking is enabled
420 (see `hung_task_timeout_secs`_), the check is 388 (see `hung_task_timeout_secs`_), the check is done every
421 ``hung_task_check_interval_secs`` seconds. 389 ``hung_task_check_interval_secs`` seconds.
422 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TAS 390 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
423 391
424 0 (default) means use ``hung_task_timeout_secs 392 0 (default) means use ``hung_task_timeout_secs`` as checking
425 interval. 393 interval.
426 394
427 Possible values to set are in range {0:``LONG_ 395 Possible values to set are in range {0:``LONG_MAX``/``HZ``}.
428 396
429 397
430 hung_task_warnings 398 hung_task_warnings
431 ================== 399 ==================
432 400
433 The maximum number of warnings to report. Duri 401 The maximum number of warnings to report. During a check interval
434 if a hung task is detected, this value is decr 402 if a hung task is detected, this value is decreased by 1.
435 When this value reaches 0, no more warnings wi 403 When this value reaches 0, no more warnings will be reported.
436 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TAS 404 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK`` is enabled.
437 405
438 -1: report an infinite number of warnings. 406 -1: report an infinite number of warnings.
439 407
440 408
441 hyperv_record_panic_msg 409 hyperv_record_panic_msg
442 ======================= 410 =======================
443 411
444 Controls whether the panic kmsg data should be 412 Controls whether the panic kmsg data should be reported to Hyper-V.
445 413
446 = ============================================ 414 = =========================================================
447 0 Do not report panic kmsg data. 415 0 Do not report panic kmsg data.
448 1 Report the panic kmsg data. This is the defa 416 1 Report the panic kmsg data. This is the default behavior.
449 = ============================================ 417 = =========================================================
450 418
451 419
452 ignore-unaligned-usertrap 420 ignore-unaligned-usertrap
453 ========================= 421 =========================
454 422
455 On architectures where unaligned accesses caus 423 On architectures where unaligned accesses cause traps, and where this
456 feature is supported (``CONFIG_SYSCTL_ARCH_UNA 424 feature is supported (``CONFIG_SYSCTL_ARCH_UNALIGN_NO_WARN``;
457 currently, ``arc``, ``parisc`` and ``loongarch !! 425 currently, ``arc`` and ``ia64``), controls whether all unaligned traps
458 unaligned traps are logged. !! 426 are logged.
459 427
460 = ============================================ 428 = =============================================================
461 0 Log all unaligned accesses. 429 0 Log all unaligned accesses.
462 1 Only warn the first time a process traps. Th 430 1 Only warn the first time a process traps. This is the default
463 setting. 431 setting.
464 = ============================================ 432 = =============================================================
465 433
466 See also `unaligned-trap`_. !! 434 See also `unaligned-trap`_ and `unaligned-dump-stack`_. On ``ia64``,
467 !! 435 this allows system administrators to override the
468 io_uring_disabled !! 436 ``IA64_THREAD_UAC_NOPRINT`` ``prctl`` and avoid logs being flooded.
469 ================= <<
470 <<
471 Prevents all processes from creating new io_ur <<
472 shrinks the kernel's attack surface. <<
473 <<
474 = ============================================ <<
475 0 All processes can create io_uring instances <<
476 default setting. <<
477 1 io_uring creation is disabled (io_uring_setu <<
478 -EPERM) for unprivileged processes not in th <<
479 Existing io_uring instances can still be use <<
480 documentation for io_uring_group for more in <<
481 2 io_uring creation is disabled for all proces <<
482 always fails with -EPERM. Existing io_uring <<
483 used. <<
484 = ============================================ <<
485 <<
486 <<
487 io_uring_group <<
488 ============== <<
489 <<
490 When io_uring_disabled is set to 1, a process <<
491 privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) or be in the io_uri <<
492 to create an io_uring instance. If io_uring_g <<
493 default), only processes with the CAP_SYS_ADMI <<
494 io_uring instances. <<
495 437
496 438
497 kexec_load_disabled 439 kexec_load_disabled
498 =================== 440 ===================
499 441
500 A toggle indicating if the syscalls ``kexec_lo !! 442 A toggle indicating if the ``kexec_load`` syscall has been disabled.
501 ``kexec_file_load`` have been disabled. !! 443 This value defaults to 0 (false: ``kexec_load`` enabled), but can be
502 This value defaults to 0 (false: ``kexec_*load !! 444 set to 1 (true: ``kexec_load`` disabled).
503 set to 1 (true: ``kexec_*load`` disabled). <<
504 Once true, kexec can no longer be used, and th 445 Once true, kexec can no longer be used, and the toggle cannot be set
505 back to false. 446 back to false.
506 This allows a kexec image to be loaded before 447 This allows a kexec image to be loaded before disabling the syscall,
507 allowing a system to set up (and later use) an 448 allowing a system to set up (and later use) an image without it being
508 altered. 449 altered.
509 Generally used together with the `modules_disa 450 Generally used together with the `modules_disabled`_ sysctl.
510 451
511 kexec_load_limit_panic <<
512 ====================== <<
513 <<
514 This parameter specifies a limit to the number <<
515 ``kexec_load`` and ``kexec_file_load`` can be <<
516 image. It can only be set with a more restrict <<
517 current one. <<
518 <<
519 == =========================================== <<
520 -1 Unlimited calls to kexec. This is the defau <<
521 N Number of calls left. <<
522 == =========================================== <<
523 <<
524 kexec_load_limit_reboot <<
525 ======================= <<
526 <<
527 Similar functionality as ``kexec_load_limit_pa <<
528 image. <<
529 452
530 kptr_restrict 453 kptr_restrict
531 ============= 454 =============
532 455
533 This toggle indicates whether restrictions are 456 This toggle indicates whether restrictions are placed on
534 exposing kernel addresses via ``/proc`` and ot 457 exposing kernel addresses via ``/proc`` and other interfaces.
535 458
536 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 0 (the defaul 459 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 0 (the default) the address is hashed
537 before printing. 460 before printing.
538 (This is the equivalent to %p.) 461 (This is the equivalent to %p.)
539 462
540 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 1, kernel poi 463 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 1, kernel pointers printed using the
541 %pK format specifier will be replaced with 0s 464 %pK format specifier will be replaced with 0s unless the user has
542 ``CAP_SYSLOG`` and effective user and group id 465 ``CAP_SYSLOG`` and effective user and group ids are equal to the real
543 ids. 466 ids.
544 This is because %pK checks are done at read() 467 This is because %pK checks are done at read() time rather than open()
545 time, so if permissions are elevated between t 468 time, so if permissions are elevated between the open() and the read()
546 (e.g via a setuid binary) then %pK will not le 469 (e.g via a setuid binary) then %pK will not leak kernel pointers to
547 unprivileged users. 470 unprivileged users.
548 Note, this is a temporary solution only. 471 Note, this is a temporary solution only.
549 The correct long-term solution is to do the pe 472 The correct long-term solution is to do the permission checks at
550 open() time. 473 open() time.
551 Consider removing world read permissions from 474 Consider removing world read permissions from files that use %pK, and
552 using `dmesg_restrict`_ to protect against use 475 using `dmesg_restrict`_ to protect against uses of %pK in ``dmesg(8)``
553 if leaking kernel pointer values to unprivileg 476 if leaking kernel pointer values to unprivileged users is a concern.
554 477
555 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 2, kernel poi 478 When ``kptr_restrict`` is set to 2, kernel pointers printed using
556 %pK will be replaced with 0s regardless of pri 479 %pK will be replaced with 0s regardless of privileges.
557 480
558 481
559 modprobe 482 modprobe
560 ======== 483 ========
561 484
562 The full path to the usermode helper for autol 485 The full path to the usermode helper for autoloading kernel modules,
563 by default ``CONFIG_MODPROBE_PATH``, which in !! 486 by default "/sbin/modprobe". This binary is executed when the kernel
564 "/sbin/modprobe". This binary is executed whe !! 487 requests a module. For example, if userspace passes an unknown
565 module. For example, if userspace passes an u !! 488 filesystem type to mount(), then the kernel will automatically request
566 to mount(), then the kernel will automatically !! 489 the corresponding filesystem module by executing this usermode helper.
567 corresponding filesystem module by executing t <<
568 This usermode helper should insert the needed 490 This usermode helper should insert the needed module into the kernel.
569 491
570 This sysctl only affects module autoloading. 492 This sysctl only affects module autoloading. It has no effect on the
571 ability to explicitly insert modules. 493 ability to explicitly insert modules.
572 494
573 This sysctl can be used to debug module loadin 495 This sysctl can be used to debug module loading requests::
574 496
575 echo '#! /bin/sh' > /tmp/modprobe 497 echo '#! /bin/sh' > /tmp/modprobe
576 echo 'echo "$@" >> /tmp/modprobe.log' >> / 498 echo 'echo "$@" >> /tmp/modprobe.log' >> /tmp/modprobe
577 echo 'exec /sbin/modprobe "$@"' >> /tmp/mo 499 echo 'exec /sbin/modprobe "$@"' >> /tmp/modprobe
578 chmod a+x /tmp/modprobe 500 chmod a+x /tmp/modprobe
579 echo /tmp/modprobe > /proc/sys/kernel/modp 501 echo /tmp/modprobe > /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
580 502
581 Alternatively, if this sysctl is set to the em 503 Alternatively, if this sysctl is set to the empty string, then module
582 autoloading is completely disabled. The kerne 504 autoloading is completely disabled. The kernel will not try to
583 execute a usermode helper at all, nor will it 505 execute a usermode helper at all, nor will it call the
584 kernel_module_request LSM hook. 506 kernel_module_request LSM hook.
