1 ===================================== 1 =====================================
2 Filesystem-level encryption (fscrypt) 2 Filesystem-level encryption (fscrypt)
3 ===================================== 3 =====================================
4 4
5 Introduction 5 Introduction
6 ============ 6 ============
7 7
8 fscrypt is a library which filesystems can hoo 8 fscrypt is a library which filesystems can hook into to support
9 transparent encryption of files and directorie 9 transparent encryption of files and directories.
10 10
11 Note: "fscrypt" in this document refers to the 11 Note: "fscrypt" in this document refers to the kernel-level portion,
12 implemented in ``fs/crypto/``, as opposed to t 12 implemented in ``fs/crypto/``, as opposed to the userspace tool
13 `fscrypt <https://github.com/google/fscrypt>`_ 13 `fscrypt <https://github.com/google/fscrypt>`_. This document only
14 covers the kernel-level portion. For command- 14 covers the kernel-level portion. For command-line examples of how to
15 use encryption, see the documentation for the 15 use encryption, see the documentation for the userspace tool `fscrypt
16 <https://github.com/google/fscrypt>`_. Also, 16 <https://github.com/google/fscrypt>`_. Also, it is recommended to use
17 the fscrypt userspace tool, or other existing 17 the fscrypt userspace tool, or other existing userspace tools such as
18 `fscryptctl <https://github.com/google/fscrypt 18 `fscryptctl <https://github.com/google/fscryptctl>`_ or `Android's key
19 management system 19 management system
20 <https://source.android.com/security/encryptio 20 <https://source.android.com/security/encryption/file-based>`_, over
21 using the kernel's API directly. Using existi 21 using the kernel's API directly. Using existing tools reduces the
22 chance of introducing your own security bugs. 22 chance of introducing your own security bugs. (Nevertheless, for
23 completeness this documentation covers the ker 23 completeness this documentation covers the kernel's API anyway.)
24 24
25 Unlike dm-crypt, fscrypt operates at the files 25 Unlike dm-crypt, fscrypt operates at the filesystem level rather than
26 at the block device level. This allows it to 26 at the block device level. This allows it to encrypt different files
27 with different keys and to have unencrypted fi 27 with different keys and to have unencrypted files on the same
28 filesystem. This is useful for multi-user sys 28 filesystem. This is useful for multi-user systems where each user's
29 data-at-rest needs to be cryptographically iso 29 data-at-rest needs to be cryptographically isolated from the others.
30 However, except for filenames, fscrypt does no 30 However, except for filenames, fscrypt does not encrypt filesystem
31 metadata. 31 metadata.
32 32
33 Unlike eCryptfs, which is a stacked filesystem 33 Unlike eCryptfs, which is a stacked filesystem, fscrypt is integrated
34 directly into supported filesystems --- curren !! 34 directly into supported filesystems --- currently ext4, F2FS, and
35 and CephFS. This allows encrypted files to be !! 35 UBIFS. This allows encrypted files to be read and written without
36 without caching both the decrypted and encrypt !! 36 caching both the decrypted and encrypted pages in the pagecache,
37 pagecache, thereby nearly halving the memory u !! 37 thereby nearly halving the memory used and bringing it in line with
38 line with unencrypted files. Similarly, half !! 38 unencrypted files. Similarly, half as many dentries and inodes are
39 inodes are needed. eCryptfs also limits encry !! 39 needed. eCryptfs also limits encrypted filenames to 143 bytes,
40 bytes, causing application compatibility issue !! 40 causing application compatibility issues; fscrypt allows the full 255
41 full 255 bytes (NAME_MAX). Finally, unlike eC !! 41 bytes (NAME_MAX). Finally, unlike eCryptfs, the fscrypt API can be
42 can be used by unprivileged users, with no nee !! 42 used by unprivileged users, with no need to mount anything.
43 43
44 fscrypt does not support encrypting files in-p 44 fscrypt does not support encrypting files in-place. Instead, it
45 supports marking an empty directory as encrypt 45 supports marking an empty directory as encrypted. Then, after
46 userspace provides the key, all regular files, 46 userspace provides the key, all regular files, directories, and
47 symbolic links created in that directory tree 47 symbolic links created in that directory tree are transparently
48 encrypted. 48 encrypted.
49 49
50 Threat model 50 Threat model
51 ============ 51 ============
52 52
53 Offline attacks 53 Offline attacks
54 --------------- 54 ---------------
55 55
56 Provided that userspace chooses a strong encry 56 Provided that userspace chooses a strong encryption key, fscrypt
57 protects the confidentiality of file contents 57 protects the confidentiality of file contents and filenames in the
58 event of a single point-in-time permanent offl 58 event of a single point-in-time permanent offline compromise of the
59 block device content. fscrypt does not protec 59 block device content. fscrypt does not protect the confidentiality of
60 non-filename metadata, e.g. file sizes, file p 60 non-filename metadata, e.g. file sizes, file permissions, file
61 timestamps, and extended attributes. Also, th 61 timestamps, and extended attributes. Also, the existence and location
62 of holes (unallocated blocks which logically c 62 of holes (unallocated blocks which logically contain all zeroes) in
63 files is not protected. 63 files is not protected.
64 64
65 fscrypt is not guaranteed to protect confident 65 fscrypt is not guaranteed to protect confidentiality or authenticity
66 if an attacker is able to manipulate the files 66 if an attacker is able to manipulate the filesystem offline prior to
67 an authorized user later accessing the filesys 67 an authorized user later accessing the filesystem.
68 68
69 Online attacks 69 Online attacks
70 -------------- 70 --------------
71 71
72 fscrypt (and storage encryption in general) ca 72 fscrypt (and storage encryption in general) can only provide limited
73 protection, if any at all, against online atta 73 protection, if any at all, against online attacks. In detail:
74 74
75 Side-channel attacks <<
76 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
77 <<
78 fscrypt is only resistant to side-channel atta 75 fscrypt is only resistant to side-channel attacks, such as timing or
79 electromagnetic attacks, to the extent that th 76 electromagnetic attacks, to the extent that the underlying Linux
80 Cryptographic API algorithms or inline encrypt !! 77 Cryptographic API algorithms are. If a vulnerable algorithm is used,
81 vulnerable algorithm is used, such as a table- !! 78 such as a table-based implementation of AES, it may be possible for an
82 AES, it may be possible for an attacker to mou !! 79 attacker to mount a side channel attack against the online system.
83 against the online system. Side channel attac !! 80 Side channel attacks may also be mounted against applications
84 against applications consuming decrypted data. !! 81 consuming decrypted data.
85 !! 82
86 Unauthorized file access !! 83 After an encryption key has been provided, fscrypt is not designed to
87 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !! 84 hide the plaintext file contents or filenames from other users on the
88 !! 85 same system, regardless of the visibility of the keyring key.
89 After an encryption key has been added, fscryp !! 86 Instead, existing access control mechanisms such as file mode bits,
90 plaintext file contents or filenames from othe !! 87 POSIX ACLs, LSMs, or mount namespaces should be used for this purpose.
91 system. Instead, existing access control mech !! 88 Also note that as long as the encryption keys are *anywhere* in
92 bits, POSIX ACLs, LSMs, or namespaces should b !! 89 memory, an online attacker can necessarily compromise them by mounting
93 !! 90 a physical attack or by exploiting any kernel security vulnerability
94 (For the reasoning behind this, understand tha !! 91 which provides an arbitrary memory read primitive.
95 added, the confidentiality of the data, from t !! 92
96 system itself, is *not* protected by the mathe !! 93 While it is ostensibly possible to "evict" keys from the system,
97 encryption but rather only by the correctness !! 94 recently accessed encrypted files will remain accessible at least
98 Therefore, any encryption-specific access cont !! 95 until the filesystem is unmounted or the VFS caches are dropped, e.g.
99 be enforced by kernel *code* and therefore wou !! 96 using ``echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches``. Even after that, if the
100 with the wide variety of access control mechan !! 97 RAM is compromised before being powered off, it will likely still be
101 !! 98 possible to recover portions of the plaintext file contents, if not
102 Kernel memory compromise !! 99 some of the encryption keys as well. (Since Linux v4.12, all
103 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !! 100 in-kernel keys related to fscrypt are sanitized before being freed.
104 !! 101 However, userspace would need to do its part as well.)
105 An attacker who compromises the system enough !! 102
106 memory, e.g. by mounting a physical attack or !! 103 Currently, fscrypt does not prevent a user from maliciously providing
107 security vulnerability, can compromise all enc !! 104 an incorrect key for another user's existing encrypted files. A
108 currently in use. !! 105 protection against this is planned.
