1 ====================== 1 ======================
2 Linux Kernel Selftests 2 Linux Kernel Selftests
3 ====================== 3 ======================
4 4
5 The kernel contains a set of "self tests" unde 5 The kernel contains a set of "self tests" under the tools/testing/selftests/
6 directory. These are intended to be small test 6 directory. These are intended to be small tests to exercise individual code
7 paths in the kernel. Tests are intended to be 7 paths in the kernel. Tests are intended to be run after building, installing
8 and booting a kernel. 8 and booting a kernel.
9 9
10 Kselftest from mainline can be run on older st 10 Kselftest from mainline can be run on older stable kernels. Running tests
11 from mainline offers the best coverage. Severa 11 from mainline offers the best coverage. Several test rings run mainline
12 kselftest suite on stable releases. The reason 12 kselftest suite on stable releases. The reason is that when a new test
13 gets added to test existing code to regression 13 gets added to test existing code to regression test a bug, we should be
14 able to run that test on an older kernel. Henc 14 able to run that test on an older kernel. Hence, it is important to keep
15 code that can still test an older kernel and m 15 code that can still test an older kernel and make sure it skips the test
16 gracefully on newer releases. 16 gracefully on newer releases.
17 17
18 You can find additional information on Kselfte 18 You can find additional information on Kselftest framework, how to
19 write new tests using the framework on Kselfte 19 write new tests using the framework on Kselftest wiki:
20 20
21 https://kselftest.wiki.kernel.org/ 21 https://kselftest.wiki.kernel.org/
22 22
23 On some systems, hot-plug tests could hang for 23 On some systems, hot-plug tests could hang forever waiting for cpu and
24 memory to be ready to be offlined. A special h 24 memory to be ready to be offlined. A special hot-plug target is created
25 to run the full range of hot-plug tests. In de 25 to run the full range of hot-plug tests. In default mode, hot-plug tests run
26 in safe mode with a limited scope. In limited 26 in safe mode with a limited scope. In limited mode, cpu-hotplug test is
27 run on a single cpu as opposed to all hotplug 27 run on a single cpu as opposed to all hotplug capable cpus, and memory
28 hotplug test is run on 2% of hotplug capable m 28 hotplug test is run on 2% of hotplug capable memory instead of 10%.
29 29
30 kselftest runs as a userspace process. Tests 30 kselftest runs as a userspace process. Tests that can be written/run in
31 userspace may wish to use the `Test Harness`_. 31 userspace may wish to use the `Test Harness`_. Tests that need to be
32 run in kernel space may wish to use a `Test Mo 32 run in kernel space may wish to use a `Test Module`_.
33 33
34 Running the selftests (hotplug tests are run i 34 Running the selftests (hotplug tests are run in limited mode)
35 ============================================== 35 =============================================================
36 36
37 To build the tests:: 37 To build the tests::
38 38
39 $ make headers <<
40 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests 39 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests
41 40
42 To run the tests:: 41 To run the tests::
43 42
44 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests run_tests 43 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests run_tests
45 44
46 To build and run the tests with a single comma 45 To build and run the tests with a single command, use::
47 46
48 $ make kselftest 47 $ make kselftest
49 48
50 Note that some tests will require root privile 49 Note that some tests will require root privileges.
51 50
52 Kselftest supports saving output files in a se 51 Kselftest supports saving output files in a separate directory and then
53 running tests. To locate output files in a sep 52 running tests. To locate output files in a separate directory two syntaxes
54 are supported. In both cases the working direc 53 are supported. In both cases the working directory must be the root of the
55 kernel src. This is applicable to "Running a s 54 kernel src. This is applicable to "Running a subset of selftests" section
56 below. 55 below.
57 56
58 To build, save output files in a separate dire 57 To build, save output files in a separate directory with O= ::
59 58
60 $ make O=/tmp/kselftest kselftest 59 $ make O=/tmp/kselftest kselftest
61 60
62 To build, save output files in a separate dire 61 To build, save output files in a separate directory with KBUILD_OUTPUT ::
63 62
64 $ export KBUILD_OUTPUT=/tmp/kselftest; make 63 $ export KBUILD_OUTPUT=/tmp/kselftest; make kselftest
65 64
66 The O= assignment takes precedence over the KB 65 The O= assignment takes precedence over the KBUILD_OUTPUT environment
67 variable. 66 variable.