585 507
586 If CONFIG_STATIC_USERMODEHELPER=y is set in th 508 If CONFIG_STATIC_USERMODEHELPER=y is set in the kernel configuration,
587 then the configured static usermode helper ove 509 then the configured static usermode helper overrides this sysctl,
588 except that the empty string is still accepted 510 except that the empty string is still accepted to completely disable
589 module autoloading as described above. 511 module autoloading as described above.
590 512
591 modules_disabled 513 modules_disabled
592 ================ 514 ================
593 515
594 A toggle value indicating if modules are allow 516 A toggle value indicating if modules are allowed to be loaded
595 in an otherwise modular kernel. This toggle d 517 in an otherwise modular kernel. This toggle defaults to off
596 (0), but can be set true (1). Once true, modu 518 (0), but can be set true (1). Once true, modules can be
597 neither loaded nor unloaded, and the toggle ca 519 neither loaded nor unloaded, and the toggle cannot be set back
598 to false. Generally used with the `kexec_load 520 to false. Generally used with the `kexec_load_disabled`_ toggle.
599 521
600 522
601 .. _msgmni: 523 .. _msgmni:
602 524
603 msgmax, msgmnb, and msgmni 525 msgmax, msgmnb, and msgmni
604 ========================== 526 ==========================
605 527
606 ``msgmax`` is the maximum size of an IPC messa 528 ``msgmax`` is the maximum size of an IPC message, in bytes. 8192 by
607 default (``MSGMAX``). 529 default (``MSGMAX``).
608 530
609 ``msgmnb`` is the maximum size of an IPC queue 531 ``msgmnb`` is the maximum size of an IPC queue, in bytes. 16384 by
610 default (``MSGMNB``). 532 default (``MSGMNB``).
611 533
612 ``msgmni`` is the maximum number of IPC queues 534 ``msgmni`` is the maximum number of IPC queues. 32000 by default
613 (``MSGMNI``). 535 (``MSGMNI``).
614 536
615 All of these parameters are set per ipc namesp <<
616 in POSIX message queues is limited by ``RLIMIT <<
617 respected hierarchically in the each user name <<
618 537
619 msg_next_id, sem_next_id, and shm_next_id (Sys 538 msg_next_id, sem_next_id, and shm_next_id (System V IPC)
620 ============================================== 539 ========================================================
621 540
622 These three toggles allows to specify desired 541 These three toggles allows to specify desired id for next allocated IPC
623 object: message, semaphore or shared memory re 542 object: message, semaphore or shared memory respectively.
624 543
625 By default they are equal to -1, which means g 544 By default they are equal to -1, which means generic allocation logic.
626 Possible values to set are in range {0:``INT_M 545 Possible values to set are in range {0:``INT_MAX``}.
627 546
628 Notes: 547 Notes:
629 1) kernel doesn't guarantee, that new object 548 1) kernel doesn't guarantee, that new object will have desired id. So,
630 it's up to userspace, how to handle an ob 549 it's up to userspace, how to handle an object with "wrong" id.
631 2) Toggle with non-default value will be set 550 2) Toggle with non-default value will be set back to -1 by kernel after
632 successful IPC object allocation. If an I 551 successful IPC object allocation. If an IPC object allocation syscall
633 fails, it is undefined if the value remai 552 fails, it is undefined if the value remains unmodified or is reset to -1.
634 553
635 554
636 ngroups_max 555 ngroups_max
637 =========== 556 ===========
638 557
639 Maximum number of supplementary groups, _i.e._ 558 Maximum number of supplementary groups, _i.e._ the maximum size which
640 ``setgroups`` will accept. Exports ``NGROUPS_M 559 ``setgroups`` will accept. Exports ``NGROUPS_MAX`` from the kernel.
641 560
642 561
643 562
644 nmi_watchdog 563 nmi_watchdog
645 ============ 564 ============
646 565
647 This parameter can be used to control the NMI 566 This parameter can be used to control the NMI watchdog
648 (i.e. the hard lockup detector) on x86 systems 567 (i.e. the hard lockup detector) on x86 systems.
649 568
650 = ================================= 569 = =================================
651 0 Disable the hard lockup detector. 570 0 Disable the hard lockup detector.
652 1 Enable the hard lockup detector. 571 1 Enable the hard lockup detector.
653 = ================================= 572 = =================================
654 573
655 The hard lockup detector monitors each CPU for 574 The hard lockup detector monitors each CPU for its ability to respond to
656 timer interrupts. The mechanism utilizes CPU p 575 timer interrupts. The mechanism utilizes CPU performance counter registers
657 that are programmed to generate Non-Maskable I 576 that are programmed to generate Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMIs) periodically
658 while a CPU is busy. Hence, the alternative na 577 while a CPU is busy. Hence, the alternative name 'NMI watchdog'.
659 578
660 The NMI watchdog is disabled by default if the 579 The NMI watchdog is disabled by default if the kernel is running as a guest
661 in a KVM virtual machine. This default can be 580 in a KVM virtual machine. This default can be overridden by adding::
662 581
663 nmi_watchdog=1 582 nmi_watchdog=1
664 583
665 to the guest kernel command line (see !! 584 to the guest kernel command line (see :doc:`/admin-guide/kernel-parameters`).
666 Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rs <<
667 <<
668 <<
669 nmi_wd_lpm_factor (PPC only) <<
670 ============================ <<
671 <<
672 Factor to apply to the NMI watchdog timeout (o <<
673 set to 1). This factor represents the percenta <<
674 ``watchdog_thresh`` when calculating the NMI w <<
675 LPM. The soft lockup timeout is not impacted. <<
676 <<
677 A value of 0 means no change. The default valu <<
678 watchdog is set to 30s (based on ``watchdog_th <<
679 585
680 586
681 numa_balancing 587 numa_balancing
682 ============== 588 ==============
683 589
684 Enables/disables and configures automatic page !! 590 Enables/disables automatic page fault based NUMA memory
685 balancing. Memory is moved automatically to n !! 591 balancing. Memory is moved automatically to nodes
686 The value to set can be the result of ORing th !! 592 that access it often.
687 !! 593
688 = ================================= !! 594 Enables/disables automatic NUMA memory balancing. On NUMA machines, there
689 0 NUMA_BALANCING_DISABLED !! 595 is a performance penalty if remote memory is accessed by a CPU. When this
690 1 NUMA_BALANCING_NORMAL !! 596 feature is enabled the kernel samples what task thread is accessing memory
691 2 NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING !! 597 by periodically unmapping pages and later trapping a page fault. At the
692 = ================================= !! 598 time of the page fault, it is determined if the data being accessed should
693 !! 599 be migrated to a local memory node.
694 Or NUMA_BALANCING_NORMAL to optimize page plac <<
695 NUMA nodes to reduce remote accessing. On NUM <<
696 performance penalty if remote memory is access <<
697 feature is enabled the kernel samples what tas <<
698 memory by periodically unmapping pages and lat <<
699 fault. At the time of the page fault, it is de <<
700 being accessed should be migrated to a local m <<
701 600
702 The unmapping of pages and trapping faults inc 601 The unmapping of pages and trapping faults incur additional overhead that
703 ideally is offset by improved memory locality 602 ideally is offset by improved memory locality but there is no universal
704 guarantee. If the target workload is already b 603 guarantee. If the target workload is already bound to NUMA nodes then this
705 feature should be disabled. !! 604 feature should be disabled. Otherwise, if the system overhead from the
>> 605 feature is too high then the rate the kernel samples for NUMA hinting
>> 606 faults may be controlled by the `numa_balancing_scan_period_min_ms,
>> 607 numa_balancing_scan_delay_ms, numa_balancing_scan_period_max_ms,
>> 608 numa_balancing_scan_size_mb`_, and numa_balancing_settle_count sysctls.
>> 609
>> 610
>> 611 numa_balancing_scan_period_min_ms, numa_balancing_scan_delay_ms, numa_balancing_scan_period_max_ms, numa_balancing_scan_size_mb
>> 612 ===============================================================================================================================
>> 613
>> 614
>> 615 Automatic NUMA balancing scans tasks address space and unmaps pages to
>> 616 detect if pages are properly placed or if the data should be migrated to a
>> 617 memory node local to where the task is running. Every "scan delay" the task
>> 618 scans the next "scan size" number of pages in its address space. When the
>> 619 end of the address space is reached the scanner restarts from the beginning.
>> 620
>> 621 In combination, the "scan delay" and "scan size" determine the scan rate.
>> 622 When "scan delay" decreases, the scan rate increases. The scan delay and
>> 623 hence the scan rate of every task is adaptive and depends on historical
>> 624 behaviour. If pages are properly placed then the scan delay increases,
>> 625 otherwise the scan delay decreases. The "scan size" is not adaptive but
>> 626 the higher the "scan size", the higher the scan rate.
>> 627
>> 628 Higher scan rates incur higher system overhead as page faults must be
>> 629 trapped and potentially data must be migrated. However, the higher the scan
>> 630 rate, the more quickly a tasks memory is migrated to a local node if the
>> 631 workload pattern changes and minimises performance impact due to remote
>> 632 memory accesses. These sysctls control the thresholds for scan delays and
>> 633 the number of pages scanned.
>> 634
>> 635 ``numa_balancing_scan_period_min_ms`` is the minimum time in milliseconds to
>> 636 scan a tasks virtual memory. It effectively controls the maximum scanning
>> 637 rate for each task.
>> 638
>> 639 ``numa_balancing_scan_delay_ms`` is the starting "scan delay" used for a task
>> 640 when it initially forks.