109 <<
110 However, fscrypt allows encryption keys to be <<
111 which may protect them from later compromise. <<
112 <<
113 In more detail, the FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_K <<
114 FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_ALL_USERS ioctl) <<
115 encryption key from kernel memory. If it does <<
116 evict all cached inodes which had been "unlock <<
117 thereby wiping their per-file keys and making <<
118 "locked", i.e. in ciphertext or encrypted form <<
119 <<
120 However, these ioctls have some limitations: <<
121 <<
122 - Per-file keys for in-use files will *not* be <<
123 Therefore, for maximum effect, userspace sho <<
124 encrypted files and directories before remov <<
125 well as kill any processes whose working dir <<
126 encrypted directory. <<
127 <<
128 - The kernel cannot magically wipe copies of t <<
129 userspace might have as well. Therefore, us <<
130 copies of the master key(s) it makes as well <<
131 be done immediately after FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPT <<
132 for FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY. Naturally <<
133 to all higher levels in the key hierarchy. <<
134 follow other security precautions such as ml <<
135 containing keys to prevent it from being swa <<
136 <<
137 - In general, decrypted contents and filenames <<
138 caches are freed but not wiped. Therefore, <<
139 recoverable from freed memory, even after th <<
140 were wiped. To partially solve this, you ca <<
141 CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING=y in your kernel confi <<
142 to your kernel command line. However, this <<
143 <<
144 - Secret keys might still exist in CPU registe <<
145 accelerator hardware (if used by the crypto <<
146 the algorithms), or in other places not expl <<
147 <<
148 Limitations of v1 policies <<
149 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
150 <<
151 v1 encryption policies have some weaknesses wi <<
152 attacks: <<
153 <<
154 - There is no verification that the provided m <<
155 Therefore, a malicious user can temporarily <<
156 with another user's encrypted files to which <<
157 access. Because of filesystem caching, the <<
158 used by the other user's accesses to those f <<
159 user has the correct key in their own keyrin <<
160 meaning of "read-only access". <<
161 <<
162 - A compromise of a per-file key also compromi <<
163 which it was derived. <<
164 <<
165 - Non-root users cannot securely remove encryp <<
166 <<
167 All the above problems are fixed with v2 encry <<
168 this reason among others, it is recommended to <<
169 policies on all new encrypted directories. <<
170 106
171 Key hierarchy 107 Key hierarchy
172 ============= 108 =============
173 109
174 Master Keys 110 Master Keys
175 ----------- 111 -----------
176 112
177 Each encrypted directory tree is protected by 113 Each encrypted directory tree is protected by a *master key*. Master
178 keys can be up to 64 bytes long, and must be a 114 keys can be up to 64 bytes long, and must be at least as long as the
179 greater of the security strength of the conten !! 115 greater of the key length needed by the contents and filenames
180 encryption modes being used. For example, if !! 116 encryption modes being used. For example, if AES-256-XTS is used for
181 used, the master key must be at least 256 bits !! 117 contents encryption, the master key must be 64 bytes (512 bits). Note
182 stricter requirement applies if the key is use !! 118 that the XTS mode is defined to require a key twice as long as that
183 policy and AES-256-XTS is used; such keys must !! 119 required by the underlying block cipher.
184 120
185 To "unlock" an encrypted directory tree, users 121 To "unlock" an encrypted directory tree, userspace must provide the
186 appropriate master key. There can be any numb 122 appropriate master key. There can be any number of master keys, each
187 of which protects any number of directory tree 123 of which protects any number of directory trees on any number of
188 filesystems. 124 filesystems.
189 125
190 Master keys must be real cryptographic keys, i !! 126 Userspace should generate master keys either using a cryptographically
191 from random bytestrings of the same length. T !! 127 secure random number generator, or by using a KDF (Key Derivation
192 **must not** directly use a password as a mast !! 128 Function). Note that whenever a KDF is used to "stretch" a
193 shorter key, or repeat a shorter key. Securit !! 129 lower-entropy secret such as a passphrase, it is critical that a KDF
194 if userspace makes any such error, as the cryp !! 130 designed for this purpose be used, such as scrypt, PBKDF2, or Argon2.
195 analysis would no longer apply. <<
196 <<
197 Instead, users should generate master keys eit <<
198 cryptographically secure random number generat <<
199 (Key Derivation Function). The kernel does no <<
200 therefore, if userspace derives the key from a <<
201 as a passphrase, it is critical that a KDF des <<
202 be used, such as scrypt, PBKDF2, or Argon2. <<
203 <<
204 Key derivation function <<
205 ----------------------- <<
206 <<
207 With one exception, fscrypt never uses the mas <<
208 encryption directly. Instead, they are only u <<
209 (Key Derivation Function) to derive the actual <<
210 <<
211 The KDF used for a particular master key diffe <<
212 the key is used for v1 encryption policies or <<
213 policies. Users **must not** use the same key <<
214 encryption policies. (No real-world attack is <<
215 specific case of key reuse, but its security c <<
216 since the cryptographic proofs and analysis wo <<
217 <<
218 For v1 encryption policies, the KDF only suppo <<
219 encryption keys. It works by encrypting the m <<
220 AES-128-ECB, using the file's 16-byte nonce as <<
221 resulting ciphertext is used as the derived ke <<
222 longer than needed, then it is truncated to th <<
223 <<
224 For v2 encryption policies, the KDF is HKDF-SH <<
225 passed as the "input keying material", no salt <<
226 "application-specific information string" is u <<
227 key to be derived. For example, when a per-fi <<
228 derived, the application-specific information <<
229 nonce prefixed with "fscrypt\\0" and a context <<
230 context bytes are used for other types of deri <<
231 <<
232 HKDF-SHA512 is preferred to the original AES-1 <<
233 HKDF is more flexible, is nonreversible, and e <<
234 entropy from the master key. HKDF is also sta <<
235 used by other software, whereas the AES-128-EC <<
236 <<
237 Per-file encryption keys <<
238 ------------------------ <<
239 <<
240 Since each master key can protect many files, <<
241 "tweak" the encryption of each file so that th <<
242 files doesn't map to the same ciphertext, or v <<
243 cases, fscrypt does this by deriving per-file <<
244 encrypted inode (regular file, directory, or s <<
245 fscrypt randomly generates a 16-byte nonce and <<
246 inode's encryption xattr. Then, it uses a KDF <<
247 derivation function`_) to derive the file's ke <<
248 and nonce. <<
249 <<
250 Key derivation was chosen over key wrapping be <<
251 require larger xattrs which would be less like <<
252 filesystem's inode table, and there didn't app <<
253 significant advantages to key wrapping. In pa <<
254 there is no requirement to support unlocking a <<
255 alternative master keys or to support rotating <<
256 the master keys may be wrapped in userspace, e <<
257 `fscrypt <https://github.com/google/fscrypt>`_ <<
258 <<
259 DIRECT_KEY policies <<
260 ------------------- <<
261 <<
262 The Adiantum encryption mode (see `Encryption <<
263 suitable for both contents and filenames encry <<
264 long IVs --- long enough to hold both an 8-byt <<
265 16-byte per-file nonce. Also, the overhead of <<
266 greater than that of an AES-256-XTS key. <<
267 <<
268 Therefore, to improve performance and save mem <<
269 "direct key" configuration is supported. When <<
270 this by setting FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAG_DIRECT_KEY <<
271 per-file encryption keys are not used. Instea <<
272 (contents or filenames) is encrypted, the file <<
273 included in the IV. Moreover: <<
274 <<
275 - For v1 encryption policies, the encryption i <<
276 master key. Because of this, users **must n <<
277 key for any other purpose, even for other v1 <<
278 <<
279 - For v2 encryption policies, the encryption i <<
280 key derived using the KDF. Users may use th <<
281 other v2 encryption policies. <<
282 <<
283 IV_INO_LBLK_64 policies <<
284 ----------------------- <<
285 <<
286 When FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAG_IV_INO_LBLK_64 is set <<
287 the encryption keys are derived from the maste <<
288 number, and filesystem UUID. This normally re <<
289 protected by the same master key sharing a sin <<
290 key and a single filenames encryption key. To <<
291 files' data differently, inode numbers are inc <<
292 Consequently, shrinking the filesystem may not <<
293 <<
294 This format is optimized for use with inline e <<
295 compliant with the UFS standard, which support <<
296 I/O request and may have only a small number o <<
297 <<
298 IV_INO_LBLK_32 policies <<
299 ----------------------- <<
300 <<
301 IV_INO_LBLK_32 policies work like IV_INO_LBLK_ <<
302 IV_INO_LBLK_32, the inode number is hashed wit <<
303 SipHash key is derived from the master key) an <<
304 unit index mod 2^32 to produce a 32-bit IV. <<
305 <<
306 This format is optimized for use with inline e <<
307 compliant with the eMMC v5.2 standard, which s <<
308 per I/O request and may have only a small numb <<
309 format results in some level of IV reuse, so i <<
310 when necessary due to hardware limitations. <<
311 <<
312 Key identifiers <<
313 --------------- <<
314 <<
315 For master keys used for v2 encryption policie <<
316 identifier" is also derived using the KDF. Th <<
317 the clear, since it is needed to reliably iden <<
318 131
319 Dirhash keys !! 132 Per-file keys
320 ------------ !! 133 -------------
321 134
322 For directories that are indexed using a secre !! 135 Master keys are not used to encrypt file contents or names directly.
323 plaintext filenames, the KDF is also used to d !! 136 Instead, a unique key is derived for each encrypted file, including
324 SipHash-2-4 key per directory in order to hash !! 137 each regular file, directory, and symbolic link. This has several
325 just like deriving a per-file encryption key, !! 138 advantages:
326 KDF context is used. Currently, only casefold !! 139
327 encrypted directories use this style of hashin !! 140 - In cryptosystems, the same key material should never be used for
>> 141 different purposes. Using the master key as both an XTS key for
>> 142 contents encryption and as a CTS-CBC key for filenames encryption
>> 143 would violate this rule.
>> 144 - Per-file keys simplify the choice of IVs (Initialization Vectors)
>> 145 for contents encryption. Without per-file keys, to ensure IV
>> 146 uniqueness both the inode and logical block number would need to be
>> 147 encoded in the IVs. This would make it impossible to renumber
>> 148 inodes, which e.g. ``resize2fs`` can do when resizing an ext4
>> 149 filesystem. With per-file keys, it is sufficient to encode just the
>> 150 logical block number in the IVs.
