1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 !! 1 .. |struct dev_pm_ops| replace:: :c:type:`struct dev_pm_ops <dev_pm_ops>`
2 .. include:: <isonum.txt> !! 2 .. |struct dev_pm_domain| replace:: :c:type:`struct dev_pm_domain <dev_pm_domain>`
3 !! 3 .. |struct bus_type| replace:: :c:type:`struct bus_type <bus_type>`
4 .. _driverapi_pm_devices: !! 4 .. |struct device_type| replace:: :c:type:`struct device_type <device_type>`
>> 5 .. |struct class| replace:: :c:type:`struct class <class>`
>> 6 .. |struct wakeup_source| replace:: :c:type:`struct wakeup_source <wakeup_source>`
>> 7 .. |struct device| replace:: :c:type:`struct device <device>`
5 8
6 ============================== 9 ==============================
7 Device Power Management Basics 10 Device Power Management Basics
8 ============================== 11 ==============================
9 12
10 :Copyright: |copy| 2010-2011 Rafael J. Wysocki< !! 13 ::
11 :Copyright: |copy| 2010 Alan Stern <stern@rowla <<
12 :Copyright: |copy| 2016 Intel Corporation <<
13 <<
14 :Author: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@in <<
15 14
>> 15 Copyright (c) 2010-2011 Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>, Novell Inc.
>> 16 Copyright (c) 2010 Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
>> 17 Copyright (c) 2016 Intel Corp., Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
16 18
17 Most of the code in Linux is device drivers, s 19 Most of the code in Linux is device drivers, so most of the Linux power
18 management (PM) code is also driver-specific. 20 management (PM) code is also driver-specific. Most drivers will do very
19 little; others, especially for platforms with 21 little; others, especially for platforms with small batteries (like cell
20 phones), will do a lot. 22 phones), will do a lot.
21 23
22 This writeup gives an overview of how drivers 24 This writeup gives an overview of how drivers interact with system-wide
23 power management goals, emphasizing the models 25 power management goals, emphasizing the models and interfaces that are
24 shared by everything that hooks up to the driv 26 shared by everything that hooks up to the driver model core. Read it as
25 background for the domain-specific work you'd 27 background for the domain-specific work you'd do with any specific driver.
26 28
27 29
28 Two Models for Device Power Management 30 Two Models for Device Power Management
29 ====================================== 31 ======================================
30 32
31 Drivers will use one or both of these models t 33 Drivers will use one or both of these models to put devices into low-power
32 states: 34 states:
33 35
34 System Sleep model: 36 System Sleep model:
35 37
36 Drivers can enter low-power states as 38 Drivers can enter low-power states as part of entering system-wide
37 low-power states like "suspend" (also 39 low-power states like "suspend" (also known as "suspend-to-RAM"), or
38 (mostly for systems with disks) "hiber 40 (mostly for systems with disks) "hibernation" (also known as
39 "suspend-to-disk"). 41 "suspend-to-disk").
40 42
41 This is something that device, bus, an 43 This is something that device, bus, and class drivers collaborate on
42 by implementing various role-specific 44 by implementing various role-specific suspend and resume methods to
43 cleanly power down hardware and softwa 45 cleanly power down hardware and software subsystems, then reactivate
44 them without loss of data. 46 them without loss of data.
45 47
46 Some drivers can manage hardware wakeu 48 Some drivers can manage hardware wakeup events, which make the system
47 leave the low-power state. This featu 49 leave the low-power state. This feature may be enabled or disabled
48 using the relevant :file:`/sys/devices 50 using the relevant :file:`/sys/devices/.../power/wakeup` file (for
49 Ethernet drivers the ioctl interface u 51 Ethernet drivers the ioctl interface used by ethtool may also be used
50 for this purpose); enabling it may cos 52 for this purpose); enabling it may cost some power usage, but let the
51 whole system enter low-power states mo 53 whole system enter low-power states more often.
52 54
53 Runtime Power Management model: 55 Runtime Power Management model:
54 56
55 Devices may also be put into low-power 57 Devices may also be put into low-power states while the system is
56 running, independently of other power 58 running, independently of other power management activity in principle.
57 However, devices are not generally ind 59 However, devices are not generally independent of each other (for
58 example, a parent device cannot be sus 60 example, a parent device cannot be suspended unless all of its child
59 devices have been suspended). Moreove 61 devices have been suspended). Moreover, depending on the bus type the
60 device is on, it may be necessary to c 62 device is on, it may be necessary to carry out some bus-specific
61 operations on the device for this purp 63 operations on the device for this purpose. Devices put into low power
62 states at run time may require special 64 states at run time may require special handling during system-wide power
63 transitions (suspend or hibernation). 65 transitions (suspend or hibernation).
64 66
65 For these reasons not only the device 67 For these reasons not only the device driver itself, but also the
66 appropriate subsystem (bus type, devic 68 appropriate subsystem (bus type, device type or device class) driver and
67 the PM core are involved in runtime po 69 the PM core are involved in runtime power management. As in the system
68 sleep power management case, they need 70 sleep power management case, they need to collaborate by implementing
69 various role-specific suspend and resu 71 various role-specific suspend and resume methods, so that the hardware
70 is cleanly powered down and reactivate 72 is cleanly powered down and reactivated without data or service loss.
71 73
72 There's not a lot to be said about those low-p 74 There's not a lot to be said about those low-power states except that they are
73 very system-specific, and often device-specifi 75 very system-specific, and often device-specific. Also, that if enough devices
74 have been put into low-power states (at runtim 76 have been put into low-power states (at runtime), the effect may be very similar
75 to entering some system-wide low-power state ( 77 to entering some system-wide low-power state (system sleep) ... and that
76 synergies exist, so that several drivers using 78 synergies exist, so that several drivers using runtime PM might put the system
77 into a state where even deeper power saving op 79 into a state where even deeper power saving options are available.
78 80
79 Most suspended devices will have quiesced all 81 Most suspended devices will have quiesced all I/O: no more DMA or IRQs (except
80 for wakeup events), no more data read or writt 82 for wakeup events), no more data read or written, and requests from upstream
81 drivers are no longer accepted. A given bus o 83 drivers are no longer accepted. A given bus or platform may have different
82 requirements though. 84 requirements though.
83 85
84 Examples of hardware wakeup events include an 86 Examples of hardware wakeup events include an alarm from a real time clock,
85 network wake-on-LAN packets, keyboard or mouse 87 network wake-on-LAN packets, keyboard or mouse activity, and media insertion
86 or removal (for PCMCIA, MMC/SD, USB, and so on 88 or removal (for PCMCIA, MMC/SD, USB, and so on).
87 89
88 Interfaces for Entering System Sleep States 90 Interfaces for Entering System Sleep States
89 =========================================== 91 ===========================================
90 92
91 There are programming interfaces provided for 93 There are programming interfaces provided for subsystems (bus type, device type,
92 device class) and device drivers to allow them 94 device class) and device drivers to allow them to participate in the power
93 management of devices they are concerned with. 95 management of devices they are concerned with. These interfaces cover both
94 system sleep and runtime power management. 96 system sleep and runtime power management.
95 97
96 98
97 Device Power Management Operations 99 Device Power Management Operations
98 ---------------------------------- 100 ----------------------------------
99 101
100 Device power management operations, at the sub 102 Device power management operations, at the subsystem level as well as at the
101 device driver level, are implemented by defini 103 device driver level, are implemented by defining and populating objects of type
102 struct dev_pm_ops defined in :file:`include/li !! 104 |struct dev_pm_ops| defined in :file:`include/linux/pm.h`. The roles of the
103 methods included in it will be explained in wh 105 methods included in it will be explained in what follows. For now, it should be
104 sufficient to remember that the last three met 106 sufficient to remember that the last three methods are specific to runtime power
105 management while the remaining ones are used d 107 management while the remaining ones are used during system-wide power
106 transitions. 108 transitions.
107 109
108 There also is a deprecated "old" or "legacy" i 110 There also is a deprecated "old" or "legacy" interface for power management
109 operations available at least for some subsyst 111 operations available at least for some subsystems. This approach does not use
110 struct dev_pm_ops objects and it is suitable o !! 112 |struct dev_pm_ops| objects and it is suitable only for implementing system
111 sleep power management methods in a limited wa 113 sleep power management methods in a limited way. Therefore it is not described
112 in this document, so please refer directly to 114 in this document, so please refer directly to the source code for more
113 information about it. 115 information about it.