68 67
69 The above commands by default run the tests an 68 The above commands by default run the tests and print full pass/fail report.
70 Kselftest supports "summary" option to make it 69 Kselftest supports "summary" option to make it easier to understand the test
71 results. Please find the detailed individual t 70 results. Please find the detailed individual test results for each test in
72 /tmp/testname file(s) when summary option is s 71 /tmp/testname file(s) when summary option is specified. This is applicable
73 to "Running a subset of selftests" section bel 72 to "Running a subset of selftests" section below.
74 73
75 To run kselftest with summary option enabled : 74 To run kselftest with summary option enabled ::
76 75
77 $ make summary=1 kselftest 76 $ make summary=1 kselftest
78 77
79 Running a subset of selftests 78 Running a subset of selftests
80 ============================= 79 =============================
81 80
82 You can use the "TARGETS" variable on the make 81 You can use the "TARGETS" variable on the make command line to specify
83 single test to run, or a list of tests to run. 82 single test to run, or a list of tests to run.
84 83
85 To run only tests targeted for a single subsys 84 To run only tests targeted for a single subsystem::
86 85
87 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests TARGETS=pt 86 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests TARGETS=ptrace run_tests
88 87
89 You can specify multiple tests to build and ru 88 You can specify multiple tests to build and run::
90 89
91 $ make TARGETS="size timers" kselftest 90 $ make TARGETS="size timers" kselftest
92 91
93 To build, save output files in a separate dire 92 To build, save output files in a separate directory with O= ::
94 93
95 $ make O=/tmp/kselftest TARGETS="size timers 94 $ make O=/tmp/kselftest TARGETS="size timers" kselftest
96 95
97 To build, save output files in a separate dire 96 To build, save output files in a separate directory with KBUILD_OUTPUT ::
98 97
99 $ export KBUILD_OUTPUT=/tmp/kselftest; make 98 $ export KBUILD_OUTPUT=/tmp/kselftest; make TARGETS="size timers" kselftest
100 99
101 Additionally you can use the "SKIP_TARGETS" va 100 Additionally you can use the "SKIP_TARGETS" variable on the make command
102 line to specify one or more targets to exclude 101 line to specify one or more targets to exclude from the TARGETS list.
103 102
104 To run all tests but a single subsystem:: 103 To run all tests but a single subsystem::
105 104
106 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests SKIP_TARGE 105 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests SKIP_TARGETS=ptrace run_tests
107 106
108 You can specify multiple tests to skip:: 107 You can specify multiple tests to skip::
109 108
110 $ make SKIP_TARGETS="size timers" kselftest 109 $ make SKIP_TARGETS="size timers" kselftest
111 110
112 You can also specify a restricted list of test 111 You can also specify a restricted list of tests to run together with a
113 dedicated skiplist:: 112 dedicated skiplist::
114 113
115 $ make TARGETS="breakpoints size timers" SK !! 114 $ make TARGETS="bpf breakpoints size timers" SKIP_TARGETS=bpf kselftest
116 115
117 See the top-level tools/testing/selftests/Make 116 See the top-level tools/testing/selftests/Makefile for the list of all
118 possible targets. 117 possible targets.
119 118
120 Running the full range hotplug selftests 119 Running the full range hotplug selftests
121 ======================================== 120 ========================================
122 121
123 To build the hotplug tests:: 122 To build the hotplug tests::
124 123
125 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests hotplug 124 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests hotplug
126 125
127 To run the hotplug tests:: 126 To run the hotplug tests::
128 127
129 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests run_hotplu 128 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests run_hotplug
130 129
131 Note that some tests will require root privile 130 Note that some tests will require root privileges.
132 131
133 132
134 Install selftests 133 Install selftests
135 ================= 134 =================
136 135
137 You can use the "install" target of "make" (wh 136 You can use the "install" target of "make" (which calls the `kselftest_install.sh`
138 tool) to install selftests in the default loca 137 tool) to install selftests in the default location (`tools/testing/selftests/kselftest_install`),
139 or in a user specified location via the `INSTA 138 or in a user specified location via the `INSTALL_PATH` "make" variable.