>> 151 - Per-file keys strengthen the encryption of filenames, where IVs are
>> 152 reused out of necessity. With a unique key per directory, IV reuse
>> 153 is limited to within a single directory.
>> 154 - Per-file keys allow individual files to be securely erased simply by
>> 155 securely erasing their keys. (Not yet implemented.)
>> 156
>> 157 A KDF (Key Derivation Function) is used to derive per-file keys from
>> 158 the master key. This is done instead of wrapping a randomly-generated
>> 159 key for each file because it reduces the size of the encryption xattr,
>> 160 which for some filesystems makes the xattr more likely to fit in-line
>> 161 in the filesystem's inode table. With a KDF, only a 16-byte nonce is
>> 162 required --- long enough to make key reuse extremely unlikely. A
>> 163 wrapped key, on the other hand, would need to be up to 64 bytes ---
>> 164 the length of an AES-256-XTS key. Furthermore, currently there is no
>> 165 requirement to support unlocking a file with multiple alternative
>> 166 master keys or to support rotating master keys. Instead, the master
>> 167 keys may be wrapped in userspace, e.g. as done by the `fscrypt
>> 168 <https://github.com/google/fscrypt>`_ tool.
>> 169
>> 170 The current KDF encrypts the master key using the 16-byte nonce as an
>> 171 AES-128-ECB key. The output is used as the derived key. If the
>> 172 output is longer than needed, then it is truncated to the needed
>> 173 length. Truncation is the norm for directories and symlinks, since
>> 174 those use the CTS-CBC encryption mode which requires a key half as
>> 175 long as that required by the XTS encryption mode.
>> 176
>> 177 Note: this KDF meets the primary security requirement, which is to
>> 178 produce unique derived keys that preserve the entropy of the master
>> 179 key, assuming that the master key is already a good pseudorandom key.
>> 180 However, it is nonstandard and has some problems such as being
>> 181 reversible, so it is generally considered to be a mistake! It may be
>> 182 replaced with HKDF or another more standard KDF in the future.
328 183
329 Encryption modes and usage 184 Encryption modes and usage
330 ========================== 185 ==========================
331 186
332 fscrypt allows one encryption mode to be speci 187 fscrypt allows one encryption mode to be specified for file contents
333 and one encryption mode to be specified for fi 188 and one encryption mode to be specified for filenames. Different
334 directory trees are permitted to use different 189 directory trees are permitted to use different encryption modes.
335 <<
336 Supported modes <<
337 --------------- <<
338 <<
339 Currently, the following pairs of encryption m 190 Currently, the following pairs of encryption modes are supported:
340 191
341 - AES-256-XTS for contents and AES-256-CBC-CTS !! 192 - AES-256-XTS for contents and AES-256-CTS-CBC for filenames
342 - AES-256-XTS for contents and AES-256-HCTR2 f !! 193 - AES-128-CBC for contents and AES-128-CTS-CBC for filenames
343 - Adiantum for both contents and filenames !! 194
344 - AES-128-CBC-ESSIV for contents and AES-128-C !! 195 It is strongly recommended to use AES-256-XTS for contents encryption.
345 - SM4-XTS for contents and SM4-CBC-CTS for fil !! 196 AES-128-CBC was added only for low-powered embedded devices with
346 !! 197 crypto accelerators such as CAAM or CESA that do not support XTS.
347 Note: in the API, "CBC" means CBC-ESSIV, and " !! 198
348 So, for example, FSCRYPT_MODE_AES_256_CTS mean !! 199 New encryption modes can be added relatively easily, without changes
349 !! 200 to individual filesystems. However, authenticated encryption (AE)
350 Authenticated encryption modes are not current !! 201 modes are not currently supported because of the difficulty of dealing
351 the difficulty of dealing with ciphertext expa !! 202 with ciphertext expansion.
352 contents encryption uses a block cipher in `XT !! 203
353 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryption !! 204 For file contents, each filesystem block is encrypted independently.
354 `CBC-ESSIV mode !! 205 Currently, only the case where the filesystem block size is equal to
355 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryption !! 206 the system's page size (usually 4096 bytes) is supported. With the
356 or a wide-block cipher. Filenames encryption !! 207 XTS mode of operation (recommended), the logical block number within
357 block cipher in `CBC-CTS mode !! 208 the file is used as the IV. With the CBC mode of operation (not
358 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext_stea !! 209 recommended), ESSIV is used; specifically, the IV for CBC is the
359 cipher. !! 210 logical block number encrypted with AES-256, where the AES-256 key is
360 !! 211 the SHA-256 hash of the inode's data encryption key.
361 The (AES-256-XTS, AES-256-CBC-CTS) pair is the !! 212
362 It is also the only option that is *guaranteed !! 213 For filenames, the full filename is encrypted at once. Because of the
363 if the kernel supports fscrypt at all; see `Ke !! 214 requirements to retain support for efficient directory lookups and
364 !! 215 filenames of up to 255 bytes, a constant initialization vector (IV) is
365 The (AES-256-XTS, AES-256-HCTR2) pair is also !! 216 used. However, each encrypted directory uses a unique key, which
366 upgrades the filenames encryption to use a wid !! 217 limits IV reuse to within a single directory. Note that IV reuse in
367 *wide-block cipher*, also called a tweakable s !! 218 the context of CTS-CBC encryption means that when the original
368 permutation, has the property that changing on !! 219 filenames share a common prefix at least as long as the cipher block
369 entire result.) As described in `Filenames en !! 220 size (16 bytes for AES), the corresponding encrypted filenames will
370 cipher is the ideal mode for the problem domai !! 221 also share a common prefix. This is undesirable; it may be fixed in
371 "least bad" choice among the alternatives. Fo !! 222 the future by switching to an encryption mode that is a strong
372 HCTR2, see `the HCTR2 paper <https://eprint.ia !! 223 pseudorandom permutation on arbitrary-length messages, e.g. the HEH
373 !! 224 (Hash-Encrypt-Hash) mode.
374 Adiantum is recommended on systems where AES i !! 225
375 of hardware acceleration for AES. Adiantum is !! 226 Since filenames are encrypted with the CTS-CBC mode of operation, the
376 that uses XChaCha12 and AES-256 as its underly !! 227 plaintext and ciphertext filenames need not be multiples of the AES
377 the work is done by XChaCha12, which is much f !! 228 block size, i.e. 16 bytes. However, the minimum size that can be
378 acceleration is unavailable. For more informa !! 229 encrypted is 16 bytes, so shorter filenames are NUL-padded to 16 bytes
379 `the Adiantum paper <https://eprint.iacr.org/2 !! 230 before being encrypted. In addition, to reduce leakage of filename
380 !! 231 lengths via their ciphertexts, all filenames are NUL-padded to the
381 The (AES-128-CBC-ESSIV, AES-128-CBC-CTS) pair !! 232 next 4, 8, 16, or 32-byte boundary (configurable). 32 is recommended
382 systems whose only form of AES acceleration is !! 233 since this provides the best confidentiality, at the cost of making
383 accelerator such as CAAM or CESA that does not !! 234 directory entries consume slightly more space. Note that since NUL