114 116
115 117
116 Subsystem-Level Methods 118 Subsystem-Level Methods
117 ----------------------- 119 -----------------------
118 120
119 The core methods to suspend and resume devices 121 The core methods to suspend and resume devices reside in
120 struct dev_pm_ops pointed to by the :c:member: !! 122 |struct dev_pm_ops| pointed to by the :c:member:`ops` member of
121 struct dev_pm_domain, or by the :c:member:`pm` !! 123 |struct dev_pm_domain|, or by the :c:member:`pm` member of |struct bus_type|,
122 struct device_type and struct class. They are !! 124 |struct device_type| and |struct class|. They are mostly of interest to the
123 people writing infrastructure for platforms an 125 people writing infrastructure for platforms and buses, like PCI or USB, or
124 device type and device class drivers. They al 126 device type and device class drivers. They also are relevant to the writers of
125 device drivers whose subsystems (PM domains, d 127 device drivers whose subsystems (PM domains, device types, device classes and
126 bus types) don't provide all power management 128 bus types) don't provide all power management methods.
127 129
128 Bus drivers implement these methods as appropr 130 Bus drivers implement these methods as appropriate for the hardware and the
129 drivers using it; PCI works differently from U 131 drivers using it; PCI works differently from USB, and so on. Not many people
130 write subsystem-level drivers; most driver cod 132 write subsystem-level drivers; most driver code is a "device driver" that builds
131 on top of bus-specific framework code. 133 on top of bus-specific framework code.
132 134
133 For more information on these driver calls, se 135 For more information on these driver calls, see the description later;
134 they are called in phases for every device, re 136 they are called in phases for every device, respecting the parent-child
135 sequencing in the driver model tree. 137 sequencing in the driver model tree.
136 138
137 139
138 :file:`/sys/devices/.../power/wakeup` files 140 :file:`/sys/devices/.../power/wakeup` files
139 ------------------------------------------- 141 -------------------------------------------
140 142
141 All device objects in the driver model contain 143 All device objects in the driver model contain fields that control the handling
142 of system wakeup events (hardware signals that 144 of system wakeup events (hardware signals that can force the system out of a
143 sleep state). These fields are initialized by 145 sleep state). These fields are initialized by bus or device driver code using
144 :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()` and :c:f 146 :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()` and :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_enable()`,
145 defined in :file:`include/linux/pm_wakeup.h`. 147 defined in :file:`include/linux/pm_wakeup.h`.
146 148
147 The :c:member:`power.can_wakeup` flag just rec 149 The :c:member:`power.can_wakeup` flag just records whether the device (and its
148 driver) can physically support wakeup events. 150 driver) can physically support wakeup events. The
149 :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()` routine 151 :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()` routine affects this flag. The
150 :c:member:`power.wakeup` field is a pointer to 152 :c:member:`power.wakeup` field is a pointer to an object of type
151 struct wakeup_source used for controlling whet !! 153 |struct wakeup_source| used for controlling whether or not the device should use
152 its system wakeup mechanism and for notifying 154 its system wakeup mechanism and for notifying the PM core of system wakeup
153 events signaled by the device. This object is 155 events signaled by the device. This object is only present for wakeup-capable
154 devices (i.e. devices whose :c:member:`can_wak 156 devices (i.e. devices whose :c:member:`can_wakeup` flags are set) and is created
155 (or removed) by :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_cap 157 (or removed) by :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()`.
156 158
157 Whether or not a device is capable of issuing 159 Whether or not a device is capable of issuing wakeup events is a hardware
158 matter, and the kernel is responsible for keep 160 matter, and the kernel is responsible for keeping track of it. By contrast,
159 whether or not a wakeup-capable device should 161 whether or not a wakeup-capable device should issue wakeup events is a policy
160 decision, and it is managed by user space thro 162 decision, and it is managed by user space through a sysfs attribute: the
161 :file:`power/wakeup` file. User space can wri 163 :file:`power/wakeup` file. User space can write the "enabled" or "disabled"
162 strings to it to indicate whether or not, resp 164 strings to it to indicate whether or not, respectively, the device is supposed
163 to signal system wakeup. This file is only pr 165 to signal system wakeup. This file is only present if the
164 :c:member:`power.wakeup` object exists for the 166 :c:member:`power.wakeup` object exists for the given device and is created (or
165 removed) along with that object, by :c:func:`d 167 removed) along with that object, by :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()`.
166 Reads from the file will return the correspond 168 Reads from the file will return the corresponding string.
167 169
168 The initial value in the :file:`power/wakeup` 170 The initial value in the :file:`power/wakeup` file is "disabled" for the
169 majority of devices; the major exceptions are 171 majority of devices; the major exceptions are power buttons, keyboards, and
170 Ethernet adapters whose WoL (wake-on-LAN) feat 172 Ethernet adapters whose WoL (wake-on-LAN) feature has been set up with ethtool.
171 It should also default to "enabled" for device 173 It should also default to "enabled" for devices that don't generate wakeup
172 requests on their own but merely forward wakeu 174 requests on their own but merely forward wakeup requests from one bus to another
173 (like PCI Express ports). 175 (like PCI Express ports).
174 176
175 The :c:func:`device_may_wakeup()` routine retu 177 The :c:func:`device_may_wakeup()` routine returns true only if the
176 :c:member:`power.wakeup` object exists and the 178 :c:member:`power.wakeup` object exists and the corresponding :file:`power/wakeup`
177 file contains the "enabled" string. This info 179 file contains the "enabled" string. This information is used by subsystems,
178 like the PCI bus type code, to see whether or 180 like the PCI bus type code, to see whether or not to enable the devices' wakeup
179 mechanisms. If device wakeup mechanisms are e 181 mechanisms. If device wakeup mechanisms are enabled or disabled directly by
180 drivers, they also should use :c:func:`device_ 182 drivers, they also should use :c:func:`device_may_wakeup()` to decide what to do
181 during a system sleep transition. Device driv 183 during a system sleep transition. Device drivers, however, are not expected to
182 call :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_enable()` dire 184 call :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_enable()` directly in any case.
183 185
184 It ought to be noted that system wakeup is con 186 It ought to be noted that system wakeup is conceptually different from "remote
185 wakeup" used by runtime power management, alth 187 wakeup" used by runtime power management, although it may be supported by the
186 same physical mechanism. Remote wakeup is a f 188 same physical mechanism. Remote wakeup is a feature allowing devices in
187 low-power states to trigger specific interrupt 189 low-power states to trigger specific interrupts to signal conditions in which
188 they should be put into the full-power state. 190 they should be put into the full-power state. Those interrupts may or may not
189 be used to signal system wakeup events, depend 191 be used to signal system wakeup events, depending on the hardware design. On
190 some systems it is impossible to trigger them 192 some systems it is impossible to trigger them from system sleep states. In any
191 case, remote wakeup should always be enabled f 193 case, remote wakeup should always be enabled for runtime power management for
192 all devices and drivers that support it. 194 all devices and drivers that support it.
193 195
194 196
195 :file:`/sys/devices/.../power/control` files 197 :file:`/sys/devices/.../power/control` files
196 -------------------------------------------- 198 --------------------------------------------
197 199
198 Each device in the driver model has a flag to 200 Each device in the driver model has a flag to control whether it is subject to
199 runtime power management. This flag, :c:membe 201 runtime power management. This flag, :c:member:`runtime_auto`, is initialized
200 by the bus type (or generally subsystem) code 202 by the bus type (or generally subsystem) code using :c:func:`pm_runtime_allow()`
201 or :c:func:`pm_runtime_forbid()`; the default 203 or :c:func:`pm_runtime_forbid()`; the default is to allow runtime power
202 management. 204 management.
203 205
204 The setting can be adjusted by user space by w 206 The setting can be adjusted by user space by writing either "on" or "auto" to
205 the device's :file:`power/control` sysfs file. 207 the device's :file:`power/control` sysfs file. Writing "auto" calls
206 :c:func:`pm_runtime_allow()`, setting the flag 208 :c:func:`pm_runtime_allow()`, setting the flag and allowing the device to be
207 runtime power-managed by its driver. Writing 209 runtime power-managed by its driver. Writing "on" calls
208 :c:func:`pm_runtime_forbid()`, clearing the fl 210 :c:func:`pm_runtime_forbid()`, clearing the flag, returning the device to full
209 power if it was in a low-power state, and prev 211 power if it was in a low-power state, and preventing the
210 device from being runtime power-managed. User 212 device from being runtime power-managed. User space can check the current value
211 of the :c:member:`runtime_auto` flag by readin 213 of the :c:member:`runtime_auto` flag by reading that file.
212 214
213 The device's :c:member:`runtime_auto` flag has 215 The device's :c:member:`runtime_auto` flag has no effect on the handling of
214 system-wide power transitions. In particular, 216 system-wide power transitions. In particular, the device can (and in the
215 majority of cases should and will) be put into 217 majority of cases should and will) be put into a low-power state during a
216 system-wide transition to a sleep state even t 218 system-wide transition to a sleep state even though its :c:member:`runtime_auto`
217 flag is clear. 219 flag is clear.