140 139
141 To install selftests in default location:: 140 To install selftests in default location::
142 141
143 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests install 142 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests install
144 143
145 To install selftests in a user specified locat 144 To install selftests in a user specified location::
146 145
147 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests install I 146 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests install INSTALL_PATH=/some/other/path
148 147
149 Running installed selftests 148 Running installed selftests
150 =========================== 149 ===========================
151 150
152 Found in the install directory, as well as in 151 Found in the install directory, as well as in the Kselftest tarball,
153 is a script named `run_kselftest.sh` to run th 152 is a script named `run_kselftest.sh` to run the tests.
154 153
155 You can simply do the following to run the ins 154 You can simply do the following to run the installed Kselftests. Please
156 note some tests will require root privileges:: 155 note some tests will require root privileges::
157 156
158 $ cd kselftest_install 157 $ cd kselftest_install
159 $ ./run_kselftest.sh 158 $ ./run_kselftest.sh
160 159
161 To see the list of available tests, the `-l` o 160 To see the list of available tests, the `-l` option can be used::
162 161
163 $ ./run_kselftest.sh -l 162 $ ./run_kselftest.sh -l
164 163
165 The `-c` option can be used to run all the tes 164 The `-c` option can be used to run all the tests from a test collection, or
166 the `-t` option for specific single tests. Eit 165 the `-t` option for specific single tests. Either can be used multiple times::
167 166
168 $ ./run_kselftest.sh -c size -c seccomp -t !! 167 $ ./run_kselftest.sh -c bpf -c seccomp -t timers:posix_timers -t timer:nanosleep
169 168
170 For other features see the script usage output 169 For other features see the script usage output, seen with the `-h` option.
171 170
172 Timeout for selftests <<
173 ===================== <<
174 <<
175 Selftests are designed to be quick and so a de <<
176 seconds for each test. Tests can override the <<
177 a settings file in their directory and set a t <<
178 configured a desired upper timeout for the tes <<
179 the timeout with a value higher than 45 second <<
180 it that way. Timeouts in selftests are not con <<
181 system under which a test runs may change and <<
182 expected time it takes to run a test. If you h <<
183 which will run the tests you can configure a t <<
184 use a greater or lower timeout on the command <<
185 the `--override-timeout` argument. For example <<
186 one would use:: <<
187 <<
188 $ ./run_kselftest.sh --override-timeout 165 <<
189 <<
190 You can look at the TAP output to see if you r <<
191 runners which know a test must run under a spe <<
192 treat these timeouts then as fatal. <<
193 <<
194 Packaging selftests 171 Packaging selftests
195 =================== 172 ===================
196 173
197 In some cases packaging is desired, such as wh 174 In some cases packaging is desired, such as when tests need to run on a
198 different system. To package selftests, run:: 175 different system. To package selftests, run::
199 176
200 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests gen_tar 177 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests gen_tar
201 178
202 This generates a tarball in the `INSTALL_PATH/ 179 This generates a tarball in the `INSTALL_PATH/kselftest-packages` directory. By
203 default, `.gz` format is used. The tar compres 180 default, `.gz` format is used. The tar compression format can be overridden by
204 specifying a `FORMAT` make variable. Any value 181 specifying a `FORMAT` make variable. Any value recognized by `tar's auto-compress`_
205 option is supported, such as:: 182 option is supported, such as::
206 183
207 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests gen_tar 184 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests gen_tar FORMAT=.xz
208 185
209 `make gen_tar` invokes `make install` so you c 186 `make gen_tar` invokes `make install` so you can use it to package a subset of
210 tests by using variables specified in `Running 187 tests by using variables specified in `Running a subset of selftests`_
211 section:: 188 section::
212 189
213 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests gen_tar !! 190 $ make -C tools/testing/selftests gen_tar TARGETS="bpf" FORMAT=.xz
214 191
215 .. _tar's auto-compress: https://www.gnu.org/s 192 .. _tar's auto-compress: https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/gzip.html#auto_002dcompress
216 193
217 Contributing new tests 194 Contributing new tests
218 ====================== 195 ======================
219 196
220 In general, the rules for selftests are 197 In general, the rules for selftests are
221 198
222 * Do as much as you can if you're not root; 199 * Do as much as you can if you're not root;
223 200
224 * Don't take too long; 201 * Don't take too long;
225 202
226 * Don't break the build on any architecture, 203 * Don't break the build on any architecture, and
227 204
228 * Don't cause the top-level "make run_tests" 205 * Don't cause the top-level "make run_tests" to fail if your feature is
229 unconfigured. 206 unconfigured.