384 !! 235 (``\0``) is not otherwise a valid character in filenames, the padding
385 The remaining mode pairs are the "national pri !! 236 will never produce duplicate plaintexts.
386 <<
387 - (SM4-XTS, SM4-CBC-CTS) <<
388 <<
389 Generally speaking, these ciphers aren't "bad" <<
390 receive limited security review compared to th <<
391 AES and ChaCha. They also don't bring much ne <<
392 suggested to only use these ciphers where thei <<
393 <<
394 Kernel config options <<
395 --------------------- <<
396 <<
397 Enabling fscrypt support (CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION <<
398 only the basic support from the crypto API nee <<
399 and AES-256-CBC-CTS encryption. For optimal p <<
400 strongly recommended to also enable any availa <<
401 kconfig options that provide acceleration for <<
402 wish to use. Support for any "non-default" en <<
403 requires extra kconfig options as well. <<
404 <<
405 Below, some relevant options are listed by enc <<
406 acceleration options not listed below may be a <<
407 platform; refer to the kconfig menus. File co <<
408 also be configured to use inline encryption ha <<
409 kernel crypto API (see `Inline encryption supp <<
410 the file contents mode doesn't need to support <<
411 API, but the filenames mode still does. <<
412 <<
413 - AES-256-XTS and AES-256-CBC-CTS <<
414 - Recommended: <<
415 - arm64: CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_ARM64_CE_BL <<
416 - x86: CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_NI_INTEL <<
417 <<
418 - AES-256-HCTR2 <<
419 - Mandatory: <<
420 - CONFIG_CRYPTO_HCTR2 <<
421 - Recommended: <<
422 - arm64: CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_ARM64_CE_BL <<
423 - arm64: CONFIG_CRYPTO_POLYVAL_ARM64_C <<
424 - x86: CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_NI_INTEL <<
425 - x86: CONFIG_CRYPTO_POLYVAL_CLMUL_NI <<
426 <<
427 - Adiantum <<
428 - Mandatory: <<
429 - CONFIG_CRYPTO_ADIANTUM <<
430 - Recommended: <<
431 - arm32: CONFIG_CRYPTO_CHACHA20_NEON <<
432 - arm32: CONFIG_CRYPTO_NHPOLY1305_NEON <<
433 - arm64: CONFIG_CRYPTO_CHACHA20_NEON <<
434 - arm64: CONFIG_CRYPTO_NHPOLY1305_NEON <<
435 - x86: CONFIG_CRYPTO_CHACHA20_X86_64 <<
436 - x86: CONFIG_CRYPTO_NHPOLY1305_SSE2 <<
437 - x86: CONFIG_CRYPTO_NHPOLY1305_AVX2 <<
438 <<
439 - AES-128-CBC-ESSIV and AES-128-CBC-CTS: <<
440 - Mandatory: <<
441 - CONFIG_CRYPTO_ESSIV <<
442 - CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256 or another SHA- <<
443 - Recommended: <<
444 - AES-CBC acceleration <<
445 <<
446 fscrypt also uses HMAC-SHA512 for key derivati <<
447 acceleration is recommended: <<
448 <<
449 - SHA-512 <<
450 - Recommended: <<
451 - arm64: CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA512_ARM64_CE <<
452 - x86: CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA512_SSSE3 <<
453 <<
454 Contents encryption <<
455 ------------------- <<
456 <<
457 For contents encryption, each file's contents <<
458 units". Each data unit is encrypted independe <<
459 data unit incorporates the zero-based index of <<
460 the file. This ensures that each data unit wi <<
461 differently, which is essential to prevent lea <<
462 <<
463 Note: the encryption depending on the offset i <<
464 operations like "collapse range" and "insert r <<
465 extent mapping of files are not supported on e <<
466 <<
467 There are two cases for the sizes of the data <<
468 <<
469 * Fixed-size data units. This is how all file <<
470 work. A file's data units are all the same <<
471 is zero-padded if needed. By default, the d <<
472 to the filesystem block size. On some files <<
473 a sub-block data unit size via the ``log2_da <<
474 the encryption policy; see `FS_IOC_SET_ENCRY <<
475 <<
476 * Variable-size data units. This is what UBIF <<
477 data node" is treated as a crypto data unit. <<
478 length, possibly compressed data, zero-padde <<
479 boundary. Users cannot select a sub-block d <<
480 <<
481 In the case of compression + encryption, the c <<
482 encrypted. UBIFS compression works as describ <<
483 compression works a bit differently; it compre <<
484 filesystem blocks into a smaller number of fil <<
485 Therefore a f2fs-compressed file still uses fi <<
486 it is encrypted in a similar way to a file con <<
487 <<
488 As mentioned in `Key hierarchy`_, the default <<
489 per-file keys. In this case, the IV for each <<
490 index of the data unit in the file. However, <<
491 encryption setting that does not use per-file <<
492 kind of file identifier is incorporated into t <<
493 <<
494 - With `DIRECT_KEY policies`_, the data unit i <<
495 0-63 of the IV, and the file's nonce is plac <<
496 <<
497 - With `IV_INO_LBLK_64 policies`_, the data un <<
498 bits 0-31 of the IV, and the file's inode nu <<
499 32-63. This setting is only allowed when da <<
500 inode numbers fit in 32 bits. <<
501 <<
502 - With `IV_INO_LBLK_32 policies`_, the file's <<
503 and added to the data unit index. The resul <<
504 to 32 bits and placed in bits 0-31 of the IV <<
505 allowed when data unit indices and inode num <<
506 <<
507 The byte order of the IV is always little endi <<
508 <<
509 If the user selects FSCRYPT_MODE_AES_128_CBC f <<
510 ESSIV layer is automatically included. In thi <<
511 passed to AES-128-CBC, it is encrypted with AE <<
512 key is the SHA-256 hash of the file's contents <<
513 <<
514 Filenames encryption <<
515 -------------------- <<
516 <<
517 For filenames, each full filename is encrypted <<
518 the requirements to retain support for efficie <<
519 filenames of up to 255 bytes, the same IV is u <<
520 in a directory. <<
521 <<
522 However, each encrypted directory still uses a <<
523 alternatively has the file's nonce (for `DIREC <<
524 inode number (for `IV_INO_LBLK_64 policies`_) <<
525 Thus, IV reuse is limited to within a single d <<
526 <<
527 With CBC-CTS, the IV reuse means that when the <<
528 common prefix at least as long as the cipher b <<
529 corresponding encrypted filenames will also sh <<
530 undesirable. Adiantum and HCTR2 do not have t <<
531 wide-block encryption modes. <<
532 <<
533 All supported filenames encryption modes accep <<
534 >= 16 bytes; cipher block alignment is not req <<
535 filenames shorter than 16 bytes are NUL-padded <<
536 being encrypted. In addition, to reduce leaka <<
537 via their ciphertexts, all filenames are NUL-p <<
538 16, or 32-byte boundary (configurable). 32 is <<
539 provides the best confidentiality, at the cost <<
540 entries consume slightly more space. Note tha <<
541 not otherwise a valid character in filenames, <<
542 produce duplicate plaintexts. <<
543 237
544 Symbolic link targets are considered a type of 238 Symbolic link targets are considered a type of filename and are
545 encrypted in the same way as filenames in dire !! 239 encrypted in the same way as filenames in directory entries. Each
546 that IV reuse is not a problem as each symlink !! 240 symlink also uses a unique key; hence, the hardcoded IV is not a
>> 241 problem for symlinks.
547 242
548 User API 243 User API
549 ======== 244 ========
550 245
551 Setting an encryption policy 246 Setting an encryption policy
552 ---------------------------- 247 ----------------------------
553 248
554 FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY <<
555 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
556 <<
557 The FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY ioctl sets an 249 The FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY ioctl sets an encryption policy on an
558 empty directory or verifies that a directory o 250 empty directory or verifies that a directory or regular file already
559 has the specified encryption policy. It takes !! 251 has the specified encryption policy. It takes in a pointer to a
560 struct fscrypt_policy_v1 or struct fscrypt_pol !! 252 :c:type:`struct fscrypt_policy`, defined as follows::
561 follows:: !! 253
562 !! 254 #define FS_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE 8
563 #define FSCRYPT_POLICY_V1 0 <<
564 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE 8 <<
565 struct fscrypt_policy_v1 { <<
566 __u8 version; <<
567 __u8 contents_encryption_mode; <<
568 __u8 filenames_encryption_mode; <<
569 __u8 flags; <<
570 __u8 master_key_descriptor[FSCRYPT <<
571 }; <<
572 #define fscrypt_policy fscrypt_policy_v1 <<
573 255
574 #define FSCRYPT_POLICY_V2 2 !! 256 struct fscrypt_policy {
575 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE 16 <<
576 struct fscrypt_policy_v2 { <<
577 __u8 version; 257 __u8 version;
578 __u8 contents_encryption_mode; 258 __u8 contents_encryption_mode;
579 __u8 filenames_encryption_mode; 259 __u8 filenames_encryption_mode;
580 __u8 flags; 260 __u8 flags;
581 __u8 log2_data_unit_size; !! 261 __u8 master_key_descriptor[FS_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE];
582 __u8 __reserved[3]; <<
583 __u8 master_key_identifier[FSCRYPT <<
584 }; 262 };
585 263
586 This structure must be initialized as follows: 264 This structure must be initialized as follows:
587 265
588 - ``version`` must be FSCRYPT_POLICY_V1 (0) if !! 266 - ``version`` must be 0.
589 struct fscrypt_policy_v1 is used or FSCRYPT_ <<
590 struct fscrypt_policy_v2 is used. (Note: we <<
591 policy version as "v1", though its version c <<
592 For new encrypted directories, use v2 polici <<
593 267
594 - ``contents_encryption_mode`` and ``filenames 268 - ``contents_encryption_mode`` and ``filenames_encryption_mode`` must
595 be set to constants from ``<linux/fscrypt.h> !! 269 be set to constants from ``<linux/fs.h>`` which identify the
596 encryption modes to use. If unsure, use FSC !! 270 encryption modes to use. If unsure, use
597 (1) for ``contents_encryption_mode`` and FSC !! 271 FS_ENCRYPTION_MODE_AES_256_XTS (1) for ``contents_encryption_mode``
598 (4) for ``filenames_encryption_mode``. For !! 272 and FS_ENCRYPTION_MODE_AES_256_CTS (4) for
599 modes and usage`_. !! 273 ``filenames_encryption_mode``.
600 !! 274
601 v1 encryption policies only support three co !! 275 - ``flags`` must be set to a value from ``<linux/fs.h>`` which
602 (FSCRYPT_MODE_AES_256_XTS, FSCRYPT_MODE_AES_ !! 276 identifies the amount of NUL-padding to use when encrypting
603 (FSCRYPT_MODE_AES_128_CBC, FSCRYPT_MODE_AES_ !! 277 filenames. If unsure, use FS_POLICY_FLAGS_PAD_32 (0x3).