218 220
219 For more information about the runtime power m 221 For more information about the runtime power management framework, refer to
220 Documentation/power/runtime_pm.rst. !! 222 :file:`Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt`.
221 223
222 224
223 Calling Drivers to Enter and Leave System Slee 225 Calling Drivers to Enter and Leave System Sleep States
224 ============================================== 226 ======================================================
225 227
226 When the system goes into a sleep state, each 228 When the system goes into a sleep state, each device's driver is asked to
227 suspend the device by putting it into a state 229 suspend the device by putting it into a state compatible with the target
228 system state. That's usually some version of 230 system state. That's usually some version of "off", but the details are
229 system-specific. Also, wakeup-enabled devices 231 system-specific. Also, wakeup-enabled devices will usually stay partly
230 functional in order to wake the system. 232 functional in order to wake the system.
231 233
232 When the system leaves that low-power state, t 234 When the system leaves that low-power state, the device's driver is asked to
233 resume it by returning it to full power. The 235 resume it by returning it to full power. The suspend and resume operations
234 always go together, and both are multi-phase o 236 always go together, and both are multi-phase operations.
235 237
236 For simple drivers, suspend might quiesce the 238 For simple drivers, suspend might quiesce the device using class code
237 and then turn its hardware as "off" as possibl 239 and then turn its hardware as "off" as possible during suspend_noirq. The
238 matching resume calls would then completely re 240 matching resume calls would then completely reinitialize the hardware
239 before reactivating its class I/O queues. 241 before reactivating its class I/O queues.
240 242
241 More power-aware drivers might prepare the dev 243 More power-aware drivers might prepare the devices for triggering system wakeup
242 events. 244 events.
243 245
244 246
245 Call Sequence Guarantees 247 Call Sequence Guarantees
246 ------------------------ 248 ------------------------
247 249
248 To ensure that bridges and similar links needi 250 To ensure that bridges and similar links needing to talk to a device are
249 available when the device is suspended or resu 251 available when the device is suspended or resumed, the device hierarchy is
250 walked in a bottom-up order to suspend devices 252 walked in a bottom-up order to suspend devices. A top-down order is
251 used to resume those devices. 253 used to resume those devices.
252 254
253 The ordering of the device hierarchy is define 255 The ordering of the device hierarchy is defined by the order in which devices
254 get registered: a child can never be register 256 get registered: a child can never be registered, probed or resumed before
255 its parent; and can't be removed or suspended 257 its parent; and can't be removed or suspended after that parent.
256 258
257 The policy is that the device hierarchy should 259 The policy is that the device hierarchy should match hardware bus topology.
258 [Or at least the control bus, for devices whic 260 [Or at least the control bus, for devices which use multiple busses.]
259 In particular, this means that a device regist 261 In particular, this means that a device registration may fail if the parent of
260 the device is suspending (i.e. has been chosen 262 the device is suspending (i.e. has been chosen by the PM core as the next
261 device to suspend) or has already suspended, a 263 device to suspend) or has already suspended, as well as after all of the other
262 devices have been suspended. Device drivers m 264 devices have been suspended. Device drivers must be prepared to cope with such
263 situations. 265 situations.
264 266
265 267
266 System Power Management Phases 268 System Power Management Phases
267 ------------------------------ 269 ------------------------------
268 270
269 Suspending or resuming the system is done in s 271 Suspending or resuming the system is done in several phases. Different phases
270 are used for suspend-to-idle, shallow (standby 272 are used for suspend-to-idle, shallow (standby), and deep ("suspend-to-RAM")
271 sleep states and the hibernation state ("suspe 273 sleep states and the hibernation state ("suspend-to-disk"). Each phase involves
272 executing callbacks for every device before th 274 executing callbacks for every device before the next phase begins. Not all
273 buses or classes support all these callbacks a 275 buses or classes support all these callbacks and not all drivers use all the
274 callbacks. The various phases always run afte 276 callbacks. The various phases always run after tasks have been frozen and
275 before they are unfrozen. Furthermore, the `` 277 before they are unfrozen. Furthermore, the ``*_noirq`` phases run at a time
276 when IRQ handlers have been disabled (except f 278 when IRQ handlers have been disabled (except for those marked with the
277 IRQF_NO_SUSPEND flag). 279 IRQF_NO_SUSPEND flag).
278 280
279 All phases use PM domain, bus, type, class or 281 All phases use PM domain, bus, type, class or driver callbacks (that is, methods
280 defined in ``dev->pm_domain->ops``, ``dev->bus 282 defined in ``dev->pm_domain->ops``, ``dev->bus->pm``, ``dev->type->pm``,
281 ``dev->class->pm`` or ``dev->driver->pm``). T 283 ``dev->class->pm`` or ``dev->driver->pm``). These callbacks are regarded by the
282 PM core as mutually exclusive. Moreover, PM d 284 PM core as mutually exclusive. Moreover, PM domain callbacks always take
283 precedence over all of the other callbacks and 285 precedence over all of the other callbacks and, for example, type callbacks take
284 precedence over bus, class and driver callback 286 precedence over bus, class and driver callbacks. To be precise, the following
285 rules are used to determine which callback to 287 rules are used to determine which callback to execute in the given phase:
286 288
287 1. If ``dev->pm_domain`` is present, the 289 1. If ``dev->pm_domain`` is present, the PM core will choose the callback
288 provided by ``dev->pm_domain->ops`` fo 290 provided by ``dev->pm_domain->ops`` for execution.
289 291
290 2. Otherwise, if both ``dev->type`` and ` 292 2. Otherwise, if both ``dev->type`` and ``dev->type->pm`` are present, the
291 callback provided by ``dev->type->pm`` 293 callback provided by ``dev->type->pm`` will be chosen for execution.
292 294
293 3. Otherwise, if both ``dev->class`` and 295 3. Otherwise, if both ``dev->class`` and ``dev->class->pm`` are present,
294 the callback provided by ``dev->class- 296 the callback provided by ``dev->class->pm`` will be chosen for
295 execution. 297 execution.
296 298
297 4. Otherwise, if both ``dev->bus`` and `` 299 4. Otherwise, if both ``dev->bus`` and ``dev->bus->pm`` are present, the
298 callback provided by ``dev->bus->pm`` 300 callback provided by ``dev->bus->pm`` will be chosen for execution.
299 301
300 This allows PM domains and device types to ove 302 This allows PM domains and device types to override callbacks provided by bus
301 types or device classes if necessary. 303 types or device classes if necessary.
302 304
303 The PM domain, type, class and bus callbacks m 305 The PM domain, type, class and bus callbacks may in turn invoke device- or
304 driver-specific methods stored in ``dev->drive 306 driver-specific methods stored in ``dev->driver->pm``, but they don't have to do
305 that. 307 that.
306 308
307 If the subsystem callback chosen for execution 309 If the subsystem callback chosen for execution is not present, the PM core will
308 execute the corresponding method from the ``de 310 execute the corresponding method from the ``dev->driver->pm`` set instead if
309 there is one. 311 there is one.
310 312
311 313
312 Entering System Suspend 314 Entering System Suspend
313 ----------------------- 315 -----------------------
314 316
315 When the system goes into the freeze, standby 317 When the system goes into the freeze, standby or memory sleep state,
316 the phases are: ``prepare``, ``suspend``, ``su 318 the phases are: ``prepare``, ``suspend``, ``suspend_late``, ``suspend_noirq``.
317 319
318 1. The ``prepare`` phase is meant to prev 320 1. The ``prepare`` phase is meant to prevent races by preventing new
319 devices from being registered; the PM 321 devices from being registered; the PM core would never know that all the
320 children of a device had been suspende 322 children of a device had been suspended if new children could be
321 registered at will. [By contrast, fro 323 registered at will. [By contrast, from the PM core's perspective,
322 devices may be unregistered at any tim 324 devices may be unregistered at any time.] Unlike the other
323 suspend-related phases, during the ``p 325 suspend-related phases, during the ``prepare`` phase the device
324 hierarchy is traversed top-down. 326 hierarchy is traversed top-down.
325 327
326 After the ``->prepare`` callback metho 328 After the ``->prepare`` callback method returns, no new children may be
327 registered below the device. The meth 329 registered below the device. The method may also prepare the device or
328 driver in some way for the upcoming sy 330 driver in some way for the upcoming system power transition, but it
329 should not put the device into a low-p 331 should not put the device into a low-power state. Moreover, if the
330 device supports runtime power manageme 332 device supports runtime power management, the ``->prepare`` callback
331 method must not update its state in ca 333 method must not update its state in case it is necessary to resume it
332 from runtime suspend later on. 334 from runtime suspend later on.