230 207
231 * The output of tests must conform to the TAP <<
232 testing quality and to capture failures/err <<
233 The kselftest.h and kselftest_harness.h hea <<
234 outputting test results. These wrappers sho <<
235 fail, exit, and skip messages. CI systems c <<
236 messages to detect test results. <<
237 <<
238 Contributing new tests (details) 208 Contributing new tests (details)
239 ================================ 209 ================================
240 210
241 * In your Makefile, use facilities from lib.m <<
242 reinventing the wheel. Specify flags and bi <<
243 need basis before including lib.mk. :: <<
244 <<
245 CFLAGS = $(KHDR_INCLUDES) <<
246 TEST_GEN_PROGS := close_range_test <<
247 include ../lib.mk <<
248 <<
249 * Use TEST_GEN_XXX if such binaries or files 211 * Use TEST_GEN_XXX if such binaries or files are generated during
250 compiling. 212 compiling.
251 213
252 TEST_PROGS, TEST_GEN_PROGS mean it is the e 214 TEST_PROGS, TEST_GEN_PROGS mean it is the executable tested by
253 default. 215 default.
254 216
255 TEST_GEN_MODS_DIR should be used by tests t <<
256 before the test starts. The variable will c <<
257 containing the modules. <<
258 <<
259 TEST_CUSTOM_PROGS should be used by tests t 217 TEST_CUSTOM_PROGS should be used by tests that require custom build
260 rules and prevent common build rule use. 218 rules and prevent common build rule use.
261 219
262 TEST_PROGS are for test shell scripts. Plea 220 TEST_PROGS are for test shell scripts. Please ensure shell script has
263 its exec bit set. Otherwise, lib.mk run_tes 221 its exec bit set. Otherwise, lib.mk run_tests will generate a warning.
264 222
265 TEST_CUSTOM_PROGS and TEST_PROGS will be ru 223 TEST_CUSTOM_PROGS and TEST_PROGS will be run by common run_tests.
266 224
267 TEST_PROGS_EXTENDED, TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDE 225 TEST_PROGS_EXTENDED, TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED mean it is the
268 executable which is not tested by default. 226 executable which is not tested by default.
269 <<
270 TEST_FILES, TEST_GEN_FILES mean it is the f 227 TEST_FILES, TEST_GEN_FILES mean it is the file which is used by
271 test. 228 test.
272 229
273 TEST_INCLUDES is similar to TEST_FILES, it <<
274 included when exporting or installing the t <<
275 differences: <<
276 <<
277 * symlinks to files in other directories a <<
278 * the part of paths below tools/testing/se <<
279 copying the files to the output director <<
280 <<
281 TEST_INCLUDES is meant to list dependencies <<
282 the selftests hierarchy. <<
283 <<
284 * First use the headers inside the kernel sou 230 * First use the headers inside the kernel source and/or git repo, and then the
285 system headers. Headers for the kernel rel 231 system headers. Headers for the kernel release as opposed to headers
286 installed by the distro on the system shoul 232 installed by the distro on the system should be the primary focus to be able
287 to find regressions. Use KHDR_INCLUDES in M !! 233 to find regressions.
288 the kernel source. <<
289 234
290 * If a test needs specific kernel config opti 235 * If a test needs specific kernel config options enabled, add a config file in
291 the test directory to enable them. 236 the test directory to enable them.