604 (FSCRYPT_MODE_ADIANTUM, FSCRYPT_MODE_ADIANTU !! 278
605 all combinations documented in `Supported mo !! 279 - ``master_key_descriptor`` specifies how to find the master key in
606 !! 280 the keyring; see `Adding keys`_. It is up to userspace to choose a
607 - ``flags`` contains optional flags from ``<li !! 281 unique ``master_key_descriptor`` for each master key. The e4crypt
608 !! 282 and fscrypt tools use the first 8 bytes of
609 - FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAGS_PAD_*: The amount of <<
610 encrypting filenames. If unsure, use FSCR <<
611 (0x3). <<
612 - FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAG_DIRECT_KEY: See `DIREC <<
613 - FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAG_IV_INO_LBLK_64: See `I <<
614 policies`_. <<
615 - FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAG_IV_INO_LBLK_32: See `I <<
616 policies`_. <<
617 <<
618 v1 encryption policies only support the PAD_ <<
619 The other flags are only supported by v2 enc <<
620 <<
621 The DIRECT_KEY, IV_INO_LBLK_64, and IV_INO_L <<
622 mutually exclusive. <<
623 <<
624 - ``log2_data_unit_size`` is the log2 of the d <<
625 or 0 to select the default data unit size. <<
626 the granularity of file contents encryption. <<
627 ``log2_data_unit_size`` to 12 causes file co <<
628 underlying encryption algorithm (such as AES <<
629 data units, each with its own IV. <<
630 <<
631 Not all filesystems support setting ``log2_d <<
632 and f2fs support it since Linux v6.7. On fi <<
633 it, the supported nonzero values are 9 throu <<
634 filesystem block size, inclusively. The def <<
635 the filesystem block size. <<
636 <<
637 The main use case for ``log2_data_unit_size` <<
638 data unit size smaller than the filesystem b <<
639 compatibility with inline encryption hardwar <<
640 smaller data unit sizes. ``/sys/block/$disk <<
641 useful for checking which data unit sizes ar <<
642 particular system's inline encryption hardwa <<
643 <<
644 Leave this field zeroed unless you are certa <<
645 an unnecessarily small data unit size reduce <<
646 <<
647 - For v2 encryption policies, ``__reserved`` m <<
648 <<
649 - For v1 encryption policies, ``master_key_des <<
650 to find the master key in a keyring; see `Ad <<
651 to userspace to choose a unique ``master_key <<
652 master key. The e4crypt and fscrypt tools u <<
653 ``SHA-512(SHA-512(master_key))``, but this p 283 ``SHA-512(SHA-512(master_key))``, but this particular scheme is not
654 required. Also, the master key need not be 284 required. Also, the master key need not be in the keyring yet when
655 FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY is executed. H 285 FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY is executed. However, it must be added
656 before any files can be created in the encry 286 before any files can be created in the encrypted directory.
657 287
658 For v2 encryption policies, ``master_key_des <<
659 replaced with ``master_key_identifier``, whi <<
660 be arbitrarily chosen. Instead, the key mus <<
661 `FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY`_. Then, the ``k <<
662 the kernel returned in the struct fscrypt_ad <<
663 be used as the ``master_key_identifier`` in <<
664 struct fscrypt_policy_v2. <<
665 <<
666 If the file is not yet encrypted, then FS_IOC_ 288 If the file is not yet encrypted, then FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY
667 verifies that the file is an empty directory. 289 verifies that the file is an empty directory. If so, the specified
668 encryption policy is assigned to the directory 290 encryption policy is assigned to the directory, turning it into an
669 encrypted directory. After that, and after pr 291 encrypted directory. After that, and after providing the
670 corresponding master key as described in `Addi 292 corresponding master key as described in `Adding keys`_, all regular
671 files, directories (recursively), and symlinks 293 files, directories (recursively), and symlinks created in the
672 directory will be encrypted, inheriting the sa 294 directory will be encrypted, inheriting the same encryption policy.
673 The filenames in the directory's entries will 295 The filenames in the directory's entries will be encrypted as well.
674 296
675 Alternatively, if the file is already encrypte 297 Alternatively, if the file is already encrypted, then
676 FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY validates that th 298 FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY validates that the specified encryption
677 policy exactly matches the actual one. If the 299 policy exactly matches the actual one. If they match, then the ioctl
678 returns 0. Otherwise, it fails with EEXIST. 300 returns 0. Otherwise, it fails with EEXIST. This works on both
679 regular files and directories, including nonem 301 regular files and directories, including nonempty directories.
680 302
681 When a v2 encryption policy is assigned to a d <<
682 required that either the specified key has bee <<
683 user or that the caller has CAP_FOWNER in the <<
684 (This is needed to prevent a user from encrypt <<
685 another user's key.) The key must remain adde <<
686 FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY is executing. Ho <<
687 encrypted directory does not need to be access <<
688 key can be removed right away afterwards. <<
689 <<
690 Note that the ext4 filesystem does not allow t 303 Note that the ext4 filesystem does not allow the root directory to be
691 encrypted, even if it is empty. Users who wan 304 encrypted, even if it is empty. Users who want to encrypt an entire
692 filesystem with one key should consider using 305 filesystem with one key should consider using dm-crypt instead.
693 306
694 FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY can fail with the 307 FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY can fail with the following errors:
695 308
696 - ``EACCES``: the file is not owned by the pro 309 - ``EACCES``: the file is not owned by the process's uid, nor does the
697 process have the CAP_FOWNER capability in a 310 process have the CAP_FOWNER capability in a namespace with the file
698 owner's uid mapped 311 owner's uid mapped
699 - ``EEXIST``: the file is already encrypted wi 312 - ``EEXIST``: the file is already encrypted with an encryption policy
700 different from the one specified 313 different from the one specified
701 - ``EINVAL``: an invalid encryption policy was 314 - ``EINVAL``: an invalid encryption policy was specified (invalid
702 version, mode(s), or flags; or reserved bits !! 315 version, mode(s), or flags)
703 encryption policy was specified but the dire <<
704 flag enabled (casefolding is incompatible wi <<
705 - ``ENOKEY``: a v2 encryption policy was speci <<
706 the specified ``master_key_identifier`` has <<
707 the process have the CAP_FOWNER capability i <<
708 namespace <<
709 - ``ENOTDIR``: the file is unencrypted and is 316 - ``ENOTDIR``: the file is unencrypted and is a regular file, not a
710 directory 317 directory
711 - ``ENOTEMPTY``: the file is unencrypted and i 318 - ``ENOTEMPTY``: the file is unencrypted and is a nonempty directory
712 - ``ENOTTY``: this type of filesystem does not 319 - ``ENOTTY``: this type of filesystem does not implement encryption
713 - ``EOPNOTSUPP``: the kernel was not configure 320 - ``EOPNOTSUPP``: the kernel was not configured with encryption
714 support for filesystems, or the filesystem s !! 321 support for this filesystem, or the filesystem superblock has not
715 had encryption enabled on it. (For example, 322 had encryption enabled on it. (For example, to use encryption on an
716 ext4 filesystem, CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION must b !! 323 ext4 filesystem, CONFIG_EXT4_ENCRYPTION must be enabled in the
717 kernel config, and the superblock must have 324 kernel config, and the superblock must have had the "encrypt"
718 feature flag enabled using ``tune2fs -O encr 325 feature flag enabled using ``tune2fs -O encrypt`` or ``mkfs.ext4 -O
719 encrypt``.) 326 encrypt``.)
720 - ``EPERM``: this directory may not be encrypt 327 - ``EPERM``: this directory may not be encrypted, e.g. because it is
721 the root directory of an ext4 filesystem 328 the root directory of an ext4 filesystem
722 - ``EROFS``: the filesystem is readonly 329 - ``EROFS``: the filesystem is readonly
723 330
724 Getting an encryption policy 331 Getting an encryption policy
725 ---------------------------- 332 ----------------------------
726 333
727 Two ioctls are available to get a file's encry !! 334 The FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY ioctl retrieves the :c:type:`struct
728 !! 335 fscrypt_policy`, if any, for a directory or regular file. See above
729 - `FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY_EX`_ !! 336 for the struct definition. No additional permissions are required
730 - `FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY`_ !! 337 beyond the ability to open the file.
731 <<
732 The extended (_EX) version of the ioctl is mor <<
733 recommended to use when possible. However, on <<
734 original ioctl is available. Applications sho <<
735 version, and if it fails with ENOTTY fall back <<
736 version. <<
737 <<
738 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY_EX <<
739 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
740 <<
741 The FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY_EX ioctl retr <<
742 policy, if any, for a directory or regular fil <<
743 permissions are required beyond the ability to <<
744 takes in a pointer to struct fscrypt_get_polic <<
745 defined as follows:: <<
746 <<
747 struct fscrypt_get_policy_ex_arg { <<
748 __u64 policy_size; /* input/output <<
749 union { <<
750 __u8 version; <<
751 struct fscrypt_policy_v1 v <<
752 struct fscrypt_policy_v2 v <<
753 } policy; /* output */ <<
754 }; <<
755 <<
756 The caller must initialize ``policy_size`` to <<
757 the policy struct, i.e. ``sizeof(arg.policy)`` <<
758 338
759 On success, the policy struct is returned in ` !! 339 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY can fail with the following errors:
760 actual size is returned in ``policy_size``. ` <<
761 be checked to determine the version of policy <<
762 version code for the "v1" policy is actually 0 <<
763 <<
764 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY_EX can fail with <<
765 340
766 - ``EINVAL``: the file is encrypted, but it us 341 - ``EINVAL``: the file is encrypted, but it uses an unrecognized
767 encryption policy version !! 342 encryption context format
768 - ``ENODATA``: the file is not encrypted 343 - ``ENODATA``: the file is not encrypted
769 - ``ENOTTY``: this type of filesystem does not !! 344 - ``ENOTTY``: this type of filesystem does not implement encryption
770 or this kernel is too old to support FS_IOC_ <<
771 (try FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY instead) <<
772 - ``EOPNOTSUPP``: the kernel was not configure 345 - ``EOPNOTSUPP``: the kernel was not configured with encryption
773 support for this filesystem, or the filesyst !! 346 support for this filesystem
774 had encryption enabled on it <<
775 - ``EOVERFLOW``: the file is encrypted and use <<
776 encryption policy version, but the policy st <<
777 the provided buffer <<
778 347
779 Note: if you only need to know whether a file 348 Note: if you only need to know whether a file is encrypted or not, on
780 most filesystems it is also possible to use th 349 most filesystems it is also possible to use the FS_IOC_GETFLAGS ioctl
781 and check for FS_ENCRYPT_FL, or to use the sta 350 and check for FS_ENCRYPT_FL, or to use the statx() system call and
782 check for STATX_ATTR_ENCRYPTED in stx_attribut 351 check for STATX_ATTR_ENCRYPTED in stx_attributes.