333 335
334 For devices supporting runtime power m 336 For devices supporting runtime power management, the return value of the
335 prepare callback can be used to indica 337 prepare callback can be used to indicate to the PM core that it may
336 safely leave the device in runtime sus 338 safely leave the device in runtime suspend (if runtime-suspended
337 already), provided that all of the dev 339 already), provided that all of the device's descendants are also left in
338 runtime suspend. Namely, if the prepa 340 runtime suspend. Namely, if the prepare callback returns a positive
339 number and that happens for all of the 341 number and that happens for all of the descendants of the device too,
340 and all of them (including the device 342 and all of them (including the device itself) are runtime-suspended, the
341 PM core will skip the ``suspend``, ``s 343 PM core will skip the ``suspend``, ``suspend_late`` and
342 ``suspend_noirq`` phases as well as al 344 ``suspend_noirq`` phases as well as all of the corresponding phases of
343 the subsequent device resume for all o 345 the subsequent device resume for all of these devices. In that case,
344 the ``->complete`` callback will be th !! 346 the ``->complete`` callback will be invoked directly after the
345 ``->prepare`` callback and is entirely 347 ``->prepare`` callback and is entirely responsible for putting the
346 device into a consistent state as appr 348 device into a consistent state as appropriate.
347 349
348 Note that this direct-complete procedu 350 Note that this direct-complete procedure applies even if the device is
349 disabled for runtime PM; only the runt 351 disabled for runtime PM; only the runtime-PM status matters. It follows
350 that if a device has system-sleep call 352 that if a device has system-sleep callbacks but does not support runtime
351 PM, then its prepare callback must nev 353 PM, then its prepare callback must never return a positive value. This
352 is because all such devices are initia 354 is because all such devices are initially set to runtime-suspended with
353 runtime PM disabled. 355 runtime PM disabled.
354 356
355 This feature also can be controlled by 357 This feature also can be controlled by device drivers by using the
356 ``DPM_FLAG_NO_DIRECT_COMPLETE`` and `` !! 358 ``DPM_FLAG_NEVER_SKIP`` and ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_PREPARE`` driver power
357 power management flags. [Typically, t !! 359 management flags. [Typically, they are set at the time the driver is
358 is probed against the device in questi !! 360 probed against the device in question by passing them to the
359 :c:func:`dev_pm_set_driver_flags` help 361 :c:func:`dev_pm_set_driver_flags` helper function.] If the first of
360 these flags is set, the PM core will n 362 these flags is set, the PM core will not apply the direct-complete
361 procedure described above to the given 363 procedure described above to the given device and, consequenty, to any
362 of its ancestors. The second flag, wh 364 of its ancestors. The second flag, when set, informs the middle layer
363 code (bus types, device types, PM doma 365 code (bus types, device types, PM domains, classes) that it should take
364 the return value of the ``->prepare`` 366 the return value of the ``->prepare`` callback provided by the driver
365 into account and it may only return a 367 into account and it may only return a positive value from its own
366 ``->prepare`` callback if the driver's 368 ``->prepare`` callback if the driver's one also has returned a positive
367 value. 369 value.
368 370
369 2. The ``->suspend`` methods should quies 371 2. The ``->suspend`` methods should quiesce the device to stop it from
370 performing I/O. They also may save th 372 performing I/O. They also may save the device registers and put it into
371 the appropriate low-power state, depen 373 the appropriate low-power state, depending on the bus type the device is
372 on, and they may enable wakeup events. 374 on, and they may enable wakeup events.
373 375
374 However, for devices supporting runtim 376 However, for devices supporting runtime power management, the
375 ``->suspend`` methods provided by subs 377 ``->suspend`` methods provided by subsystems (bus types and PM domains
376 in particular) must follow an addition 378 in particular) must follow an additional rule regarding what can be done
377 to the devices before their drivers' ` 379 to the devices before their drivers' ``->suspend`` methods are called.
378 Namely, they may resume the devices fr !! 380 Namely, they can only resume the devices from runtime suspend by
379 calling :c:func:`pm_runtime_resume` fo !! 381 calling :c:func:`pm_runtime_resume` for them, if that is necessary, and
380 they must not update the state of the 382 they must not update the state of the devices in any other way at that
381 time (in case the drivers need to resu 383 time (in case the drivers need to resume the devices from runtime
382 suspend in their ``->suspend`` methods !! 384 suspend in their ``->suspend`` methods).
383 subsystems or drivers from putting dev <<
384 these times by calling :c:func:`pm_run <<
385 the ``->prepare`` callback (and callin <<
386 issuing the ``->complete`` callback). <<
387 385
388 3. For a number of devices it is convenie 386 3. For a number of devices it is convenient to split suspend into the
389 "quiesce device" and "save device stat 387 "quiesce device" and "save device state" phases, in which cases
390 ``suspend_late`` is meant to do the la 388 ``suspend_late`` is meant to do the latter. It is always executed after
391 runtime power management has been disa 389 runtime power management has been disabled for the device in question.
392 390
393 4. The ``suspend_noirq`` phase occurs aft 391 4. The ``suspend_noirq`` phase occurs after IRQ handlers have been disabled,
394 which means that the driver's interrup 392 which means that the driver's interrupt handler will not be called while
395 the callback method is running. The ` 393 the callback method is running. The ``->suspend_noirq`` methods should
396 save the values of the device's regist 394 save the values of the device's registers that weren't saved previously
397 and finally put the device into the ap 395 and finally put the device into the appropriate low-power state.
398 396
399 The majority of subsystems and device 397 The majority of subsystems and device drivers need not implement this
400 callback. However, bus types allowing 398 callback. However, bus types allowing devices to share interrupt
401 vectors, like PCI, generally need it; 399 vectors, like PCI, generally need it; otherwise a driver might encounter
402 an error during the suspend phase by f 400 an error during the suspend phase by fielding a shared interrupt
403 generated by some other device after i 401 generated by some other device after its own device had been set to low
404 power. 402 power.
405 403
406 At the end of these phases, drivers should hav 404 At the end of these phases, drivers should have stopped all I/O transactions
407 (DMA, IRQs), saved enough state that they can 405 (DMA, IRQs), saved enough state that they can re-initialize or restore previous
408 state (as needed by the hardware), and placed 406 state (as needed by the hardware), and placed the device into a low-power state.
409 On many platforms they will gate off one or mo 407 On many platforms they will gate off one or more clock sources; sometimes they
410 will also switch off power supplies or reduce 408 will also switch off power supplies or reduce voltages. [Drivers supporting
411 runtime PM may already have performed some or 409 runtime PM may already have performed some or all of these steps.]
412 410
413 If :c:func:`device_may_wakeup()` returns ``tru !! 411 If :c:func:`device_may_wakeup(dev)` returns ``true``, the device should be
414 prepared for generating hardware wakeup signal 412 prepared for generating hardware wakeup signals to trigger a system wakeup event
415 when the system is in the sleep state. For ex 413 when the system is in the sleep state. For example, :c:func:`enable_irq_wake()`
416 might identify GPIO signals hooked up to a swi 414 might identify GPIO signals hooked up to a switch or other external hardware,
417 and :c:func:`pci_enable_wake()` does something 415 and :c:func:`pci_enable_wake()` does something similar for the PCI PME signal.
418 416
419 If any of these callbacks returns an error, th 417 If any of these callbacks returns an error, the system won't enter the desired
420 low-power state. Instead, the PM core will un 418 low-power state. Instead, the PM core will unwind its actions by resuming all
421 the devices that were suspended. 419 the devices that were suspended.
422 420
423 421
424 Leaving System Suspend 422 Leaving System Suspend
425 ---------------------- 423 ----------------------
426 424
427 When resuming from freeze, standby or memory s 425 When resuming from freeze, standby or memory sleep, the phases are:
428 ``resume_noirq``, ``resume_early``, ``resume`` 426 ``resume_noirq``, ``resume_early``, ``resume``, ``complete``.
429 427
430 1. The ``->resume_noirq`` callback method 428 1. The ``->resume_noirq`` callback methods should perform any actions
431 needed before the driver's interrupt h 429 needed before the driver's interrupt handlers are invoked. This
432 generally means undoing the actions of 430 generally means undoing the actions of the ``suspend_noirq`` phase. If
433 the bus type permits devices to share 431 the bus type permits devices to share interrupt vectors, like PCI, the
434 method should bring the device and its 432 method should bring the device and its driver into a state in which the
435 driver can recognize if the device is 433 driver can recognize if the device is the source of incoming interrupts,
436 if any, and handle them correctly. 434 if any, and handle them correctly.
437 435
438 For example, the PCI bus type's ``->pm 436 For example, the PCI bus type's ``->pm.resume_noirq()`` puts the device
439 into the full-power state (D0 in the P 437 into the full-power state (D0 in the PCI terminology) and restores the
440 standard configuration registers of th 438 standard configuration registers of the device. Then it calls the
441 device driver's ``->pm.resume_noirq()` 439 device driver's ``->pm.resume_noirq()`` method to perform device-specific
442 actions. 440 actions.