>> 641
>> 642 ``numa_balancing_scan_period_max_ms`` is the maximum time in milliseconds to
>> 643 scan a tasks virtual memory. It effectively controls the minimum scanning
>> 644 rate for each task.
706 645
707 Or NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING to optimize p !! 646 ``numa_balancing_scan_size_mb`` is how many megabytes worth of pages are
708 different types of memory (represented as diff !! 647 scanned for a given scan.
709 place the hot pages in the fast memory. This <<
710 unmapping and page fault too. <<
711 <<
712 numa_balancing_promote_rate_limit_MBps <<
713 ====================================== <<
714 <<
715 Too high promotion/demotion throughput between <<
716 may hurt application latency. This can be use <<
717 promotion throughput. The per-node max promot <<
718 will be limited to be no more than the set val <<
719 648
720 A rule of thumb is to set this to less than 1/ <<
721 write bandwidth. <<
722 649
723 oops_all_cpu_backtrace 650 oops_all_cpu_backtrace
724 ====================== 651 ======================
725 652
726 If this option is set, the kernel will send an 653 If this option is set, the kernel will send an NMI to all CPUs to dump
727 their backtraces when an oops event occurs. It 654 their backtraces when an oops event occurs. It should be used as a last
728 resort in case a panic cannot be triggered (to 655 resort in case a panic cannot be triggered (to protect VMs running, for
729 example) or kdump can't be collected. This fil 656 example) or kdump can't be collected. This file shows up if CONFIG_SMP
730 is enabled. 657 is enabled.
731 658
732 0: Won't show all CPUs backtraces when an oops 659 0: Won't show all CPUs backtraces when an oops is detected.
733 This is the default behavior. 660 This is the default behavior.
734 661
735 1: Will non-maskably interrupt all CPUs and du 662 1: Will non-maskably interrupt all CPUs and dump their backtraces when
736 an oops event is detected. 663 an oops event is detected.
737 664
738 665
739 oops_limit <<
740 ========== <<
741 <<
742 Number of kernel oopses after which the kernel <<
743 ``panic_on_oops`` is not set. Setting this to <<
744 the count. Setting this to 1 has the same eff <<
745 ``panic_on_oops=1``. The default value is 1000 <<
746 <<
747 <<
748 osrelease, ostype & version 666 osrelease, ostype & version
749 =========================== 667 ===========================
750 668
751 :: 669 ::
752 670
753 # cat osrelease 671 # cat osrelease
754 2.1.88 672 2.1.88
755 # cat ostype 673 # cat ostype
756 Linux 674 Linux
757 # cat version 675 # cat version
758 #5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998 676 #5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998
759 677
760 The files ``osrelease`` and ``ostype`` should 678 The files ``osrelease`` and ``ostype`` should be clear enough.
761 ``version`` 679 ``version``
762 needs a little more clarification however. The 680 needs a little more clarification however. The '#5' means that
763 this is the fifth kernel built from this sourc 681 this is the fifth kernel built from this source base and the
764 date behind it indicates the time the kernel w 682 date behind it indicates the time the kernel was built.
765 The only way to tune these values is to rebuil 683 The only way to tune these values is to rebuild the kernel :-)
766 684
767 685
768 overflowgid & overflowuid 686 overflowgid & overflowuid
769 ========================= 687 =========================
770 688
771 if your architecture did not always support 32 689 if your architecture did not always support 32-bit UIDs (i.e. arm,
772 i386, m68k, sh, and sparc32), a fixed UID and 690 i386, m68k, sh, and sparc32), a fixed UID and GID will be returned to
773 applications that use the old 16-bit UID/GID s 691 applications that use the old 16-bit UID/GID system calls, if the
774 actual UID or GID would exceed 65535. 692 actual UID or GID would exceed 65535.
775 693
776 These sysctls allow you to change the value of 694 These sysctls allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID.
777 The default is 65534. 695 The default is 65534.
778 696
779 697
780 panic 698 panic
781 ===== 699 =====
782 700
783 The value in this file determines the behaviou 701 The value in this file determines the behaviour of the kernel on a
784 panic: 702 panic:
785 703
786 * if zero, the kernel will loop forever; 704 * if zero, the kernel will loop forever;
787 * if negative, the kernel will reboot immediat 705 * if negative, the kernel will reboot immediately;
788 * if positive, the kernel will reboot after th 706 * if positive, the kernel will reboot after the corresponding number
789 of seconds. 707 of seconds.
790 708
791 When you use the software watchdog, the recomm 709 When you use the software watchdog, the recommended setting is 60.
792 710
793 711
794 panic_on_io_nmi 712 panic_on_io_nmi
795 =============== 713 ===============
796 714
797 Controls the kernel's behavior when a CPU rece 715 Controls the kernel's behavior when a CPU receives an NMI caused by
798 an IO error. 716 an IO error.
799 717
800 = ============================================ 718 = ==================================================================
801 0 Try to continue operation (default). 719 0 Try to continue operation (default).
802 1 Panic immediately. The IO error triggered an 720 1 Panic immediately. The IO error triggered an NMI. This indicates a
803 serious system condition which could result 721 serious system condition which could result in IO data corruption.
804 Rather than continuing, panicking might be a 722 Rather than continuing, panicking might be a better choice. Some
805 servers issue this sort of NMI when the dump 723 servers issue this sort of NMI when the dump button is pushed,
806 and you can use this option to take a crash 724 and you can use this option to take a crash dump.
807 = ============================================ 725 = ==================================================================
808 726
809 727
810 panic_on_oops 728 panic_on_oops
811 ============= 729 =============
812 730
813 Controls the kernel's behaviour when an oops o 731 Controls the kernel's behaviour when an oops or BUG is encountered.
814 732
815 = ============================================ 733 = ===================================================================
816 0 Try to continue operation. 734 0 Try to continue operation.
817 1 Panic immediately. If the `panic` sysctl is 735 1 Panic immediately. If the `panic` sysctl is also non-zero then the
818 machine will be rebooted. 736 machine will be rebooted.
819 = ============================================ 737 = ===================================================================
820 738
821 739
822 panic_on_stackoverflow 740 panic_on_stackoverflow
823 ====================== 741 ======================
824 742
825 Controls the kernel's behavior when detecting 743 Controls the kernel's behavior when detecting the overflows of
826 kernel, IRQ and exception stacks except a user 744 kernel, IRQ and exception stacks except a user stack.
827 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DEBUG_STACKOVER 745 This file shows up if ``CONFIG_DEBUG_STACKOVERFLOW`` is enabled.
828 746
829 = ========================== 747 = ==========================
830 0 Try to continue operation. 748 0 Try to continue operation.
831 1 Panic immediately. 749 1 Panic immediately.
832 = ========================== 750 = ==========================
833 751
834 752
835 panic_on_unrecovered_nmi 753 panic_on_unrecovered_nmi
836 ======================== 754 ========================
837 755
838 The default Linux behaviour on an NMI of eithe 756 The default Linux behaviour on an NMI of either memory or unknown is
839 to continue operation. For many environments s 757 to continue operation. For many environments such as scientific
840 computing it is preferable that the box is tak 758 computing it is preferable that the box is taken out and the error
841 dealt with than an uncorrected parity/ECC erro 759 dealt with than an uncorrected parity/ECC error get propagated.
842 760
843 A small number of systems do generate NMIs for 761 A small number of systems do generate NMIs for bizarre random reasons
844 such as power management so the default is off 762 such as power management so the default is off. That sysctl works like
845 the existing panic controls already in that di 763 the existing panic controls already in that directory.
846 764
847 765
848 panic_on_warn 766 panic_on_warn
849 ============= 767 =============
850 768
851 Calls panic() in the WARN() path when set to 1 769 Calls panic() in the WARN() path when set to 1. This is useful to avoid
852 a kernel rebuild when attempting to kdump at t 770 a kernel rebuild when attempting to kdump at the location of a WARN().
853 771
854 = ============================================ 772 = ================================================
855 0 Only WARN(), default behaviour. 773 0 Only WARN(), default behaviour.
856 1 Call panic() after printing out WARN() locat 774 1 Call panic() after printing out WARN() location.
857 = ============================================ 775 = ================================================
858 776
859 777
860 panic_print 778 panic_print
861 =========== 779 ===========
862 780
863 Bitmask for printing system info when panic ha 781 Bitmask for printing system info when panic happens. User can chose
864 combination of the following bits: 782 combination of the following bits:
865 783
866 ===== ======================================= 784 ===== ============================================
867 bit 0 print all tasks info 785 bit 0 print all tasks info
868 bit 1 print system memory info 786 bit 1 print system memory info
869 bit 2 print timer info 787 bit 2 print timer info
870 bit 3 print locks info if ``CONFIG_LOCKDEP`` 788 bit 3 print locks info if ``CONFIG_LOCKDEP`` is on
871 bit 4 print ftrace buffer 789 bit 4 print ftrace buffer
872 bit 5 print all printk messages in buffer <<
873 bit 6 print all CPUs backtrace (if available <<
874 bit 7 print only tasks in uninterruptible (bl <<
875 ===== ======================================= 790 ===== ============================================
876 791
877 So for example to print tasks and memory info 792 So for example to print tasks and memory info on panic, user can::
878 793
879 echo 3 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic_print 794 echo 3 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic_print
880 795
881 796
882 panic_on_rcu_stall 797 panic_on_rcu_stall
883 ================== 798 ==================
884 799
885 When set to 1, calls panic() after RCU stall d 800 When set to 1, calls panic() after RCU stall detection messages. This
886 is useful to define the root cause of RCU stal 801 is useful to define the root cause of RCU stalls using a vmcore.