783 352
784 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY <<
785 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
786 <<
787 The FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY ioctl can als <<
788 encryption policy, if any, for a directory or <<
789 unlike `FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY_EX`_, <<
790 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY only supports the <<
791 version. It takes in a pointer directly to st <<
792 rather than struct fscrypt_get_policy_ex_arg. <<
793 <<
794 The error codes for FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLI <<
795 for FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY_EX, except th <<
796 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY also returns ``EI <<
797 encrypted using a newer encryption policy vers <<
798 <<
799 Getting the per-filesystem salt 353 Getting the per-filesystem salt
800 ------------------------------- 354 -------------------------------
801 355
802 Some filesystems, such as ext4 and F2FS, also 356 Some filesystems, such as ext4 and F2FS, also support the deprecated
803 ioctl FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_PWSALT. This ioct 357 ioctl FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_PWSALT. This ioctl retrieves a randomly
804 generated 16-byte value stored in the filesyst 358 generated 16-byte value stored in the filesystem superblock. This
805 value is intended to used as a salt when deriv 359 value is intended to used as a salt when deriving an encryption key
806 from a passphrase or other low-entropy user cr 360 from a passphrase or other low-entropy user credential.
807 361
808 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_PWSALT is deprecated. I 362 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_PWSALT is deprecated. Instead, prefer to
809 generate and manage any needed salt(s) in user 363 generate and manage any needed salt(s) in userspace.
810 364
811 Getting a file's encryption nonce <<
812 --------------------------------- <<
813 <<
814 Since Linux v5.7, the ioctl FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPT <<
815 On encrypted files and directories it gets the <<
816 On unencrypted files and directories, it fails <<
817 <<
818 This ioctl can be useful for automated tests w <<
819 encryption is being done correctly. It is not <<
820 of fscrypt. <<
821 <<
822 Adding keys 365 Adding keys
823 ----------- 366 -----------
824 367
825 FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY !! 368 To provide a master key, userspace must add it to an appropriate
826 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !! 369 keyring using the add_key() system call (see:
827 <<
828 The FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl adds a mas <<
829 the filesystem, making all files on the filesy <<
830 encrypted using that key appear "unlocked", i. <<
831 It can be executed on any file or directory on <<
832 but using the filesystem's root directory is r <<
833 a pointer to struct fscrypt_add_key_arg, defin <<
834 <<
835 struct fscrypt_add_key_arg { <<
836 struct fscrypt_key_specifier key_s <<
837 __u32 raw_size; <<
838 __u32 key_id; <<
839 __u32 __reserved[8]; <<
840 __u8 raw[]; <<
841 }; <<
842 <<
843 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR <<
844 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_IDENTIFIER <<
845 <<
846 struct fscrypt_key_specifier { <<
847 __u32 type; /* one of FSCRYPT_ <<
848 __u32 __reserved; <<
849 union { <<
850 __u8 __reserved[32]; /* re <<
851 __u8 descriptor[FSCRYPT_KE <<
852 __u8 identifier[FSCRYPT_KE <<
853 } u; <<
854 }; <<
855 <<
856 struct fscrypt_provisioning_key_payload { <<
857 __u32 type; <<
858 __u32 __reserved; <<
859 __u8 raw[]; <<
860 }; <<
861 <<
862 struct fscrypt_add_key_arg must be zeroed, the <<
863 as follows: <<
864 <<
865 - If the key is being added for use by v1 encr <<
866 ``key_spec.type`` must contain FSCRYPT_KEY_S <<
867 ``key_spec.u.descriptor`` must contain the d <<
868 being added, corresponding to the value in t <<
869 ``master_key_descriptor`` field of struct fs <<
870 To add this type of key, the calling process <<
871 CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability in the initial user <<
872 <<
873 Alternatively, if the key is being added for <<
874 policies, then ``key_spec.type`` must contai <<
875 FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_IDENTIFIER, and ``key_ <<
876 an *output* field which the kernel fills in <<
877 hash of the key. To add this type of key, t <<
878 not need any privileges. However, the numbe <<
879 added is limited by the user's quota for the <<
880 ``Documentation/security/keys/core.rst``). <<
881 <<
882 - ``raw_size`` must be the size of the ``raw`` <<
883 Alternatively, if ``key_id`` is nonzero, thi <<
884 in that case the size is implied by the spec <<
885 <<
886 - ``key_id`` is 0 if the raw key is given dire <<
887 field. Otherwise ``key_id`` is the ID of a <<
888 type "fscrypt-provisioning" whose payload is <<
889 struct fscrypt_provisioning_key_payload whos <<
890 the raw key and whose ``type`` field matches <<
891 Since ``raw`` is variable-length, the total <<
892 payload must be ``sizeof(struct fscrypt_prov <<
893 plus the raw key size. The process must hav <<
894 this key. <<
895 <<
896 Most users should leave this 0 and specify t <<
897 The support for specifying a Linux keyring k <<
898 allow re-adding keys after a filesystem is u <<
899 without having to store the raw keys in user <<
900 <<
901 - ``raw`` is a variable-length field which mus <<
902 key, ``raw_size`` bytes long. Alternatively <<
903 nonzero, then this field is unused. <<
904 <<
905 For v2 policy keys, the kernel keeps track of <<
906 by effective user ID) added the key, and only <<
907 removed by that user --- or by "root", if they <<
908 `FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_ALL_USERS`_. <<
909 <<
910 However, if another user has added the key, it <<
911 prevent that other user from unexpectedly remo <<
912 FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY may also be used to <<
913 *again*, even if it's already added by other u <<
914 FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY will just install a <<
915 current user, rather than actually add the key <<
916 must still be provided, as a proof of knowledg <<
917 <<
918 FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY returns 0 if either <<
919 the key was either added or already exists. <<
920 <<
921 FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY can fail with the fo <<
922 <<
923 - ``EACCES``: FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR <<
924 caller does not have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capab <<
925 user namespace; or the raw key was specified <<
926 process lacks Search permission on the key. <<
927 - ``EDQUOT``: the key quota for this user woul <<
928 the key <<
929 - ``EINVAL``: invalid key size or key specifie <<
930 were set <<
931 - ``EKEYREJECTED``: the raw key was specified <<
932 key has the wrong type <<
933 - ``ENOKEY``: the raw key was specified by Lin <<
934 exists with that ID <<
935 - ``ENOTTY``: this type of filesystem does not <<
936 - ``EOPNOTSUPP``: the kernel was not configure <<
937 support for this filesystem, or the filesyst <<
938 had encryption enabled on it <<
939 <<
940 Legacy method <<
941 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
942 <<
943 For v1 encryption policies, a master encryptio <<
944 provided by adding it to a process-subscribed <<
945 session keyring, or to a user keyring if the u <<
946 into the session keyring. <<
947 <<
948 This method is deprecated (and not supported f <<
949 policies) for several reasons. First, it cann <<
950 combination with FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY <<
951 so for removing a key a workaround such as key <<
952 combination with ``sync; echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm <<
953 have to be used. Second, it doesn't match the <<
954 locked/unlocked status of encrypted files (i.e <<
955 be in plaintext form or in ciphertext form) is <<
956 has caused much confusion as well as real prob <<
957 running under different UIDs, such as a ``sudo <<
958 access encrypted files. <<
959 <<
960 Nevertheless, to add a key to one of the proce <<
961 the add_key() system call can be used (see: <<
962 ``Documentation/security/keys/core.rst``). Th 370 ``Documentation/security/keys/core.rst``). The key type must be
963 "logon"; keys of this type are kept in kernel 371 "logon"; keys of this type are kept in kernel memory and cannot be
964 read back by userspace. The key description m 372 read back by userspace. The key description must be "fscrypt:"
965 followed by the 16-character lower case hex re 373 followed by the 16-character lower case hex representation of the
966 ``master_key_descriptor`` that was set in the 374 ``master_key_descriptor`` that was set in the encryption policy. The
967 key payload must conform to the following stru 375 key payload must conform to the following structure::
968 376
969 #define FSCRYPT_MAX_KEY_SIZE 64 !! 377 #define FS_MAX_KEY_SIZE 64
970 378
971 struct fscrypt_key { 379 struct fscrypt_key {
972 __u32 mode; !! 380 u32 mode;
973 __u8 raw[FSCRYPT_MAX_KEY_SIZE]; !! 381 u8 raw[FS_MAX_KEY_SIZE];
974 __u32 size; !! 382 u32 size;
975 }; 383 };
976 384
977 ``mode`` is ignored; just set it to 0. The ac 385 ``mode`` is ignored; just set it to 0. The actual key is provided in
978 ``raw`` with ``size`` indicating its size in b 386 ``raw`` with ``size`` indicating its size in bytes. That is, the
979 bytes ``raw[0..size-1]`` (inclusive) are the a 387 bytes ``raw[0..size-1]`` (inclusive) are the actual key.
980 388
981 The key description prefix "fscrypt:" may alte 389 The key description prefix "fscrypt:" may alternatively be replaced
982 with a filesystem-specific prefix such as "ext 390 with a filesystem-specific prefix such as "ext4:". However, the
983 filesystem-specific prefixes are deprecated an 391 filesystem-specific prefixes are deprecated and should not be used in
984 new programs. 392 new programs.