443 441
444 2. The ``->resume_early`` methods should 442 2. The ``->resume_early`` methods should prepare devices for the execution
445 of the resume methods. This generally 443 of the resume methods. This generally involves undoing the actions of
446 the preceding ``suspend_late`` phase. 444 the preceding ``suspend_late`` phase.
447 445
448 3. The ``->resume`` methods should bring 446 3. The ``->resume`` methods should bring the device back to its operating
449 state, so that it can perform normal I 447 state, so that it can perform normal I/O. This generally involves
450 undoing the actions of the ``suspend`` 448 undoing the actions of the ``suspend`` phase.
451 449
452 4. The ``complete`` phase should undo the 450 4. The ``complete`` phase should undo the actions of the ``prepare`` phase.
453 For this reason, unlike the other resu 451 For this reason, unlike the other resume-related phases, during the
454 ``complete`` phase the device hierarch 452 ``complete`` phase the device hierarchy is traversed bottom-up.
455 453
456 Note, however, that new children may b 454 Note, however, that new children may be registered below the device as
457 soon as the ``->resume`` callbacks occ 455 soon as the ``->resume`` callbacks occur; it's not necessary to wait
458 until the ``complete`` phase runs. !! 456 until the ``complete`` phase with that.
459 457
460 Moreover, if the preceding ``->prepare 458 Moreover, if the preceding ``->prepare`` callback returned a positive
461 number, the device may have been left 459 number, the device may have been left in runtime suspend throughout the
462 whole system suspend and resume (its ` !! 460 whole system suspend and resume (the ``suspend``, ``suspend_late``,
463 ``->suspend_noirq``, ``->resume_noirq` !! 461 ``suspend_noirq`` phases of system suspend and the ``resume_noirq``,
464 ``->resume_early``, and ``->resume`` c !! 462 ``resume_early``, ``resume`` phases of system resume may have been
465 skipped). In that case, the ``->compl !! 463 skipped for it). In that case, the ``->complete`` callback is entirely
466 responsible for putting the device int 464 responsible for putting the device into a consistent state after system
467 suspend if necessary. [For example, i 465 suspend if necessary. [For example, it may need to queue up a runtime
468 resume request for the device for this 466 resume request for the device for this purpose.] To check if that is
469 the case, the ``->complete`` callback 467 the case, the ``->complete`` callback can consult the device's
470 ``power.direct_complete`` flag. If th !! 468 ``power.direct_complete`` flag. Namely, if that flag is set when the
471 ``->complete`` callback is being run t !! 469 ``->complete`` callback is being run, it has been called directly after
472 was used, and special actions may be r !! 470 the preceding ``->prepare`` and special actions may be required
473 correctly afterward. !! 471 to make the device work correctly afterward.
474 472
475 At the end of these phases, drivers should be 473 At the end of these phases, drivers should be as functional as they were before
476 suspending: I/O can be performed using DMA and 474 suspending: I/O can be performed using DMA and IRQs, and the relevant clocks are
477 gated on. 475 gated on.
478 476
479 However, the details here may again be platfor 477 However, the details here may again be platform-specific. For example,
480 some systems support multiple "run" states, an 478 some systems support multiple "run" states, and the mode in effect at
481 the end of resume might not be the one which p 479 the end of resume might not be the one which preceded suspension.
482 That means availability of certain clocks or p 480 That means availability of certain clocks or power supplies changed,
483 which could easily affect how a driver works. 481 which could easily affect how a driver works.
484 482
485 Drivers need to be able to handle hardware whi 483 Drivers need to be able to handle hardware which has been reset since all of the
486 suspend methods were called, for example by co 484 suspend methods were called, for example by complete reinitialization.
487 This may be the hardest part, and the one most 485 This may be the hardest part, and the one most protected by NDA'd documents
488 and chip errata. It's simplest if the hardwar 486 and chip errata. It's simplest if the hardware state hasn't changed since
489 the suspend was carried out, but that can only 487 the suspend was carried out, but that can only be guaranteed if the target
490 system sleep entered was suspend-to-idle. For 488 system sleep entered was suspend-to-idle. For the other system sleep states
491 that may not be the case (and usually isn't fo 489 that may not be the case (and usually isn't for ACPI-defined system sleep
492 states, like S3). 490 states, like S3).
493 491
494 Drivers must also be prepared to notice that t 492 Drivers must also be prepared to notice that the device has been removed
495 while the system was powered down, whenever th 493 while the system was powered down, whenever that's physically possible.
496 PCMCIA, MMC, USB, Firewire, SCSI, and even IDE 494 PCMCIA, MMC, USB, Firewire, SCSI, and even IDE are common examples of busses
497 where common Linux platforms will see such rem 495 where common Linux platforms will see such removal. Details of how drivers
498 will notice and handle such removals are curre 496 will notice and handle such removals are currently bus-specific, and often
499 involve a separate thread. 497 involve a separate thread.
500 498
501 These callbacks may return an error value, but 499 These callbacks may return an error value, but the PM core will ignore such
502 errors since there's nothing it can do about t 500 errors since there's nothing it can do about them other than printing them in
503 the system log. 501 the system log.
504 502
505 503
506 Entering Hibernation 504 Entering Hibernation
507 -------------------- 505 --------------------
508 506
509 Hibernating the system is more complicated tha 507 Hibernating the system is more complicated than putting it into sleep states,
510 because it involves creating and saving a syst 508 because it involves creating and saving a system image. Therefore there are
511 more phases for hibernation, with a different 509 more phases for hibernation, with a different set of callbacks. These phases
512 always run after tasks have been frozen and en 510 always run after tasks have been frozen and enough memory has been freed.
513 511
514 The general procedure for hibernation is to qu 512 The general procedure for hibernation is to quiesce all devices ("freeze"),
515 create an image of the system memory while eve 513 create an image of the system memory while everything is stable, reactivate all
516 devices ("thaw"), write the image to permanent 514 devices ("thaw"), write the image to permanent storage, and finally shut down
517 the system ("power off"). The phases used to 515 the system ("power off"). The phases used to accomplish this are: ``prepare``,
518 ``freeze``, ``freeze_late``, ``freeze_noirq``, 516 ``freeze``, ``freeze_late``, ``freeze_noirq``, ``thaw_noirq``, ``thaw_early``,
519 ``thaw``, ``complete``, ``prepare``, ``powerof 517 ``thaw``, ``complete``, ``prepare``, ``poweroff``, ``poweroff_late``,
520 ``poweroff_noirq``. 518 ``poweroff_noirq``.
521 519
522 1. The ``prepare`` phase is discussed in 520 1. The ``prepare`` phase is discussed in the "Entering System Suspend"
523 section above. 521 section above.
524 522
525 2. The ``->freeze`` methods should quiesc 523 2. The ``->freeze`` methods should quiesce the device so that it doesn't
526 generate IRQs or DMA, and they may nee 524 generate IRQs or DMA, and they may need to save the values of device
527 registers. However the device does no 525 registers. However the device does not have to be put in a low-power
528 state, and to save time it's best not 526 state, and to save time it's best not to do so. Also, the device should
529 not be prepared to generate wakeup eve 527 not be prepared to generate wakeup events.
530 528
531 3. The ``freeze_late`` phase is analogous 529 3. The ``freeze_late`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend_late`` phase
532 described earlier, except that the dev 530 described earlier, except that the device should not be put into a
533 low-power state and should not be allo 531 low-power state and should not be allowed to generate wakeup events.
534 532
535 4. The ``freeze_noirq`` phase is analogou 533 4. The ``freeze_noirq`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend_noirq`` phase
536 discussed earlier, except again that t 534 discussed earlier, except again that the device should not be put into
537 a low-power state and should not be al 535 a low-power state and should not be allowed to generate wakeup events.
538 536
539 At this point the system image is created. Al 537 At this point the system image is created. All devices should be inactive and
540 the contents of memory should remain undisturb 538 the contents of memory should remain undisturbed while this happens, so that the
541 image forms an atomic snapshot of the system s 539 image forms an atomic snapshot of the system state.
542 540
543 5. The ``thaw_noirq`` phase is analogous 541 5. The ``thaw_noirq`` phase is analogous to the ``resume_noirq`` phase
544 discussed earlier. The main differenc 542 discussed earlier. The main difference is that its methods can assume
545 the device is in the same state as at 543 the device is in the same state as at the end of the ``freeze_noirq``
546 phase. 544 phase.
547 545
548 6. The ``thaw_early`` phase is analogous 546 6. The ``thaw_early`` phase is analogous to the ``resume_early`` phase
549 described above. Its methods should u 547 described above. Its methods should undo the actions of the preceding
550 ``freeze_late``, if necessary. 548 ``freeze_late``, if necessary.