887 802
888 = ============================================ 803 = ============================================================
889 0 Do not panic() when RCU stall takes place, d 804 0 Do not panic() when RCU stall takes place, default behavior.
890 1 panic() after printing RCU stall messages. 805 1 panic() after printing RCU stall messages.
891 = ============================================ 806 = ============================================================
892 807
893 max_rcu_stall_to_panic <<
894 ====================== <<
895 <<
896 When ``panic_on_rcu_stall`` is set to 1, this <<
897 number of times that RCU can stall before pani <<
898 <<
899 When ``panic_on_rcu_stall`` is set to 0, this <<
900 808
901 perf_cpu_time_max_percent 809 perf_cpu_time_max_percent
902 ========================= 810 =========================
903 811
904 Hints to the kernel how much CPU time it shoul 812 Hints to the kernel how much CPU time it should be allowed to
905 use to handle perf sampling events. If the pe 813 use to handle perf sampling events. If the perf subsystem
906 is informed that its samples are exceeding thi 814 is informed that its samples are exceeding this limit, it
907 will drop its sampling frequency to attempt to 815 will drop its sampling frequency to attempt to reduce its CPU
908 usage. 816 usage.
909 817
910 Some perf sampling happens in NMIs. If these 818 Some perf sampling happens in NMIs. If these samples
911 unexpectedly take too long to execute, the NMI 819 unexpectedly take too long to execute, the NMIs can become
912 stacked up next to each other so much that not 820 stacked up next to each other so much that nothing else is
913 allowed to execute. 821 allowed to execute.
914 822
915 ===== ======================================== 823 ===== ========================================================
916 0 Disable the mechanism. Do not monitor o 824 0 Disable the mechanism. Do not monitor or correct perf's
917 sampling rate no matter how CPU time it 825 sampling rate no matter how CPU time it takes.
918 826
919 1-100 Attempt to throttle perf's sample rate t 827 1-100 Attempt to throttle perf's sample rate to this
920 percentage of CPU. Note: the kernel cal 828 percentage of CPU. Note: the kernel calculates an
921 "expected" length of each sample event. 829 "expected" length of each sample event. 100 here means
922 100% of that expected length. Even if t 830 100% of that expected length. Even if this is set to
923 100, you may still see sample throttling 831 100, you may still see sample throttling if this
924 length is exceeded. Set to 0 if you tru 832 length is exceeded. Set to 0 if you truly do not care
925 how much CPU is consumed. 833 how much CPU is consumed.
926 ===== ======================================== 834 ===== ========================================================
927 835
928 836
929 perf_event_paranoid 837 perf_event_paranoid
930 =================== 838 ===================
931 839
932 Controls use of the performance events system 840 Controls use of the performance events system by unprivileged
933 users (without CAP_PERFMON). The default valu 841 users (without CAP_PERFMON). The default value is 2.
934 842
935 For backward compatibility reasons access to s 843 For backward compatibility reasons access to system performance
936 monitoring and observability remains open for 844 monitoring and observability remains open for CAP_SYS_ADMIN
937 privileged processes but CAP_SYS_ADMIN usage f 845 privileged processes but CAP_SYS_ADMIN usage for secure system
938 performance monitoring and observability opera 846 performance monitoring and observability operations is discouraged
939 with respect to CAP_PERFMON use cases. 847 with respect to CAP_PERFMON use cases.
940 848
941 === ========================================= 849 === ==================================================================
942 -1 Allow use of (almost) all events by all u 850 -1 Allow use of (almost) all events by all users.
943 851
944 Ignore mlock limit after perf_event_mlock 852 Ignore mlock limit after perf_event_mlock_kb without
945 ``CAP_IPC_LOCK``. 853 ``CAP_IPC_LOCK``.
946 854
947 >=0 Disallow ftrace function tracepoint by us 855 >=0 Disallow ftrace function tracepoint by users without
948 ``CAP_PERFMON``. 856 ``CAP_PERFMON``.
949 857
950 Disallow raw tracepoint access by users w 858 Disallow raw tracepoint access by users without ``CAP_PERFMON``.
951 859
952 >=1 Disallow CPU event access by users withou 860 >=1 Disallow CPU event access by users without ``CAP_PERFMON``.
953 861
954 >=2 Disallow kernel profiling by users withou 862 >=2 Disallow kernel profiling by users without ``CAP_PERFMON``.
955 === ========================================= 863 === ==================================================================
956 864
957 865
958 perf_event_max_stack 866 perf_event_max_stack
959 ==================== 867 ====================
960 868
961 Controls maximum number of stack frames to cop 869 Controls maximum number of stack frames to copy for (``attr.sample_type &
962 PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN``) configured events, fo 870 PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN``) configured events, for instance, when using
963 '``perf record -g``' or '``perf trace --call-g 871 '``perf record -g``' or '``perf trace --call-graph fp``'.
964 872
965 This can only be done when no events are in us 873 This can only be done when no events are in use that have callchains
966 enabled, otherwise writing to this file will r 874 enabled, otherwise writing to this file will return ``-EBUSY``.
967 875
968 The default value is 127. 876 The default value is 127.
969 877
970 878
971 perf_event_mlock_kb 879 perf_event_mlock_kb
972 =================== 880 ===================
973 881
974 Control size of per-cpu ring buffer not counte !! 882 Control size of per-cpu ring buffer not counted agains mlock limit.
975 883
976 The default value is 512 + 1 page 884 The default value is 512 + 1 page
977 885
978 886
979 perf_event_max_contexts_per_stack 887 perf_event_max_contexts_per_stack
980 ================================= 888 =================================
981 889
982 Controls maximum number of stack frame context 890 Controls maximum number of stack frame context entries for
983 (``attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN``) 891 (``attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN``) configured events, for
984 instance, when using '``perf record -g``' or ' 892 instance, when using '``perf record -g``' or '``perf trace --call-graph fp``'.
985 893
986 This can only be done when no events are in us 894 This can only be done when no events are in use that have callchains
987 enabled, otherwise writing to this file will r 895 enabled, otherwise writing to this file will return ``-EBUSY``.
988 896
989 The default value is 8. 897 The default value is 8.
990 898
991 899
992 perf_user_access (arm64 and riscv only) <<
993 ======================================= <<
994 <<
995 Controls user space access for reading perf ev <<
996 <<
997 arm64 <<
998 ===== <<
999 <<
1000 The default value is 0 (access disabled). <<
1001 <<
1002 When set to 1, user space can read performanc <<
1003 directly. <<
1004 <<
1005 See Documentation/arch/arm64/perf.rst for mor <<
1006 <<
1007 riscv <<
1008 ===== <<
1009 <<
1010 When set to 0, user space access is disabled. <<
1011 <<
1012 The default value is 1, user space can read p <<
1013 registers through perf, any direct access wit <<
1014 an illegal instruction. <<
1015 <<
1016 When set to 2, which enables legacy mode (use <<
1017 and insret CSRs only). Note that this legacy <<
1018 removed once all user space applications are <<
1019 <<
1020 Note that the time CSR is always directly acc <<
1021 <<
1022 pid_max 900 pid_max
1023 ======= 901 =======
1024 902
1025 PID allocation wrap value. When the kernel's 903 PID allocation wrap value. When the kernel's next PID value
1026 reaches this value, it wraps back to a minimu 904 reaches this value, it wraps back to a minimum PID value.
1027 PIDs of value ``pid_max`` or larger are not a 905 PIDs of value ``pid_max`` or larger are not allocated.
1028 906
1029 907
1030 ns_last_pid 908 ns_last_pid
1031 =========== 909 ===========
1032 910
1033 The last pid allocated in the current (the on 911 The last pid allocated in the current (the one task using this sysctl
1034 lives in) pid namespace. When selecting a pid 912 lives in) pid namespace. When selecting a pid for a next task on fork
1035 kernel tries to allocate a number starting fr 913 kernel tries to allocate a number starting from this one.
1036 914
1037 915
1038 powersave-nap (PPC only) 916 powersave-nap (PPC only)
1039 ======================== 917 ========================
1040 918
1041 If set, Linux-PPC will use the 'nap' mode of 919 If set, Linux-PPC will use the 'nap' mode of powersaving,
1042 otherwise the 'doze' mode will be used. 920 otherwise the 'doze' mode will be used.
1043 921
1044 922
1045 ============================================= 923 ==============================================================
1046 924
1047 printk 925 printk
1048 ====== 926 ======
1049 927
1050 The four values in printk denote: ``console_l 928 The four values in printk denote: ``console_loglevel``,
1051 ``default_message_loglevel``, ``minimum_conso 929 ``default_message_loglevel``, ``minimum_console_loglevel`` and
1052 ``default_console_loglevel`` respectively. 930 ``default_console_loglevel`` respectively.
1053 931
1054 These values influence printk() behavior when 932 These values influence printk() behavior when printing or
1055 logging error messages. See '``man 2 syslog`` 933 logging error messages. See '``man 2 syslog``' for more info on
1056 the different loglevels. 934 the different loglevels.