292 237
293 e.g: tools/testing/selftests/android/config 238 e.g: tools/testing/selftests/android/config
294 239
295 * Create a .gitignore file inside test direct <<
296 in it. <<
297 <<
298 * Add new test name in TARGETS in selftests/M <<
299 <<
300 TARGETS += android <<
301 <<
302 * All changes should pass:: <<
303 <<
304 kselftest-{all,install,clean,gen_tar} <<
305 kselftest-{all,install,clean,gen_tar} O=ab <<
306 kselftest-{all,install,clean,gen_tar} O=re <<
307 make -C tools/testing/selftests {all,insta <<
308 make -C tools/testing/selftests {all,insta <<
309 make -C tools/testing/selftests {all,insta <<
310 <<
311 Test Module 240 Test Module
312 =========== 241 ===========
313 242
314 Kselftest tests the kernel from userspace. So 243 Kselftest tests the kernel from userspace. Sometimes things need
315 testing from within the kernel, one method of 244 testing from within the kernel, one method of doing this is to create a
316 test module. We can tie the module into the k 245 test module. We can tie the module into the kselftest framework by
317 using a shell script test runner. ``kselftest 246 using a shell script test runner. ``kselftest/module.sh`` is designed
318 to facilitate this process. There is also a h 247 to facilitate this process. There is also a header file provided to
319 assist writing kernel modules that are for use 248 assist writing kernel modules that are for use with kselftest:
320 249
321 - ``tools/testing/selftests/kselftest_module.h 250 - ``tools/testing/selftests/kselftest_module.h``
322 - ``tools/testing/selftests/kselftest/module.s 251 - ``tools/testing/selftests/kselftest/module.sh``
323 252
324 Note that test modules should taint the kernel <<
325 happen automatically for modules which are in <<
326 directory, or for modules which use the ``ksel <<
327 Otherwise, you'll need to add ``MODULE_INFO(te <<
328 source. selftests which do not load modules ty <<
329 kernel, but in cases where a non-test module i <<
330 applied from userspace by writing to ``/proc/s <<
331 <<
332 How to use 253 How to use
333 ---------- 254 ----------
334 255
335 Here we show the typical steps to create a tes 256 Here we show the typical steps to create a test module and tie it into
336 kselftest. We use kselftests for lib/ as an e 257 kselftest. We use kselftests for lib/ as an example.
337 258
338 1. Create the test module 259 1. Create the test module
339 260
340 2. Create the test script that will run (load/ 261 2. Create the test script that will run (load/unload) the module
341 e.g. ``tools/testing/selftests/lib/printf.s 262 e.g. ``tools/testing/selftests/lib/printf.sh``
342 263
343 3. Add line to config file e.g. ``tools/testin 264 3. Add line to config file e.g. ``tools/testing/selftests/lib/config``
344 265
345 4. Add test script to makefile e.g. ``tools/t 266 4. Add test script to makefile e.g. ``tools/testing/selftests/lib/Makefile``
346 267
347 5. Verify it works: 268 5. Verify it works:
348 269
349 .. code-block:: sh 270 .. code-block:: sh
350 271
351 # Assumes you have booted a fresh build of 272 # Assumes you have booted a fresh build of this kernel tree
352 cd /path/to/linux/tree 273 cd /path/to/linux/tree
353 make kselftest-merge 274 make kselftest-merge
354 make modules 275 make modules
355 sudo make modules_install 276 sudo make modules_install
356 make TARGETS=lib kselftest 277 make TARGETS=lib kselftest
357 278
358 Example Module 279 Example Module
359 -------------- 280 --------------
360 281
361 A bare bones test module might look like this: 282 A bare bones test module might look like this:
362 283
363 .. code-block:: c 284 .. code-block:: c
364 285
365 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ 286 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
366 287
367 #define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt 288 #define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
368 289
369 #include "../tools/testing/selftests/kselft !! 290 #include "../tools/testing/selftests/kselftest/module.h"
370 291
371 KSTM_MODULE_GLOBALS(); 292 KSTM_MODULE_GLOBALS();
372 293
373 /* 294 /*
374 * Kernel module for testing the foobinator 295 * Kernel module for testing the foobinator
375 */ 296 */
376 297
377 static int __init test_function() 298 static int __init test_function()
378 { 299 {
379 ... 300 ...