551 549
552 7. The ``thaw`` phase is analogous to the 550 7. The ``thaw`` phase is analogous to the ``resume`` phase discussed
553 earlier. Its methods should bring the 551 earlier. Its methods should bring the device back to an operating
554 state, so that it can be used for savi 552 state, so that it can be used for saving the image if necessary.
555 553
556 8. The ``complete`` phase is discussed in 554 8. The ``complete`` phase is discussed in the "Leaving System Suspend"
557 section above. 555 section above.
558 556
559 At this point the system image is saved, and t 557 At this point the system image is saved, and the devices then need to be
560 prepared for the upcoming system shutdown. Th 558 prepared for the upcoming system shutdown. This is much like suspending them
561 before putting the system into the suspend-to- 559 before putting the system into the suspend-to-idle, shallow or deep sleep state,
562 and the phases are similar. 560 and the phases are similar.
563 561
564 9. The ``prepare`` phase is discussed abo 562 9. The ``prepare`` phase is discussed above.
565 563
566 10. The ``poweroff`` phase is analogous to 564 10. The ``poweroff`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend`` phase.
567 565
568 11. The ``poweroff_late`` phase is analogo 566 11. The ``poweroff_late`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend_late`` phase.
569 567
570 12. The ``poweroff_noirq`` phase is analog 568 12. The ``poweroff_noirq`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend_noirq`` phase.
571 569
572 The ``->poweroff``, ``->poweroff_late`` and `` 570 The ``->poweroff``, ``->poweroff_late`` and ``->poweroff_noirq`` callbacks
573 should do essentially the same things as the ` 571 should do essentially the same things as the ``->suspend``, ``->suspend_late``
574 and ``->suspend_noirq`` callbacks, respectivel !! 572 and ``->suspend_noirq`` callbacks, respectively. The only notable difference is
575 that they need not store the device register v 573 that they need not store the device register values, because the registers
576 should already have been stored during the ``f 574 should already have been stored during the ``freeze``, ``freeze_late`` or
577 ``freeze_noirq`` phases. Also, on many machin !! 575 ``freeze_noirq`` phases.
578 the entire system, so it is not necessary for <<
579 a low-power state. <<
580 576
581 577
582 Leaving Hibernation 578 Leaving Hibernation
583 ------------------- 579 -------------------
584 580
585 Resuming from hibernation is, again, more comp 581 Resuming from hibernation is, again, more complicated than resuming from a sleep
586 state in which the contents of main memory are 582 state in which the contents of main memory are preserved, because it requires
587 a system image to be loaded into memory and th 583 a system image to be loaded into memory and the pre-hibernation memory contents
588 to be restored before control can be passed ba 584 to be restored before control can be passed back to the image kernel.
589 585
590 Although in principle the image might be loade 586 Although in principle the image might be loaded into memory and the
591 pre-hibernation memory contents restored by th 587 pre-hibernation memory contents restored by the boot loader, in practice this
592 can't be done because boot loaders aren't smar 588 can't be done because boot loaders aren't smart enough and there is no
593 established protocol for passing the necessary 589 established protocol for passing the necessary information. So instead, the
594 boot loader loads a fresh instance of the kern 590 boot loader loads a fresh instance of the kernel, called "the restore kernel",
595 into memory and passes control to it in the us 591 into memory and passes control to it in the usual way. Then the restore kernel
596 reads the system image, restores the pre-hiber 592 reads the system image, restores the pre-hibernation memory contents, and passes
597 control to the image kernel. Thus two differe 593 control to the image kernel. Thus two different kernel instances are involved
598 in resuming from hibernation. In fact, the re 594 in resuming from hibernation. In fact, the restore kernel may be completely
599 different from the image kernel: a different c 595 different from the image kernel: a different configuration and even a different
600 version. This has important consequences for 596 version. This has important consequences for device drivers and their
601 subsystems. 597 subsystems.
602 598
603 To be able to load the system image into memor 599 To be able to load the system image into memory, the restore kernel needs to
604 include at least a subset of device drivers al 600 include at least a subset of device drivers allowing it to access the storage
605 medium containing the image, although it doesn 601 medium containing the image, although it doesn't need to include all of the
606 drivers present in the image kernel. After th 602 drivers present in the image kernel. After the image has been loaded, the
607 devices managed by the boot kernel need to be 603 devices managed by the boot kernel need to be prepared for passing control back
608 to the image kernel. This is very similar to 604 to the image kernel. This is very similar to the initial steps involved in
609 creating a system image, and it is accomplishe 605 creating a system image, and it is accomplished in the same way, using
610 ``prepare``, ``freeze``, and ``freeze_noirq`` 606 ``prepare``, ``freeze``, and ``freeze_noirq`` phases. However, the devices
611 affected by these phases are only those having 607 affected by these phases are only those having drivers in the restore kernel;
612 other devices will still be in whatever state 608 other devices will still be in whatever state the boot loader left them.
613 609
614 Should the restoration of the pre-hibernation 610 Should the restoration of the pre-hibernation memory contents fail, the restore
615 kernel would go through the "thawing" procedur 611 kernel would go through the "thawing" procedure described above, using the
616 ``thaw_noirq``, ``thaw_early``, ``thaw``, and 612 ``thaw_noirq``, ``thaw_early``, ``thaw``, and ``complete`` phases, and then
617 continue running normally. This happens only 613 continue running normally. This happens only rarely. Most often the
618 pre-hibernation memory contents are restored s 614 pre-hibernation memory contents are restored successfully and control is passed
619 to the image kernel, which then becomes respon 615 to the image kernel, which then becomes responsible for bringing the system back
620 to the working state. 616 to the working state.
621 617
622 To achieve this, the image kernel must restore 618 To achieve this, the image kernel must restore the devices' pre-hibernation
623 functionality. The operation is much like wak 619 functionality. The operation is much like waking up from a sleep state (with
624 the memory contents preserved), although it in 620 the memory contents preserved), although it involves different phases:
625 ``restore_noirq``, ``restore_early``, ``restor 621 ``restore_noirq``, ``restore_early``, ``restore``, ``complete``.
626 622
627 1. The ``restore_noirq`` phase is analogo 623 1. The ``restore_noirq`` phase is analogous to the ``resume_noirq`` phase.
628 624
629 2. The ``restore_early`` phase is analogo 625 2. The ``restore_early`` phase is analogous to the ``resume_early`` phase.
630 626
631 3. The ``restore`` phase is analogous to 627 3. The ``restore`` phase is analogous to the ``resume`` phase.
632 628
633 4. The ``complete`` phase is discussed ab 629 4. The ``complete`` phase is discussed above.
634 630
635 The main difference from ``resume[_early|_noir 631 The main difference from ``resume[_early|_noirq]`` is that
636 ``restore[_early|_noirq]`` must assume the dev 632 ``restore[_early|_noirq]`` must assume the device has been accessed and
637 reconfigured by the boot loader or the restore 633 reconfigured by the boot loader or the restore kernel. Consequently, the state
638 of the device may be different from the state 634 of the device may be different from the state remembered from the ``freeze``,
639 ``freeze_late`` and ``freeze_noirq`` phases. 635 ``freeze_late`` and ``freeze_noirq`` phases. The device may even need to be
640 reset and completely re-initialized. In many 636 reset and completely re-initialized. In many cases this difference doesn't
641 matter, so the ``->resume[_early|_noirq]`` and 637 matter, so the ``->resume[_early|_noirq]`` and ``->restore[_early|_norq]``
642 method pointers can be set to the same routine 638 method pointers can be set to the same routines. Nevertheless, different
643 callback pointers are used in case there is a 639 callback pointers are used in case there is a situation where it actually does
644 matter. 640 matter.
645 641
646 642
647 Power Management Notifiers 643 Power Management Notifiers
648 ========================== 644 ==========================
649 645
650 There are some operations that cannot be carri 646 There are some operations that cannot be carried out by the power management
651 callbacks discussed above, because the callbac 647 callbacks discussed above, because the callbacks occur too late or too early.
652 To handle these cases, subsystems and device d 648 To handle these cases, subsystems and device drivers may register power
653 management notifiers that are called before ta 649 management notifiers that are called before tasks are frozen and after they have
654 been thawed. Generally speaking, the PM notif 650 been thawed. Generally speaking, the PM notifiers are suitable for performing
655 actions that either require user space to be a 651 actions that either require user space to be available, or at least won't
656 interfere with user space. 652 interfere with user space.