1057 935
1058 ======================== ==================== 936 ======================== =====================================
1059 console_loglevel messages with a high 937 console_loglevel messages with a higher priority than
1060 this will be printed 938 this will be printed to the console
1061 default_message_loglevel messages without an 939 default_message_loglevel messages without an explicit priority
1062 will be printed with 940 will be printed with this priority
1063 minimum_console_loglevel minimum (highest) va 941 minimum_console_loglevel minimum (highest) value to which
1064 console_loglevel can 942 console_loglevel can be set
1065 default_console_loglevel default value for co 943 default_console_loglevel default value for console_loglevel
1066 ======================== ==================== 944 ======================== =====================================
1067 945
1068 946
1069 printk_delay 947 printk_delay
1070 ============ 948 ============
1071 949
1072 Delay each printk message in ``printk_delay`` 950 Delay each printk message in ``printk_delay`` milliseconds
1073 951
1074 Value from 0 - 10000 is allowed. 952 Value from 0 - 10000 is allowed.
1075 953
1076 954
1077 printk_ratelimit 955 printk_ratelimit
1078 ================ 956 ================
1079 957
1080 Some warning messages are rate limited. ``pri 958 Some warning messages are rate limited. ``printk_ratelimit`` specifies
1081 the minimum length of time between these mess 959 the minimum length of time between these messages (in seconds).
1082 The default value is 5 seconds. 960 The default value is 5 seconds.
1083 961
1084 A value of 0 will disable rate limiting. 962 A value of 0 will disable rate limiting.
1085 963
1086 964
1087 printk_ratelimit_burst 965 printk_ratelimit_burst
1088 ====================== 966 ======================
1089 967
1090 While long term we enforce one message per `p 968 While long term we enforce one message per `printk_ratelimit`_
1091 seconds, we do allow a burst of messages to p 969 seconds, we do allow a burst of messages to pass through.
1092 ``printk_ratelimit_burst`` specifies the numb 970 ``printk_ratelimit_burst`` specifies the number of messages we can
1093 send before ratelimiting kicks in. 971 send before ratelimiting kicks in.
1094 972
1095 The default value is 10 messages. 973 The default value is 10 messages.
1096 974
1097 975
1098 printk_devkmsg 976 printk_devkmsg
1099 ============== 977 ==============
1100 978
1101 Control the logging to ``/dev/kmsg`` from use 979 Control the logging to ``/dev/kmsg`` from userspace:
1102 980
1103 ========= =================================== 981 ========= =============================================
1104 ratelimit default, ratelimited 982 ratelimit default, ratelimited
1105 on unlimited logging to /dev/kmsg from 983 on unlimited logging to /dev/kmsg from userspace
1106 off logging to /dev/kmsg disabled 984 off logging to /dev/kmsg disabled
1107 ========= =================================== 985 ========= =============================================
1108 986
1109 The kernel command line parameter ``printk.de 987 The kernel command line parameter ``printk.devkmsg=`` overrides this and is
1110 a one-time setting until next reboot: once se 988 a one-time setting until next reboot: once set, it cannot be changed by
1111 this sysctl interface anymore. 989 this sysctl interface anymore.
1112 990
1113 ============================================= 991 ==============================================================
1114 992
1115 993
1116 pty 994 pty
1117 === 995 ===
1118 996
1119 See Documentation/filesystems/devpts.rst. 997 See Documentation/filesystems/devpts.rst.
1120 998
1121 999
1122 random 1000 random
1123 ====== 1001 ======
1124 1002
1125 This is a directory, with the following entri 1003 This is a directory, with the following entries:
1126 1004
1127 * ``boot_id``: a UUID generated the first tim 1005 * ``boot_id``: a UUID generated the first time this is retrieved, and
1128 unvarying after that; 1006 unvarying after that;
1129 1007
1130 * ``uuid``: a UUID generated every time this <<
1131 thus be used to generate UUIDs at will); <<
1132 <<
1133 * ``entropy_avail``: the pool's entropy count 1008 * ``entropy_avail``: the pool's entropy count, in bits;
1134 1009
1135 * ``poolsize``: the entropy pool size, in bit 1010 * ``poolsize``: the entropy pool size, in bits;
1136 1011
1137 * ``urandom_min_reseed_secs``: obsolete (used 1012 * ``urandom_min_reseed_secs``: obsolete (used to determine the minimum
1138 number of seconds between urandom pool rese !! 1013 number of seconds between urandom pool reseeding).
1139 writable for compatibility purposes, but wr !! 1014
1140 on any RNG behavior; !! 1015 * ``uuid``: a UUID generated every time this is retrieved (this can
>> 1016 thus be used to generate UUIDs at will);
1141 1017
1142 * ``write_wakeup_threshold``: when the entrop 1018 * ``write_wakeup_threshold``: when the entropy count drops below this
1143 (as a number of bits), processes waiting to 1019 (as a number of bits), processes waiting to write to ``/dev/random``
1144 are woken up. This file is writable for com !! 1020 are woken up.
1145 writing to it has no effect on any RNG beha !! 1021
>> 1022 If ``drivers/char/random.c`` is built with ``ADD_INTERRUPT_BENCH``
>> 1023 defined, these additional entries are present:
>> 1024
>> 1025 * ``add_interrupt_avg_cycles``: the average number of cycles between
>> 1026 interrupts used to feed the pool;
>> 1027
>> 1028 * ``add_interrupt_avg_deviation``: the standard deviation seen on the
>> 1029 number of cycles between interrupts used to feed the pool.
1146 1030
1147 1031
1148 randomize_va_space 1032 randomize_va_space
1149 ================== 1033 ==================
1150 1034
1151 This option can be used to select the type of 1035 This option can be used to select the type of process address
1152 space randomization that is used in the syste 1036 space randomization that is used in the system, for architectures
1153 that support this feature. 1037 that support this feature.
1154 1038
1155 == ========================================= 1039 == ===========================================================================
1156 0 Turn the process address space randomizat 1040 0 Turn the process address space randomization off. This is the
1157 default for architectures that do not sup 1041 default for architectures that do not support this feature anyways,
1158 and kernels that are booted with the "nor 1042 and kernels that are booted with the "norandmaps" parameter.
1159 1043
1160 1 Make the addresses of mmap base, stack an 1044 1 Make the addresses of mmap base, stack and VDSO page randomized.
1161 This, among other things, implies that sh 1045 This, among other things, implies that shared libraries will be
1162 loaded to random addresses. Also for PIE 1046 loaded to random addresses. Also for PIE-linked binaries, the
1163 location of code start is randomized. Th 1047 location of code start is randomized. This is the default if the
1164 ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` option is enabled. 1048 ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` option is enabled.
1165 1049
1166 2 Additionally enable heap randomization. 1050 2 Additionally enable heap randomization. This is the default if
1167 ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` is disabled. 1051 ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` is disabled.
1168 1052
1169 There are a few legacy applications out t 1053 There are a few legacy applications out there (such as some ancient
1170 versions of libc.so.5 from 1996) that ass 1054 versions of libc.so.5 from 1996) that assume that brk area starts
1171 just after the end of the code+bss. Thes 1055 just after the end of the code+bss. These applications break when
1172 start of the brk area is randomized. The 1056 start of the brk area is randomized. There are however no known
1173 non-legacy applications that would be bro 1057 non-legacy applications that would be broken this way, so for most
1174 systems it is safe to choose full randomi 1058 systems it is safe to choose full randomization.
1175 1059
1176 Systems with ancient and/or broken binari 1060 Systems with ancient and/or broken binaries should be configured
1177 with ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` enabled, which 1061 with ``CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK`` enabled, which excludes the heap from process
1178 address space randomization. 1062 address space randomization.
1179 == ========================================= 1063 == ===========================================================================
1180 1064
1181 1065
1182 real-root-dev 1066 real-root-dev
1183 ============= 1067 =============
1184 1068
1185 See Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst. !! 1069 See :doc:`/admin-guide/initrd`.
1186 1070
1187 1071
1188 reboot-cmd (SPARC only) 1072 reboot-cmd (SPARC only)
1189 ======================= 1073 =======================
1190 1074
1191 ??? This seems to be a way to give an argumen 1075 ??? This seems to be a way to give an argument to the Sparc
1192 ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell it what 1076 ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell it what to do after
1193 rebooting. ??? 1077 rebooting. ???
1194 1078
1195 1079
1196 sched_energy_aware 1080 sched_energy_aware
1197 ================== 1081 ==================
1198 1082
1199 Enables/disables Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS 1083 Enables/disables Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS). EAS starts
1200 automatically on platforms where it can run ( 1084 automatically on platforms where it can run (that is,
1201 platforms with asymmetric CPU topologies and 1085 platforms with asymmetric CPU topologies and having an Energy
1202 Model available). If your platform happens to 1086 Model available). If your platform happens to meet the
1203 requirements for EAS but you do not want to u 1087 requirements for EAS but you do not want to use it, change
1204 this value to 0. On Non-EAS platforms, write !! 1088 this value to 0.
1205 read doesn't return anything. <<
1206 1089
1207 task_delayacct <<
1208 =============== <<
1209 <<
1210 Enables/disables task delay accounting (see <<
1211 Documentation/accounting/delay-accounting.rst <<
1212 a small amount of overhead in the scheduler b <<
1213 and performance tuning. It is required by som <<
1214 1090
1215 sched_schedstats 1091 sched_schedstats
1216 ================ 1092 ================
1217 1093
1218 Enables/disables scheduler statistics. Enabli 1094 Enables/disables scheduler statistics. Enabling this feature
1219 incurs a small amount of overhead in the sche 1095 incurs a small amount of overhead in the scheduler but is
1220 useful for debugging and performance tuning. 1096 useful for debugging and performance tuning.
1221 1097
1222 sched_util_clamp_min !! 1098 sched_util_clamp_min:
1223 ==================== !! 1099 =====================
1224 1100
1225 Max allowed *minimum* utilization. 1101 Max allowed *minimum* utilization.
1226 1102
1227 Default value is 1024, which is the maximum p 1103 Default value is 1024, which is the maximum possible value.
1228 1104
1229 It means that any requested uclamp.min value 1105 It means that any requested uclamp.min value cannot be greater than
1230 sched_util_clamp_min, i.e., it is restricted 1106 sched_util_clamp_min, i.e., it is restricted to the range
1231 [0:sched_util_clamp_min]. 1107 [0:sched_util_clamp_min].