985 393
986 Removing keys !! 394 There are several different types of keyrings in which encryption keys
987 ------------- !! 395 may be placed, such as a session keyring, a user session keyring, or a
988 !! 396 user keyring. Each key must be placed in a keyring that is "attached"
989 Two ioctls are available for removing a key th !! 397 to all processes that might need to access files encrypted with it, in
990 `FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY`_: !! 398 the sense that request_key() will find the key. Generally, if only
991 !! 399 processes belonging to a specific user need to access a given
992 - `FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY`_ !! 400 encrypted directory and no session keyring has been installed, then
993 - `FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_ALL_USERS`_ !! 401 that directory's key should be placed in that user's user session
994 !! 402 keyring or user keyring. Otherwise, a session keyring should be
995 These two ioctls differ only in cases where v2 !! 403 installed if needed, and the key should be linked into that session
996 or removed by non-root users. !! 404 keyring, or in a keyring linked into that session keyring.
997 !! 405
998 These ioctls don't work on keys that were adde !! 406 Note: introducing the complex visibility semantics of keyrings here
999 process-subscribed keyrings mechanism. !! 407 was arguably a mistake --- especially given that by design, after any
1000 !! 408 process successfully opens an encrypted file (thereby setting up the
1001 Before using these ioctls, read the `Kernel m !! 409 per-file key), possessing the keyring key is not actually required for
1002 section for a discussion of the security goal !! 410 any process to read/write the file until its in-memory inode is
1003 these ioctls. !! 411 evicted. In the future there probably should be a way to provide keys
1004 !! 412 directly to the filesystem instead, which would make the intended
1005 FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY !! 413 semantics clearer.
1006 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
1007 <<
1008 The FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl remove <<
1009 encryption key from the filesystem, and possi <<
1010 itself. It can be executed on any file or di <<
1011 filesystem, but using the filesystem's root d <<
1012 It takes in a pointer to struct fscrypt_remov <<
1013 as follows:: <<
1014 <<
1015 struct fscrypt_remove_key_arg { <<
1016 struct fscrypt_key_specifier key_ <<
1017 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_REMOVAL_STATUS_FLAG_F <<
1018 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_REMOVAL_STATUS_FLAG_O <<
1019 __u32 removal_status_flags; / <<
1020 __u32 __reserved[5]; <<
1021 }; <<
1022 <<
1023 This structure must be zeroed, then initializ <<
1024 <<
1025 - The key to remove is specified by ``key_spe <<
1026 <<
1027 - To remove a key used by v1 encryption p <<
1028 ``key_spec.type`` to FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_T <<
1029 in ``key_spec.u.descriptor``. To remov <<
1030 calling process must have the CAP_SYS_A <<
1031 initial user namespace. <<
1032 <<
1033 - To remove a key used by v2 encryption p <<
1034 ``key_spec.type`` to FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_T <<
1035 in ``key_spec.u.identifier``. <<
1036 <<
1037 For v2 policy keys, this ioctl is usable by n <<
1038 to make this possible, it actually just remov <<
1039 claim to the key, undoing a single call to FS <<
1040 Only after all claims are removed is the key <<
1041 <<
1042 For example, if FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY was <<
1043 then the key will be "claimed" by uid 1000, a <<
1044 FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY will only succee <<
1045 both uids 1000 and 2000 added the key, then f <<
1046 FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY will only remove <<
1047 once *both* are removed is the key really rem <<
1048 unlinking a file that may have hard links.) <<
1049 <<
1050 If FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY really remove <<
1051 try to "lock" all files that had been unlocke <<
1052 lock files that are still in-use, so this ioc <<
1053 in cooperation with userspace ensuring that n <<
1054 still open. However, if necessary, this ioct <<
1055 later to retry locking any remaining files. <<
1056 <<
1057 FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY returns 0 if eit <<
1058 (but may still have files remaining to be loc <<
1059 the key was removed, or the key was already r <<
1060 remaining to be the locked so the ioctl retri <<
1061 of these cases, ``removal_status_flags`` is f <<
1062 following informational status flags: <<
1063 <<
1064 - ``FSCRYPT_KEY_REMOVAL_STATUS_FLAG_FILES_BUS <<
1065 are still in-use. Not guaranteed to be set <<
1066 the user's claim to the key was removed. <<
1067 - ``FSCRYPT_KEY_REMOVAL_STATUS_FLAG_OTHER_USE <<
1068 user's claim to the key was removed, not th <<
1069 <<
1070 FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY can fail with th <<
1071 <<
1072 - ``EACCES``: The FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_DESCR <<
1073 was specified, but the caller does not have <<
1074 capability in the initial user namespace <<
1075 - ``EINVAL``: invalid key specifier type, or <<
1076 - ``ENOKEY``: the key object was not found at <<
1077 added in the first place or was already ful <<
1078 files locked; or, the user does not have a <<
1079 someone else does). <<
1080 - ``ENOTTY``: this type of filesystem does no <<
1081 - ``EOPNOTSUPP``: the kernel was not configur <<
1082 support for this filesystem, or the filesys <<
1083 had encryption enabled on it <<
1084 <<
1085 FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_ALL_USERS <<
1086 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
1087 <<
1088 FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_ALL_USERS is exa <<
1089 `FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY`_, except that <<
1090 ALL_USERS version of the ioctl will remove al <<
1091 key, not just the current user's. I.e., the <<
1092 removed, no matter how many users have added <<
1093 only meaningful if non-root users are adding <<
1094 <<
1095 Because of this, FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY <<
1096 "root", namely the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability i <<
1097 namespace. Otherwise it will fail with EACCE <<
1098 <<
1099 Getting key status <<
1100 ------------------ <<
1101 <<
1102 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS <<
1103 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <<
1104 <<
1105 The FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS ioctl re <<
1106 master encryption key. It can be executed on <<
1107 the target filesystem, but using the filesyst <<
1108 recommended. It takes in a pointer to <<
1109 struct fscrypt_get_key_status_arg, defined as <<
1110 <<
1111 struct fscrypt_get_key_status_arg { <<
1112 /* input */ <<
1113 struct fscrypt_key_specifier key_ <<
1114 __u32 __reserved[6]; <<
1115 <<
1116 /* output */ <<
1117 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_ABSENT <<
1118 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_PRESENT <<
1119 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_INCOMPLETELY_R <<
1120 __u32 status; <<
1121 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_FLAG_ADDED_BY_ <<
1122 __u32 status_flags; <<
1123 __u32 user_count; <<
1124 __u32 __out_reserved[13]; <<
1125 }; <<
1126 <<
1127 The caller must zero all input fields, then f <<
1128 <<
1129 - To get the status of a key for v1 encry <<
1130 ``key_spec.type`` to FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_T <<
1131 in ``key_spec.u.descriptor``. <<
1132 <<
1133 - To get the status of a key for v2 encry <<
1134 ``key_spec.type`` to FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_T <<
1135 in ``key_spec.u.identifier``. <<
1136 <<
1137 On success, 0 is returned and the kernel fill <<
1138 <<
1139 - ``status`` indicates whether the key is abs <<
1140 incompletely removed. Incompletely removed <<
1141 been initiated, but some files are still in <<
1142 `FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY`_ returned 0 <<
1143 status flag FSCRYPT_KEY_REMOVAL_STATUS_FLAG <<
1144 <<
1145 - ``status_flags`` can contain the following <<
1146 <<
1147 - ``FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_FLAG_ADDED_BY_SELF <<
1148 has added by the current user. This is <<
1149 identified by ``identifier`` rather tha <<
1150 <<
1151 - ``user_count`` specifies the number of user <<
1152 This is only set for keys identified by ``i <<
1153 by ``descriptor``. <<
1154 <<
1155 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS can fail wit <<
1156 <<
1157 - ``EINVAL``: invalid key specifier type, or <<
1158 - ``ENOTTY``: this type of filesystem does no <<
1159 - ``EOPNOTSUPP``: the kernel was not configur <<
1160 support for this filesystem, or the filesys <<
1161 had encryption enabled on it <<
1162 <<
1163 Among other use cases, FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_ <<
1164 for determining whether the key for a given e <<
1165 to be added before prompting the user for the <<
1166 derive the key. <<
1167 <<
1168 FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS can only get <<
1169 the filesystem-level keyring, i.e. the keyrin <<
1170 `FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY`_ and `FS_IOC_REMO <<
1171 cannot get the status of a key that has only <<
1172 encryption policies using the legacy mechanis <<
1173 process-subscribed keyrings. <<
1174 414
1175 Access semantics 415 Access semantics
1176 ================ 416 ================
1177 417
1178 With the key 418 With the key
1179 ------------ 419 ------------
1180 420
1181 With the encryption key, encrypted regular fi 421 With the encryption key, encrypted regular files, directories, and
1182 symlinks behave very similarly to their unenc 422 symlinks behave very similarly to their unencrypted counterparts ---
1183 after all, the encryption is intended to be t 423 after all, the encryption is intended to be transparent. However,
1184 astute users may notice some differences in b 424 astute users may notice some differences in behavior:
1185 425
1186 - Unencrypted files, or files encrypted with 426 - Unencrypted files, or files encrypted with a different encryption
1187 policy (i.e. different key, modes, or flags 427 policy (i.e. different key, modes, or flags), cannot be renamed or
1188 linked into an encrypted directory; see `En 428 linked into an encrypted directory; see `Encryption policy
1189 enforcement`_. Attempts to do so will fail 429 enforcement`_. Attempts to do so will fail with EXDEV. However,
1190 encrypted files can be renamed within an en 430 encrypted files can be renamed within an encrypted directory, or
1191 into an unencrypted directory. 431 into an unencrypted directory.