657 653
658 For details refer to Documentation/driver-api/ !! 654 For details refer to :doc:`notifiers`.
659 655
660 656
661 Device Low-Power (suspend) States 657 Device Low-Power (suspend) States
662 ================================= 658 =================================
663 659
664 Device low-power states aren't standard. One 660 Device low-power states aren't standard. One device might only handle
665 "on" and "off", while another might support a 661 "on" and "off", while another might support a dozen different versions of
666 "on" (how many engines are active?), plus a st 662 "on" (how many engines are active?), plus a state that gets back to "on"
667 faster than from a full "off". 663 faster than from a full "off".
668 664
669 Some buses define rules about what different s 665 Some buses define rules about what different suspend states mean. PCI
670 gives one example: after the suspend sequence 666 gives one example: after the suspend sequence completes, a non-legacy
671 PCI device may not perform DMA or issue IRQs, 667 PCI device may not perform DMA or issue IRQs, and any wakeup events it
672 issues would be issued through the PME# bus si 668 issues would be issued through the PME# bus signal. Plus, there are
673 several PCI-standard device states, some of wh 669 several PCI-standard device states, some of which are optional.
674 670
675 In contrast, integrated system-on-chip process 671 In contrast, integrated system-on-chip processors often use IRQs as the
676 wakeup event sources (so drivers would call :c 672 wakeup event sources (so drivers would call :c:func:`enable_irq_wake`) and
677 might be able to treat DMA completion as a wak 673 might be able to treat DMA completion as a wakeup event (sometimes DMA can stay
678 active too, it'd only be the CPU and some peri 674 active too, it'd only be the CPU and some peripherals that sleep).
679 675
680 Some details here may be platform-specific. S 676 Some details here may be platform-specific. Systems may have devices that
681 can be fully active in certain sleep states, s 677 can be fully active in certain sleep states, such as an LCD display that's
682 refreshed using DMA while most of the system i 678 refreshed using DMA while most of the system is sleeping lightly ... and
683 its frame buffer might even be updated by a DS 679 its frame buffer might even be updated by a DSP or other non-Linux CPU while
684 the Linux control processor stays idle. 680 the Linux control processor stays idle.
685 681
686 Moreover, the specific actions taken may depen 682 Moreover, the specific actions taken may depend on the target system state.
687 One target system state might allow a given de 683 One target system state might allow a given device to be very operational;
688 another might require a hard shut down with re 684 another might require a hard shut down with re-initialization on resume.
689 And two different target systems might use the 685 And two different target systems might use the same device in different
690 ways; the aforementioned LCD might be active i 686 ways; the aforementioned LCD might be active in one product's "standby",
691 but a different product using the same SOC mig 687 but a different product using the same SOC might work differently.
692 688
693 689
694 Device Power Management Domains 690 Device Power Management Domains
695 =============================== 691 ===============================
696 692
697 Sometimes devices share reference clocks or ot 693 Sometimes devices share reference clocks or other power resources. In those
698 cases it generally is not possible to put devi 694 cases it generally is not possible to put devices into low-power states
699 individually. Instead, a set of devices shari 695 individually. Instead, a set of devices sharing a power resource can be put
700 into a low-power state together at the same ti 696 into a low-power state together at the same time by turning off the shared
701 power resource. Of course, they also need to 697 power resource. Of course, they also need to be put into the full-power state
702 together, by turning the shared power resource 698 together, by turning the shared power resource on. A set of devices with this
703 property is often referred to as a power domai 699 property is often referred to as a power domain. A power domain may also be
704 nested inside another power domain. The nested 700 nested inside another power domain. The nested domain is referred to as the
705 sub-domain of the parent domain. 701 sub-domain of the parent domain.
706 702
707 Support for power domains is provided through 703 Support for power domains is provided through the :c:member:`pm_domain` field of
708 struct device. This field is a pointer to an !! 704 |struct device|. This field is a pointer to an object of type
709 struct dev_pm_domain, defined in :file:`includ !! 705 |struct dev_pm_domain|, defined in :file:`include/linux/pm.h`, providing a set
710 of power management callbacks analogous to the 706 of power management callbacks analogous to the subsystem-level and device driver
711 callbacks that are executed for the given devi 707 callbacks that are executed for the given device during all power transitions,
712 instead of the respective subsystem-level call 708 instead of the respective subsystem-level callbacks. Specifically, if a
713 device's :c:member:`pm_domain` pointer is not 709 device's :c:member:`pm_domain` pointer is not NULL, the ``->suspend()`` callback
714 from the object pointed to by it will be execu 710 from the object pointed to by it will be executed instead of its subsystem's
715 (e.g. bus type's) ``->suspend()`` callback and 711 (e.g. bus type's) ``->suspend()`` callback and analogously for all of the
716 remaining callbacks. In other words, power ma 712 remaining callbacks. In other words, power management domain callbacks, if
717 defined for the given device, always take prec 713 defined for the given device, always take precedence over the callbacks provided
718 by the device's subsystem (e.g. bus type). 714 by the device's subsystem (e.g. bus type).
719 715
720 The support for device power management domain 716 The support for device power management domains is only relevant to platforms
721 needing to use the same device driver power ma 717 needing to use the same device driver power management callbacks in many
722 different power domain configurations and want 718 different power domain configurations and wanting to avoid incorporating the
723 support for power domains into subsystem-level 719 support for power domains into subsystem-level callbacks, for example by
724 modifying the platform bus type. Other platfo 720 modifying the platform bus type. Other platforms need not implement it or take
725 it into account in any way. 721 it into account in any way.
726 722
727 Devices may be defined as IRQ-safe which indic 723 Devices may be defined as IRQ-safe which indicates to the PM core that their
728 runtime PM callbacks may be invoked with disab 724 runtime PM callbacks may be invoked with disabled interrupts (see
729 Documentation/power/runtime_pm.rst for more in !! 725 :file:`Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt` for more information). If an
730 IRQ-safe device belongs to a PM domain, the ru 726 IRQ-safe device belongs to a PM domain, the runtime PM of the domain will be
731 disallowed, unless the domain itself is define 727 disallowed, unless the domain itself is defined as IRQ-safe. However, it
732 makes sense to define a PM domain as IRQ-safe 728 makes sense to define a PM domain as IRQ-safe only if all the devices in it
733 are IRQ-safe. Moreover, if an IRQ-safe domain 729 are IRQ-safe. Moreover, if an IRQ-safe domain has a parent domain, the runtime
734 PM of the parent is only allowed if the parent 730 PM of the parent is only allowed if the parent itself is IRQ-safe too with the
735 additional restriction that all child domains 731 additional restriction that all child domains of an IRQ-safe parent must also
736 be IRQ-safe. 732 be IRQ-safe.
737 733
738 734
739 Runtime Power Management 735 Runtime Power Management
740 ======================== 736 ========================
741 737
742 Many devices are able to dynamically power dow 738 Many devices are able to dynamically power down while the system is still
743 running. This feature is useful for devices th 739 running. This feature is useful for devices that are not being used, and
744 can offer significant power savings on a runni 740 can offer significant power savings on a running system. These devices
745 often support a range of runtime power states, 741 often support a range of runtime power states, which might use names such
746 as "off", "sleep", "idle", "active", and so on 742 as "off", "sleep", "idle", "active", and so on. Those states will in some
747 cases (like PCI) be partially constrained by t 743 cases (like PCI) be partially constrained by the bus the device uses, and will
748 usually include hardware states that are also 744 usually include hardware states that are also used in system sleep states.
749 745
750 A system-wide power transition can be started 746 A system-wide power transition can be started while some devices are in low
751 power states due to runtime power management. 747 power states due to runtime power management. The system sleep PM callbacks
752 should recognize such situations and react to 748 should recognize such situations and react to them appropriately, but the
753 necessary actions are subsystem-specific. 749 necessary actions are subsystem-specific.
754 750
755 In some cases the decision may be made at the 751 In some cases the decision may be made at the subsystem level while in other
756 cases the device driver may be left to decide. 752 cases the device driver may be left to decide. In some cases it may be
757 desirable to leave a suspended device in that 753 desirable to leave a suspended device in that state during a system-wide power
758 transition, but in other cases the device must 754 transition, but in other cases the device must be put back into the full-power
759 state temporarily, for example so that its sys 755 state temporarily, for example so that its system wakeup capability can be
760 disabled. This all depends on the hardware an 756 disabled. This all depends on the hardware and the design of the subsystem and
761 device driver in question. 757 device driver in question.
762 758
763 If it is necessary to resume a device from run 759 If it is necessary to resume a device from runtime suspend during a system-wide
764 transition into a sleep state, that can be don 760 transition into a sleep state, that can be done by calling
765 :c:func:`pm_runtime_resume` from the ``->suspe !! 761 :c:func:`pm_runtime_resume` for it from the ``->suspend`` callback (or its
766 or ``->poweroff`` callback for transitions rel !! 762 couterpart for transitions related to hibernation) of either the device's driver
767 device's driver or its subsystem (for example, !! 763 or a subsystem responsible for it (for example, a bus type or a PM domain).