1232 1108
1233 sched_util_clamp_max !! 1109 sched_util_clamp_max:
1234 ==================== !! 1110 =====================
1235 1111
1236 Max allowed *maximum* utilization. 1112 Max allowed *maximum* utilization.
1237 1113
1238 Default value is 1024, which is the maximum p 1114 Default value is 1024, which is the maximum possible value.
1239 1115
1240 It means that any requested uclamp.max value 1116 It means that any requested uclamp.max value cannot be greater than
1241 sched_util_clamp_max, i.e., it is restricted 1117 sched_util_clamp_max, i.e., it is restricted to the range
1242 [0:sched_util_clamp_max]. 1118 [0:sched_util_clamp_max].
1243 1119
1244 sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default !! 1120 sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default:
1245 =============================== !! 1121 ================================
1246 1122
1247 By default Linux is tuned for performance. Wh 1123 By default Linux is tuned for performance. Which means that RT tasks always run
1248 at the highest frequency and most capable (hi 1124 at the highest frequency and most capable (highest capacity) CPU (in
1249 heterogeneous systems). 1125 heterogeneous systems).
1250 1126
1251 Uclamp achieves this by setting the requested 1127 Uclamp achieves this by setting the requested uclamp.min of all RT tasks to
1252 1024 by default, which effectively boosts the 1128 1024 by default, which effectively boosts the tasks to run at the highest
1253 frequency and biases them to run on the bigge 1129 frequency and biases them to run on the biggest CPU.
1254 1130
1255 This knob allows admins to change the default 1131 This knob allows admins to change the default behavior when uclamp is being
1256 used. In battery powered devices particularly 1132 used. In battery powered devices particularly, running at the maximum
1257 capacity and frequency will increase energy c 1133 capacity and frequency will increase energy consumption and shorten the battery
1258 life. 1134 life.
1259 1135
1260 This knob is only effective for RT tasks whic 1136 This knob is only effective for RT tasks which the user hasn't modified their
1261 requested uclamp.min value via sched_setattr( 1137 requested uclamp.min value via sched_setattr() syscall.
1262 1138
1263 This knob will not escape the range constrain 1139 This knob will not escape the range constraint imposed by sched_util_clamp_min
1264 defined above. 1140 defined above.
1265 1141
1266 For example if 1142 For example if
1267 1143
1268 sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default = 800 1144 sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default = 800
1269 sched_util_clamp_min = 600 1145 sched_util_clamp_min = 600
1270 1146
1271 Then the boost will be clamped to 600 because 1147 Then the boost will be clamped to 600 because 800 is outside of the permissible
1272 range of [0:600]. This could happen for insta 1148 range of [0:600]. This could happen for instance if a powersave mode will
1273 restrict all boosts temporarily by modifying 1149 restrict all boosts temporarily by modifying sched_util_clamp_min. As soon as
1274 this restriction is lifted, the requested sch 1150 this restriction is lifted, the requested sched_util_clamp_min_rt_default
1275 will take effect. 1151 will take effect.
1276 1152
1277 seccomp 1153 seccomp
1278 ======= 1154 =======
1279 1155
1280 See Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filte !! 1156 See :doc:`/userspace-api/seccomp_filter`.
1281 1157
1282 1158
1283 sg-big-buff 1159 sg-big-buff
1284 =========== 1160 ===========
1285 1161
1286 This file shows the size of the generic SCSI 1162 This file shows the size of the generic SCSI (sg) buffer.
1287 You can't tune it just yet, but you could cha 1163 You can't tune it just yet, but you could change it on
1288 compile time by editing ``include/scsi/sg.h`` 1164 compile time by editing ``include/scsi/sg.h`` and changing
1289 the value of ``SG_BIG_BUFF``. 1165 the value of ``SG_BIG_BUFF``.
1290 1166
1291 There shouldn't be any reason to change this 1167 There shouldn't be any reason to change this value. If
1292 you can come up with one, you probably know w 1168 you can come up with one, you probably know what you
1293 are doing anyway :) 1169 are doing anyway :)
1294 1170
1295 1171
1296 shmall 1172 shmall
1297 ====== 1173 ======
1298 1174
1299 This parameter sets the total amount of share !! 1175 This parameter sets the total amount of shared memory pages that
1300 inside ipc namespace. The shared memory pages !! 1176 can be used system wide. Hence, ``shmall`` should always be at least
1301 namespace separately and is not inherited. He !! 1177 ``ceil(shmmax/PAGE_SIZE)``.
1302 least ``ceil(shmmax/PAGE_SIZE)``. <<
1303 1178
1304 If you are not sure what the default ``PAGE_S 1179 If you are not sure what the default ``PAGE_SIZE`` is on your Linux
1305 system, you can run the following command:: 1180 system, you can run the following command::
1306 1181
1307 # getconf PAGE_SIZE 1182 # getconf PAGE_SIZE
1308 1183
1309 To reduce or disable the ability to allocate <<
1310 new ipc namespace, set this parameter to the <<
1311 creation of a new ipc namespace in the curren <<
1312 be used. <<
1313 1184
1314 shmmax 1185 shmmax
1315 ====== 1186 ======
1316 1187
1317 This value can be used to query and set the r 1188 This value can be used to query and set the run time limit
1318 on the maximum shared memory segment size tha 1189 on the maximum shared memory segment size that can be created.
1319 Shared memory segments up to 1Gb are now supp 1190 Shared memory segments up to 1Gb are now supported in the
1320 kernel. This value defaults to ``SHMMAX``. 1191 kernel. This value defaults to ``SHMMAX``.
1321 1192
1322 1193
1323 shmmni 1194 shmmni
1324 ====== 1195 ======
1325 1196
1326 This value determines the maximum number of s 1197 This value determines the maximum number of shared memory segments.
1327 4096 by default (``SHMMNI``). 1198 4096 by default (``SHMMNI``).
1328 1199
1329 1200
1330 shm_rmid_forced 1201 shm_rmid_forced
1331 =============== 1202 ===============
1332 1203
1333 Linux lets you set resource limits, including 1204 Linux lets you set resource limits, including how much memory one
1334 process can consume, via ``setrlimit(2)``. U 1205 process can consume, via ``setrlimit(2)``. Unfortunately, shared memory
1335 segments are allowed to exist without associa 1206 segments are allowed to exist without association with any process, and
1336 thus might not be counted against any resourc 1207 thus might not be counted against any resource limits. If enabled,
1337 shared memory segments are automatically dest 1208 shared memory segments are automatically destroyed when their attach
1338 count becomes zero after a detach or a proces 1209 count becomes zero after a detach or a process termination. It will
1339 also destroy segments that were created, but 1210 also destroy segments that were created, but never attached to, on exit
1340 from the process. The only use left for ``IP 1211 from the process. The only use left for ``IPC_RMID`` is to immediately
1341 destroy an unattached segment. Of course, th 1212 destroy an unattached segment. Of course, this breaks the way things are
1342 defined, so some applications might stop work 1213 defined, so some applications might stop working. Note that this
1343 feature will do you no good unless you also c 1214 feature will do you no good unless you also configure your resource
1344 limits (in particular, ``RLIMIT_AS`` and ``RL 1215 limits (in particular, ``RLIMIT_AS`` and ``RLIMIT_NPROC``). Most systems don't
1345 need this. 1216 need this.
1346 1217
1347 Note that if you change this from 0 to 1, alr 1218 Note that if you change this from 0 to 1, already created segments
1348 without users and with a dead originative pro 1219 without users and with a dead originative process will be destroyed.
1349 1220
1350 1221
1351 sysctl_writes_strict 1222 sysctl_writes_strict
1352 ==================== 1223 ====================
1353 1224
1354 Control how file position affects the behavio 1225 Control how file position affects the behavior of updating sysctl values
1355 via the ``/proc/sys`` interface: 1226 via the ``/proc/sys`` interface:
1356 1227
1357 == ====================================== 1228 == ======================================================================
1358 -1 Legacy per-write sysctl value handling 1229 -1 Legacy per-write sysctl value handling, with no printk warnings.
1359 Each write syscall must fully contain 1230 Each write syscall must fully contain the sysctl value to be
1360 written, and multiple writes on the sa 1231 written, and multiple writes on the same sysctl file descriptor
1361 will rewrite the sysctl value, regardl 1232 will rewrite the sysctl value, regardless of file position.
1362 0 Same behavior as above, but warn about 1233 0 Same behavior as above, but warn about processes that perform writes
1363 to a sysctl file descriptor when the f 1234 to a sysctl file descriptor when the file position is not 0.
1364 1 (default) Respect file position when w 1235 1 (default) Respect file position when writing sysctl strings. Multiple
1365 writes will append to the sysctl value 1236 writes will append to the sysctl value buffer. Anything past the max
1366 length of the sysctl value buffer will 1237 length of the sysctl value buffer will be ignored. Writes to numeric
1367 sysctl entries must always be at file 1238 sysctl entries must always be at file position 0 and the value must
1368 be fully contained in the buffer sent 1239 be fully contained in the buffer sent in the write syscall.