380 } 301 }
381 302
382 static void __init selftest(void) 303 static void __init selftest(void)
383 { 304 {
384 KSTM_CHECK_ZERO(do_test_case("", 0) 305 KSTM_CHECK_ZERO(do_test_case("", 0));
385 } 306 }
386 307
387 KSTM_MODULE_LOADERS(test_foo); 308 KSTM_MODULE_LOADERS(test_foo);
388 MODULE_AUTHOR("John Developer <jd@fooman.org 309 MODULE_AUTHOR("John Developer <jd@fooman.org>");
389 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); 310 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
390 MODULE_INFO(test, "Y"); <<
391 311
392 Example test script 312 Example test script
393 ------------------- 313 -------------------
394 314
395 .. code-block:: sh 315 .. code-block:: sh
396 316
397 #!/bin/bash 317 #!/bin/bash
398 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ 318 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
399 $(dirname $0)/../kselftest/module.sh "foo" 319 $(dirname $0)/../kselftest/module.sh "foo" test_foo
400 320
401 321
402 Test Harness 322 Test Harness
403 ============ 323 ============
404 324
405 The kselftest_harness.h file contains useful h 325 The kselftest_harness.h file contains useful helpers to build tests. The
406 test harness is for userspace testing, for ker 326 test harness is for userspace testing, for kernel space testing see `Test
407 Module`_ above. 327 Module`_ above.
408 328
409 The tests from tools/testing/selftests/seccomp 329 The tests from tools/testing/selftests/seccomp/seccomp_bpf.c can be used as
410 example. 330 example.
411 331
412 Example 332 Example
413 ------- 333 -------
414 334
415 .. kernel-doc:: tools/testing/selftests/kselft 335 .. kernel-doc:: tools/testing/selftests/kselftest_harness.h
416 :doc: example 336 :doc: example
417 337
418 338
419 Helpers 339 Helpers
420 ------- 340 -------
421 341
422 .. kernel-doc:: tools/testing/selftests/kselft 342 .. kernel-doc:: tools/testing/selftests/kselftest_harness.h
423 :functions: TH_LOG TEST TEST_SIGNAL FIXTUR 343 :functions: TH_LOG TEST TEST_SIGNAL FIXTURE FIXTURE_DATA FIXTURE_SETUP
424 FIXTURE_TEARDOWN TEST_F TEST_H 344 FIXTURE_TEARDOWN TEST_F TEST_HARNESS_MAIN FIXTURE_VARIANT
425 FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD 345 FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD
426 346
427 Operators 347 Operators
428 --------- 348 ---------
429 349
430 .. kernel-doc:: tools/testing/selftests/kselft 350 .. kernel-doc:: tools/testing/selftests/kselftest_harness.h
431 :doc: operators 351 :doc: operators
432 352
433 .. kernel-doc:: tools/testing/selftests/kselft 353 .. kernel-doc:: tools/testing/selftests/kselftest_harness.h
434 :functions: ASSERT_EQ ASSERT_NE ASSERT_LT 354 :functions: ASSERT_EQ ASSERT_NE ASSERT_LT ASSERT_LE ASSERT_GT ASSERT_GE
435 ASSERT_NULL ASSERT_TRUE ASSERT 355 ASSERT_NULL ASSERT_TRUE ASSERT_NULL ASSERT_TRUE ASSERT_FALSE
436 ASSERT_STREQ ASSERT_STRNE EXPE 356 ASSERT_STREQ ASSERT_STRNE EXPECT_EQ EXPECT_NE EXPECT_LT
437 EXPECT_LE EXPECT_GT EXPECT_GE 357 EXPECT_LE EXPECT_GT EXPECT_GE EXPECT_NULL EXPECT_TRUE
438 EXPECT_FALSE EXPECT_STREQ EXPE 358 EXPECT_FALSE EXPECT_STREQ EXPECT_STRNE
Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries.
TOMOYO® is a registered trademark of NTT DATA CORPORATION.