768 However, subsystems must not otherwise change !! 764 That is guaranteed to work by the requirement that subsystems must not change
>> 765 the state of devices (possibly except for resuming them from runtime suspend)
769 from their ``->prepare`` and ``->suspend`` cal 766 from their ``->prepare`` and ``->suspend`` callbacks (or equivalent) *before*
770 invoking device drivers' ``->suspend`` callbac 767 invoking device drivers' ``->suspend`` callbacks (or equivalent).
771 768
772 .. _smart_suspend_flag: <<
773 <<
774 The ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` Driver Flag <<
775 ------------------------------------------ <<
776 <<
777 Some bus types and PM domains have a policy to 769 Some bus types and PM domains have a policy to resume all devices from runtime
778 suspend upfront in their ``->suspend`` callbac 770 suspend upfront in their ``->suspend`` callbacks, but that may not be really
779 necessary if the device's driver can cope with !! 771 necessary if the driver of the device can cope with runtime-suspended devices.
780 The driver can indicate this by setting ``DPM_ !! 772 The driver can indicate that by setting ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` in
781 :c:member:`power.driver_flags` at probe time, !! 773 :c:member:`power.driver_flags` at the probe time, by passing it to the
782 :c:func:`dev_pm_set_driver_flags` helper routi !! 774 :c:func:`dev_pm_set_driver_flags` helper. That also may cause middle-layer code
783 <<
784 Setting that flag causes the PM core and middl <<
785 (bus types, PM domains etc.) to skip the ``->s 775 (bus types, PM domains etc.) to skip the ``->suspend_late`` and
786 ``->suspend_noirq`` callbacks provided by the 776 ``->suspend_noirq`` callbacks provided by the driver if the device remains in
787 runtime suspend throughout those phases of the !! 777 runtime suspend at the beginning of the ``suspend_late`` phase of system-wide
788 similarly for the "freeze" and "poweroff" part !! 778 suspend (or in the ``poweroff_late`` phase of hibernation), when runtime PM
789 [Otherwise the same driver !! 779 has been disabled for it, under the assumption that its state should not change
790 callback might be executed twice in a row for !! 780 after that point until the system-wide transition is over (the PM core itself
791 be valid in general.] If the middle-layer sys !! 781 does that for devices whose "noirq", "late" and "early" system-wide PM callbacks
792 for the device then they are responsible for s !! 782 are executed directly by it). If that happens, the driver's system-wide resume
793 if not then the PM core skips them. The subsy !! 783 callbacks, if present, may still be invoked during the subsequent system-wide
794 determine whether they need to skip the driver !! 784 resume transition and the device's runtime power management status may be set
795 value from the :c:func:`dev_pm_skip_suspend` h !! 785 to "active" before enabling runtime PM for it, so the driver must be prepared to
796 !! 786 cope with the invocation of its system-wide resume callbacks back-to-back with
797 In addition, with ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` s !! 787 its ``->runtime_suspend`` one (without the intervening ``->runtime_resume`` and
798 and ``->thaw_early`` callbacks are skipped in !! 788 so on) and the final state of the device must reflect the "active" runtime PM
799 in runtime suspend throughout the preceding "f !! 789 status in that case.
800 middle-layer callbacks are present for the dev <<
801 doing this, otherwise the PM core takes care o <<
802 <<
803 <<
804 The ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` Driver Flag <<
805 -------------------------------------------- <<
806 790
807 During system-wide resume from a sleep state i 791 During system-wide resume from a sleep state it's easiest to put devices into
808 the full-power state, as explained in Document !! 792 the full-power state, as explained in :file:`Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt`.
809 [Refer to that document for more information r 793 [Refer to that document for more information regarding this particular issue as
810 well as for information on the device runtime 794 well as for information on the device runtime power management framework in
811 general.] However, it often is desirable to l !! 795 general.]
812 system transitions to the working state, espec <<
813 runtime suspend before the preceding system-wi <<
814 transition. <<
815 796
816 To that end, device drivers can use the ``DPM_ !! 797 However, it often is desirable to leave devices in suspend after system
817 indicate to the PM core and middle-layer code !! 798 transitions to the working state, especially if those devices had been in
818 "early" resume callbacks to be skipped if the !! 799 runtime suspend before the preceding system-wide suspend (or analogous)
819 after system-wide PM transitions to the workin !! 800 transition. Device drivers can use the ``DPM_FLAG_LEAVE_SUSPENDED`` flag to
820 the case generally depends on the state of the !! 801 indicate to the PM core (and middle-layer code) that they prefer the specific
821 suspend-resume cycle and on the type of the sy !! 802 devices handled by them to be left suspended and they have no problems with
822 In particular, the "thaw" and "restore" transi !! 803 skipping their system-wide resume callbacks for this reason. Whether or not the
823 not affected by ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` a !! 804 devices will actually be left in suspend may depend on their state before the
824 issued during the "restore" transition regardl !! 805 given system suspend-resume cycle and on the type of the system transition under
825 and whether or not any driver callbacks !! 806 way. In particular, devices are not left suspended if that transition is a
826 are skipped during the "thaw" transition depen !! 807 restore from hibernation, as device states are not guaranteed to be reflected
827 ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` flag is set (see `a !! 808 by the information stored in the hibernation image in that case.
828 In addition, a device is not allowed to remain !! 809
829 children will be returned to full power.] !! 810 The middle-layer code involved in the handling of the device is expected to
830 !! 811 indicate to the PM core if the device may be left in suspend by setting its
831 The ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` flag is taken !! 812 :c:member:`power.may_skip_resume` status bit which is checked by the PM core
832 the :c:member:`power.may_skip_resume` status b !! 813 during the "noirq" phase of the preceding system-wide suspend (or analogous)
833 "suspend" phase of suspend-type transitions. !! 814 transition. The middle layer is then responsible for handling the device as
834 has a reason to prevent the driver's "noirq" a !! 815 appropriate in its "noirq" resume callback, which is executed regardless of
835 being skipped during the subsequent system res !! 816 whether or not the device is left suspended, but the other resume callbacks
836 clear :c:member:`power.may_skip_resume` in its !! 817 (except for ``->complete``) will be skipped automatically by the PM core if the
837 or ``->suspend_noirq`` callback. [Note that t !! 818 device really can be left in suspend.
838 ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` need to clear :c:me !! 819
839 their ``->suspend`` callback in case the other !! 820 For devices whose "noirq", "late" and "early" driver callbacks are invoked
840 !! 821 directly by the PM core, all of the system-wide resume callbacks are skipped if
841 Setting the :c:member:`power.may_skip_resume` !! 822 ``DPM_FLAG_LEAVE_SUSPENDED`` is set and the device is in runtime suspend during
842 ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` flag is necessary !! 823 the ``suspend_noirq`` (or analogous) phase or the transition under way is a
843 for the driver's "noirq" and "early" resume ca !! 824 proper system suspend (rather than anything related to hibernation) and the
844 not they should be skipped can be determined b !! 825 device's wakeup settings are suitable for runtime PM (that is, it cannot
845 :c:func:`dev_pm_skip_resume` helper function. !! 826 generate wakeup signals at all or it is allowed to wake up the system from
846 !! 827 sleep).
847 If that function returns ``true``, the driver' <<
848 callbacks should be skipped and the device's r <<
849 "suspended" by the PM core. Otherwise, if the <<
850 during the preceding system-wide suspend trans <<
851 ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` is set, its runtime <<
852 "active" by the PM core. [Hence, the drivers <<
853 ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` should not expect t <<
854 devices to be changed from "suspended" to "act <<
855 system-wide resume-type transitions.] <<
856 <<
857 If the ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` flag is no <<
858 ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` is set and the driv <<
859 callbacks are skipped, its system-wide "noirq" <<
860 present, are invoked as usual and the device's <<
861 "active" by the PM core before enabling runtim <<
862 driver must be prepared to cope with the invoc <<
863 callbacks back-to-back with its ``->runtime_su <<
864 intervening ``->runtime_resume`` and system-wi <<
865 final state of the device must reflect the "ac <<
866 case. [Note that this is not a problem at all <<
867 ``->suspend_late`` callback pointer points to <<
868 ``->runtime_suspend`` one and its ``->resume_e <<
869 the same function as the ``->runtime_resume`` <<
870 system-wide suspend-resume callbacks of the dr <<
871 <<
872 Likewise, if ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` is s <<
873 system-wide "noirq" and "early" resume callbac <<
874 and "noirq" suspend callbacks may have been ex <<
875 of whether or not ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` i <<
876 needs to be able to cope with the invocation o <<
877 callback back-to-back with its "late" and "noi <<
878 that is not a concern if the driver sets both <<
879 ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` and uses the same <<
880 functions for runtime PM and system-wide suspe <<
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