1369 == ====================================== 1240 == ======================================================================
1370 1241
1371 1242
1372 softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace 1243 softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace
1373 ============================ 1244 ============================
1374 1245
1375 This value controls the soft lockup detector 1246 This value controls the soft lockup detector thread's behavior
1376 when a soft lockup condition is detected as t 1247 when a soft lockup condition is detected as to whether or not
1377 to gather further debug information. If enabl 1248 to gather further debug information. If enabled, each cpu will
1378 be issued an NMI and instructed to capture st 1249 be issued an NMI and instructed to capture stack trace.
1379 1250
1380 This feature is only applicable for architect 1251 This feature is only applicable for architectures which support
1381 NMI. 1252 NMI.
1382 1253
1383 = =========================================== 1254 = ============================================
1384 0 Do nothing. This is the default behavior. 1255 0 Do nothing. This is the default behavior.
1385 1 On detection capture more debug information 1256 1 On detection capture more debug information.
1386 = =========================================== 1257 = ============================================
1387 1258
1388 1259
1389 softlockup_panic 1260 softlockup_panic
1390 ================= 1261 =================
1391 1262
1392 This parameter can be used to control whether 1263 This parameter can be used to control whether the kernel panics
1393 when a soft lockup is detected. 1264 when a soft lockup is detected.
1394 1265
1395 = =========================================== 1266 = ============================================
1396 0 Don't panic on soft lockup. 1267 0 Don't panic on soft lockup.
1397 1 Panic on soft lockup. 1268 1 Panic on soft lockup.
1398 = =========================================== 1269 = ============================================
1399 1270
1400 This can also be set using the softlockup_pan 1271 This can also be set using the softlockup_panic kernel parameter.
1401 1272
1402 1273
1403 soft_watchdog 1274 soft_watchdog
1404 ============= 1275 =============
1405 1276
1406 This parameter can be used to control the sof 1277 This parameter can be used to control the soft lockup detector.
1407 1278
1408 = ================================= 1279 = =================================
1409 0 Disable the soft lockup detector. 1280 0 Disable the soft lockup detector.
1410 1 Enable the soft lockup detector. 1281 1 Enable the soft lockup detector.
1411 = ================================= 1282 = =================================
1412 1283
1413 The soft lockup detector monitors CPUs for th 1284 The soft lockup detector monitors CPUs for threads that are hogging the CPUs
1414 without rescheduling voluntarily, and thus pr !! 1285 without rescheduling voluntarily, and thus prevent the 'watchdog/N' threads
1415 from running, causing the watchdog work fail !! 1286 from running. The mechanism depends on the CPUs ability to respond to timer
1416 on the CPUs ability to respond to timer inter !! 1287 interrupts which are needed for the 'watchdog/N' threads to be woken up by
1417 watchdog work to be queued by the watchdog ti !! 1288 the watchdog timer function, otherwise the NMI watchdog — if enabled — can
1418 watchdog — if enabled — can detect a hard !! 1289 detect a hard lockup condition.
1419 <<
1420 <<
1421 split_lock_mitigate (x86 only) <<
1422 ============================== <<
1423 <<
1424 On x86, each "split lock" imposes a system-wi <<
1425 systems, large numbers of split locks from un <<
1426 denials of service to well-behaved and potent <<
1427 <<
1428 The kernel mitigates these bad users by detec <<
1429 penalties: forcing them to wait and only allo <<
1430 locks at a time. <<
1431 <<
1432 These mitigations can make those bad applicat <<
1433 split_lock_mitigate=0 may restore some applic <<
1434 increase system exposure to denial of service <<
1435 <<
1436 = =========================================== <<
1437 0 Disable the mitigation mode - just warns th <<
1438 and exposes the system to denials of servic <<
1439 1 Enable the mitigation mode (this is the def <<
1440 lockers with intentional performance degrad <<
1441 = =========================================== <<
1442 1290
1443 1291
1444 stack_erasing 1292 stack_erasing
1445 ============= 1293 =============
1446 1294
1447 This parameter can be used to control kernel 1295 This parameter can be used to control kernel stack erasing at the end
1448 of syscalls for kernels built with ``CONFIG_G 1296 of syscalls for kernels built with ``CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_STACKLEAK``.
1449 1297
1450 That erasing reduces the information which ke 1298 That erasing reduces the information which kernel stack leak bugs
1451 can reveal and blocks some uninitialized stac 1299 can reveal and blocks some uninitialized stack variable attacks.
1452 The tradeoff is the performance impact: on a 1300 The tradeoff is the performance impact: on a single CPU system kernel
1453 compilation sees a 1% slowdown, other systems 1301 compilation sees a 1% slowdown, other systems and workloads may vary.
1454 1302
1455 = =========================================== 1303 = ====================================================================
1456 0 Kernel stack erasing is disabled, STACKLEAK 1304 0 Kernel stack erasing is disabled, STACKLEAK_METRICS are not updated.
1457 1 Kernel stack erasing is enabled (default), 1305 1 Kernel stack erasing is enabled (default), it is performed before
1458 returning to the userspace at the end of sy 1306 returning to the userspace at the end of syscalls.
1459 = =========================================== 1307 = ====================================================================
1460 1308
1461 1309
1462 stop-a (SPARC only) 1310 stop-a (SPARC only)
1463 =================== 1311 ===================
1464 1312
1465 Controls Stop-A: 1313 Controls Stop-A:
1466 1314
1467 = ==================================== 1315 = ====================================
1468 0 Stop-A has no effect. 1316 0 Stop-A has no effect.
1469 1 Stop-A breaks to the PROM (default). 1317 1 Stop-A breaks to the PROM (default).
1470 = ==================================== 1318 = ====================================
1471 1319
1472 Stop-A is always enabled on a panic, so that 1320 Stop-A is always enabled on a panic, so that the user can return to
1473 the boot PROM. 1321 the boot PROM.
1474 1322
1475 1323
1476 sysrq 1324 sysrq
1477 ===== 1325 =====
1478 1326
1479 See Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst. !! 1327 See :doc:`/admin-guide/sysrq`.
1480 1328
1481 1329
1482 tainted 1330 tainted
1483 ======= 1331 =======
1484 1332
1485 Non-zero if the kernel has been tainted. Nume 1333 Non-zero if the kernel has been tainted. Numeric values, which can be
1486 ORed together. The letters are seen in "Taint 1334 ORed together. The letters are seen in "Tainted" line of Oops reports.
1487 1335
1488 ====== ===== ============================== 1336 ====== ===== ==============================================================
1489 1 `(P)` proprietary module was loaded 1337 1 `(P)` proprietary module was loaded
1490 2 `(F)` module was force loaded 1338 2 `(F)` module was force loaded
1491 4 `(S)` kernel running on an out of sp !! 1339 4 `(S)` SMP kernel oops on an officially SMP incapable processor
1492 8 `(R)` module was force unloaded 1340 8 `(R)` module was force unloaded
1493 16 `(M)` processor reported a Machine C 1341 16 `(M)` processor reported a Machine Check Exception (MCE)
1494 32 `(B)` bad page referenced or some un 1342 32 `(B)` bad page referenced or some unexpected page flags
1495 64 `(U)` taint requested by userspace a 1343 64 `(U)` taint requested by userspace application
1496 128 `(D)` kernel died recently, i.e. the 1344 128 `(D)` kernel died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG
1497 256 `(A)` an ACPI table was overridden b 1345 256 `(A)` an ACPI table was overridden by user
1498 512 `(W)` kernel issued warning 1346 512 `(W)` kernel issued warning
1499 1024 `(C)` staging driver was loaded 1347 1024 `(C)` staging driver was loaded
1500 2048 `(I)` workaround for bug in platform 1348 2048 `(I)` workaround for bug in platform firmware applied
1501 4096 `(O)` externally-built ("out-of-tree 1349 4096 `(O)` externally-built ("out-of-tree") module was loaded
1502 8192 `(E)` unsigned module was loaded 1350 8192 `(E)` unsigned module was loaded
1503 16384 `(L)` soft lockup occurred 1351 16384 `(L)` soft lockup occurred
1504 32768 `(K)` kernel has been live patched 1352 32768 `(K)` kernel has been live patched
1505 65536 `(X)` Auxiliary taint, defined and u 1353 65536 `(X)` Auxiliary taint, defined and used by for distros
1506 131072 `(T)` The kernel was built with the 1354 131072 `(T)` The kernel was built with the struct randomization plugin
1507 ====== ===== ============================== 1355 ====== ===== ==============================================================
1508 1356
1509 See Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels !! 1357 See :doc:`/admin-guide/tainted-kernels` for more information.
1510 1358
1511 Note: 1359 Note:
1512 writes to this sysctl interface will fail w 1360 writes to this sysctl interface will fail with ``EINVAL`` if the kernel is
1513 booted with the command line option ``panic 1361 booted with the command line option ``panic_on_taint=<bitmask>,nousertaint``
1514 and any of the ORed together values being w 1362 and any of the ORed together values being written to ``tainted`` match with
1515 the bitmask declared on panic_on_taint. 1363 the bitmask declared on panic_on_taint.
1516 See Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parame !! 1364 See :doc:`/admin-guide/kernel-parameters` for more details on that particular
1517 that particular kernel command line option !! 1365 kernel command line option and its optional ``nousertaint`` switch.
1518 ``nousertaint`` switch. <<
1519 1366
1520 threads-max 1367 threads-max
1521 =========== 1368 ===========
1522 1369
1523 This value controls the maximum number of thr 1370 This value controls the maximum number of threads that can be created
1524 using ``fork()``. 1371 using ``fork()``.
1525 1372
1526 During initialization the kernel sets this va 1373 During initialization the kernel sets this value such that even if the
1527 maximum number of threads is created, the thr 1374 maximum number of threads is created, the thread structures occupy only
1528 a part (1/8th) of the available RAM pages. 1375 a part (1/8th) of the available RAM pages.
1529 1376
1530 The minimum value that can be written to ``th 1377 The minimum value that can be written to ``threads-max`` is 1.
1531 1378
1532 The maximum value that can be written to ``th 1379 The maximum value that can be written to ``threads-max`` is given by the
1533 constant ``FUTEX_TID_MASK`` (0x3fffffff). 1380 constant ``FUTEX_TID_MASK`` (0x3fffffff).
1534 1381
1535 If a value outside of this range is written t 1382 If a value outside of this range is written to ``threads-max`` an
1536 ``EINVAL`` error occurs. 1383 ``EINVAL`` error occurs.
1537 1384
1538 1385
1539 traceoff_on_warning 1386 traceoff_on_warning
1540 =================== 1387 ===================
1541 1388
1542 When set, disables tracing (see Documentation !! 1389 When set, disables tracing (see :doc:`/trace/ftrace`) when a
1543 ``WARN()`` is hit. 1390 ``WARN()`` is hit.
1544 1391
1545 1392
1546 tracepoint_printk 1393 tracepoint_printk
1547 ================= 1394 =================
1548 1395
1549 When tracepoints are sent to printk() (enable 1396 When tracepoints are sent to printk() (enabled by the ``tp_printk``
1550 boot parameter), this entry provides runtime 1397 boot parameter), this entry provides runtime control::
1551 1398
1552 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_prin 1399 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk
1553 1400
1554 will stop tracepoints from being sent to prin 1401 will stop tracepoints from being sent to printk(), and::
1555 1402
1556 echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_prin 1403 echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk
1557 1404
1558 will send them to printk() again. 1405 will send them to printk() again.
1559 1406
1560 This only works if the kernel was booted with 1407 This only works if the kernel was booted with ``tp_printk`` enabled.
1561 1408
1562 See Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-paramete !! 1409 See :doc:`/admin-guide/kernel-parameters` and
1563 Documentation/trace/boottime-trace.rst. !! 1410 :doc:`/trace/boottime-trace`.
>> 1411
>> 1412
>> 1413 .. _unaligned-dump-stack:
>> 1414
>> 1415 unaligned-dump-stack (ia64)
>> 1416 ===========================
>> 1417
>> 1418 When logging unaligned accesses, controls whether the stack is
>> 1419 dumped.
>> 1420
>> 1421 = ===================================================
>> 1422 0 Do not dump the stack. This is the default setting.
>> 1423 1 Dump the stack.
>> 1424 = ===================================================
>> 1425
>> 1426 See also `ignore-unaligned-usertrap`_.
1564 1427
1565 1428
1566 unaligned-trap 1429 unaligned-trap
1567 ============== 1430 ==============
1568 1431
1569 On architectures where unaligned accesses cau 1432 On architectures where unaligned accesses cause traps, and where this
1570 feature is supported (``CONFIG_SYSCTL_ARCH_UN 1433 feature is supported (``CONFIG_SYSCTL_ARCH_UNALIGN_ALLOW``; currently,
1571 ``arc``, ``parisc`` and ``loongarch``), contr !! 1434 ``arc`` and ``parisc``), controls whether unaligned traps are caught
1572 are caught and emulated (instead of failing). !! 1435 and emulated (instead of failing).
1573 1436
1574 = =========================================== 1437 = ========================================================
1575 0 Do not emulate unaligned accesses. 1438 0 Do not emulate unaligned accesses.
1576 1 Emulate unaligned accesses. This is the def 1439 1 Emulate unaligned accesses. This is the default setting.
1577 = =========================================== 1440 = ========================================================
1578 1441
1579 See also `ignore-unaligned-usertrap`_. 1442 See also `ignore-unaligned-usertrap`_.
1580 1443
1581 1444
1582 unknown_nmi_panic 1445 unknown_nmi_panic
1583 ================= 1446 =================
1584 1447
1585 The value in this file affects behavior of ha 1448 The value in this file affects behavior of handling NMI. When the
1586 value is non-zero, unknown NMI is trapped and 1449 value is non-zero, unknown NMI is trapped and then panic occurs. At
1587 that time, kernel debugging information is di 1450 that time, kernel debugging information is displayed on console.
1588 1451
1589 NMI switch that most IA32 servers have fires 1452 NMI switch that most IA32 servers have fires unknown NMI up, for
1590 example. If a system hangs up, try pressing 1453 example. If a system hangs up, try pressing the NMI switch.
1591 1454
1592 1455
1593 unprivileged_bpf_disabled 1456 unprivileged_bpf_disabled
1594 ========================= 1457 =========================
1595 1458
1596 Writing 1 to this entry will disable unprivil 1459 Writing 1 to this entry will disable unprivileged calls to ``bpf()``;
1597 once disabled, calling ``bpf()`` without ``CA !! 1460 once disabled, calling ``bpf()`` without ``CAP_SYS_ADMIN`` will return
1598 will return ``-EPERM``. Once set to 1, this c !! 1461 ``-EPERM``.
1599 running kernel anymore. <<
1600 <<
1601 Writing 2 to this entry will also disable unp <<
1602 however, an admin can still change this setti <<
1603 writing 0 or 1 to this entry. <<
1604 <<
1605 If ``BPF_UNPRIV_DEFAULT_OFF`` is enabled in t <<
1606 entry will default to 2 instead of 0. <<
1607 <<
1608 = =========================================== <<
1609 0 Unprivileged calls to ``bpf()`` are enabled <<
1610 1 Unprivileged calls to ``bpf()`` are disable <<
1611 2 Unprivileged calls to ``bpf()`` are disable <<
1612 = =========================================== <<
1613 <<
1614 <<
1615 warn_limit <<
1616 ========== <<
1617 1462
1618 Number of kernel warnings after which the ker !! 1463 Once set, this can't be cleared.
1619 ``panic_on_warn`` is not set. Setting this to <<
1620 the warning count. Setting this to 1 has the <<
1621 ``panic_on_warn=1``. The default value is 0. <<
1622 1464
1623 1465
1624 watchdog 1466 watchdog
1625 ======== 1467 ========
1626 1468
1627 This parameter can be used to disable or enab 1469 This parameter can be used to disable or enable the soft lockup detector
1628 *and* the NMI watchdog (i.e. the hard lockup 1470 *and* the NMI watchdog (i.e. the hard lockup detector) at the same time.
1629 1471
1630 = ============================== 1472 = ==============================
1631 0 Disable both lockup detectors. 1473 0 Disable both lockup detectors.
1632 1 Enable both lockup detectors. 1474 1 Enable both lockup detectors.
1633 = ============================== 1475 = ==============================
1634 1476
1635 The soft lockup detector and the NMI watchdog 1477 The soft lockup detector and the NMI watchdog can also be disabled or
1636 enabled individually, using the ``soft_watchd 1478 enabled individually, using the ``soft_watchdog`` and ``nmi_watchdog``
1637 parameters. 1479 parameters.
1638 If the ``watchdog`` parameter is read, for ex 1480 If the ``watchdog`` parameter is read, for example by executing::
1639 1481
1640 cat /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog 1482 cat /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog
1641 1483
1642 the output of this command (0 or 1) shows the 1484 the output of this command (0 or 1) shows the logical OR of
1643 ``soft_watchdog`` and ``nmi_watchdog``. 1485 ``soft_watchdog`` and ``nmi_watchdog``.
1644 1486
1645 1487
1646 watchdog_cpumask 1488 watchdog_cpumask
1647 ================ 1489 ================
1648 1490
1649 This value can be used to control on which cp 1491 This value can be used to control on which cpus the watchdog may run.
1650 The default cpumask is all possible cores, bu 1492 The default cpumask is all possible cores, but if ``NO_HZ_FULL`` is
1651 enabled in the kernel config, and cores are s 1493 enabled in the kernel config, and cores are specified with the
1652 ``nohz_full=`` boot argument, those cores are 1494 ``nohz_full=`` boot argument, those cores are excluded by default.
1653 Offline cores can be included in this mask, a 1495 Offline cores can be included in this mask, and if the core is later
1654 brought online, the watchdog will be started 1496 brought online, the watchdog will be started based on the mask value.
1655 1497
1656 Typically this value would only be touched in 1498 Typically this value would only be touched in the ``nohz_full`` case
1657 to re-enable cores that by default were not r 1499 to re-enable cores that by default were not running the watchdog,
1658 if a kernel lockup was suspected on those cor 1500 if a kernel lockup was suspected on those cores.
1659 1501
1660 The argument value is the standard cpulist fo 1502 The argument value is the standard cpulist format for cpumasks,
1661 so for example to enable the watchdog on core 1503 so for example to enable the watchdog on cores 0, 2, 3, and 4 you
1662 might say:: 1504 might say::
1663 1505
1664 echo 0,2-4 > /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog_cpum 1506 echo 0,2-4 > /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog_cpumask
1665 1507
1666 1508
1667 watchdog_thresh 1509 watchdog_thresh
1668 =============== 1510 ===============
1669 1511
1670 This value can be used to control the frequen 1512 This value can be used to control the frequency of hrtimer and NMI
1671 events and the soft and hard lockup threshold 1513 events and the soft and hard lockup thresholds. The default threshold
1672 is 10 seconds. 1514 is 10 seconds.
1673 1515
1674 The softlockup threshold is (``2 * watchdog_t 1516 The softlockup threshold is (``2 * watchdog_thresh``). Setting this
1675 tunable to zero will disable lockup detection 1517 tunable to zero will disable lockup detection altogether.
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