1192 432
1193 Note: "moving" an unencrypted file into an 433 Note: "moving" an unencrypted file into an encrypted directory, e.g.
1194 with the `mv` program, is implemented in us 434 with the `mv` program, is implemented in userspace by a copy
1195 followed by a delete. Be aware that the or 435 followed by a delete. Be aware that the original unencrypted data
1196 may remain recoverable from free space on t 436 may remain recoverable from free space on the disk; prefer to keep
1197 all files encrypted from the very beginning 437 all files encrypted from the very beginning. The `shred` program
1198 may be used to overwrite the source files b 438 may be used to overwrite the source files but isn't guaranteed to be
1199 effective on all filesystems and storage de 439 effective on all filesystems and storage devices.
1200 440
1201 - Direct I/O is supported on encrypted files !! 441 - Direct I/O is not supported on encrypted files. Attempts to use
1202 circumstances. For details, see `Direct I/ !! 442 direct I/O on such files will fall back to buffered I/O.
1203 443
1204 - The fallocate operations FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE !! 444 - The fallocate operations FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE,
1205 FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE are not supported on !! 445 FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE, and FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE are not supported
1206 fail with EOPNOTSUPP. !! 446 on encrypted files and will fail with EOPNOTSUPP.
1207 447
1208 - Online defragmentation of encrypted files i 448 - Online defragmentation of encrypted files is not supported. The
1209 EXT4_IOC_MOVE_EXT and F2FS_IOC_MOVE_RANGE i 449 EXT4_IOC_MOVE_EXT and F2FS_IOC_MOVE_RANGE ioctls will fail with
1210 EOPNOTSUPP. 450 EOPNOTSUPP.
1211 451
1212 - The ext4 filesystem does not support data j 452 - The ext4 filesystem does not support data journaling with encrypted
1213 regular files. It will fall back to ordere 453 regular files. It will fall back to ordered data mode instead.
1214 454
1215 - DAX (Direct Access) is not supported on enc 455 - DAX (Direct Access) is not supported on encrypted files.
1216 456
>> 457 - The st_size of an encrypted symlink will not necessarily give the
>> 458 length of the symlink target as required by POSIX. It will actually
>> 459 give the length of the ciphertext, which will be slightly longer
>> 460 than the plaintext due to NUL-padding and an extra 2-byte overhead.
>> 461
1217 - The maximum length of an encrypted symlink 462 - The maximum length of an encrypted symlink is 2 bytes shorter than
1218 the maximum length of an unencrypted symlin 463 the maximum length of an unencrypted symlink. For example, on an
1219 EXT4 filesystem with a 4K block size, unenc 464 EXT4 filesystem with a 4K block size, unencrypted symlinks can be up
1220 to 4095 bytes long, while encrypted symlink 465 to 4095 bytes long, while encrypted symlinks can only be up to 4093
1221 bytes long (both lengths excluding the term 466 bytes long (both lengths excluding the terminating null).
1222 467
1223 Note that mmap *is* supported. This is possi 468 Note that mmap *is* supported. This is possible because the pagecache
1224 for an encrypted file contains the plaintext, 469 for an encrypted file contains the plaintext, not the ciphertext.
1225 470
1226 Without the key 471 Without the key
1227 --------------- 472 ---------------
1228 473
1229 Some filesystem operations may be performed o 474 Some filesystem operations may be performed on encrypted regular
1230 files, directories, and symlinks even before 475 files, directories, and symlinks even before their encryption key has
1231 been added, or after their encryption key has !! 476 been provided:
1232 477
1233 - File metadata may be read, e.g. using stat( 478 - File metadata may be read, e.g. using stat().
1234 479
1235 - Directories may be listed, in which case th 480 - Directories may be listed, in which case the filenames will be
1236 listed in an encoded form derived from thei 481 listed in an encoded form derived from their ciphertext. The
1237 current encoding algorithm is described in 482 current encoding algorithm is described in `Filename hashing and
1238 encoding`_. The algorithm is subject to ch 483 encoding`_. The algorithm is subject to change, but it is
1239 guaranteed that the presented filenames wil 484 guaranteed that the presented filenames will be no longer than
1240 NAME_MAX bytes, will not contain the ``/`` 485 NAME_MAX bytes, will not contain the ``/`` or ``\0`` characters, and
1241 will uniquely identify directory entries. 486 will uniquely identify directory entries.
1242 487
1243 The ``.`` and ``..`` directory entries are 488 The ``.`` and ``..`` directory entries are special. They are always
1244 present and are not encrypted or encoded. 489 present and are not encrypted or encoded.
1245 490
1246 - Files may be deleted. That is, nondirector 491 - Files may be deleted. That is, nondirectory files may be deleted
1247 with unlink() as usual, and empty directori 492 with unlink() as usual, and empty directories may be deleted with
1248 rmdir() as usual. Therefore, ``rm`` and `` 493 rmdir() as usual. Therefore, ``rm`` and ``rm -r`` will work as
1249 expected. 494 expected.
1250 495
1251 - Symlink targets may be read and followed, b 496 - Symlink targets may be read and followed, but they will be presented
1252 in encrypted form, similar to filenames in 497 in encrypted form, similar to filenames in directories. Hence, they
1253 are unlikely to point to anywhere useful. 498 are unlikely to point to anywhere useful.
1254 499
1255 Without the key, regular files cannot be open 500 Without the key, regular files cannot be opened or truncated.
1256 Attempts to do so will fail with ENOKEY. Thi 501 Attempts to do so will fail with ENOKEY. This implies that any
1257 regular file operations that require a file d 502 regular file operations that require a file descriptor, such as
1258 read(), write(), mmap(), fallocate(), and ioc 503 read(), write(), mmap(), fallocate(), and ioctl(), are also forbidden.
1259 504
1260 Also without the key, files of any type (incl 505 Also without the key, files of any type (including directories) cannot
1261 be created or linked into an encrypted direct 506 be created or linked into an encrypted directory, nor can a name in an
1262 encrypted directory be the source or target o 507 encrypted directory be the source or target of a rename, nor can an
1263 O_TMPFILE temporary file be created in an enc 508 O_TMPFILE temporary file be created in an encrypted directory. All
1264 such operations will fail with ENOKEY. 509 such operations will fail with ENOKEY.
1265 510
1266 It is not currently possible to backup and re 511 It is not currently possible to backup and restore encrypted files
1267 without the encryption key. This would requi 512 without the encryption key. This would require special APIs which
1268 have not yet been implemented. 513 have not yet been implemented.
1269 514
1270 Encryption policy enforcement 515 Encryption policy enforcement
1271 ============================= 516 =============================
1272 517
1273 After an encryption policy has been set on a 518 After an encryption policy has been set on a directory, all regular
1274 files, directories, and symbolic links create 519 files, directories, and symbolic links created in that directory
1275 (recursively) will inherit that encryption po 520 (recursively) will inherit that encryption policy. Special files ---
1276 that is, named pipes, device nodes, and UNIX 521 that is, named pipes, device nodes, and UNIX domain sockets --- will
1277 not be encrypted. 522 not be encrypted.
1278 523
1279 Except for those special files, it is forbidd 524 Except for those special files, it is forbidden to have unencrypted
1280 files, or files encrypted with a different en 525 files, or files encrypted with a different encryption policy, in an
1281 encrypted directory tree. Attempts to link o 526 encrypted directory tree. Attempts to link or rename such a file into
1282 an encrypted directory will fail with EXDEV. 527 an encrypted directory will fail with EXDEV. This is also enforced
1283 during ->lookup() to provide limited protecti 528 during ->lookup() to provide limited protection against offline
1284 attacks that try to disable or downgrade encr 529 attacks that try to disable or downgrade encryption in known locations
1285 where applications may later write sensitive 530 where applications may later write sensitive data. It is recommended
1286 that systems implementing a form of "verified 531 that systems implementing a form of "verified boot" take advantage of
1287 this by validating all top-level encryption p 532 this by validating all top-level encryption policies prior to access.
1288 533
1289 Inline encryption support <<
1290 ========================= <<
1291 <<
1292 By default, fscrypt uses the kernel crypto AP <<
1293 operations (other than HKDF, which fscrypt pa <<
1294 itself). The kernel crypto API supports hard <<
1295 but only ones that work in the traditional wa <<
1296 outputs (e.g. plaintexts and ciphertexts) are <<
1297 take advantage of such hardware, but the trad <<
1298 model isn't particularly efficient and fscryp <<
1299 for it. <<
1300 <<
1301 Instead, many newer systems (especially mobil <<
1302 encryption hardware* that can encrypt/decrypt <<
1303 way to/from the storage device. Linux suppor <<
1304 through a set of extensions to the block laye <<
1305 blk-crypto allows filesystems to attach encry <<
1306 (I/O requests) to specify how the data will b <<
1307 in-line. For more information about blk-cryp <<
1308 :ref:`Documentation/block/inline-encryption.r <<
1309 <<
1310 On supported filesystems (currently ext4 and <<
1311 blk-crypto instead of the kernel crypto API t <<
1312 contents. To enable this, set CONFIG_FS_ENCR <<
1313 the kernel configuration, and specify the "in <<
1314 when mounting the filesystem. <<
1315 <<
1316 Note that the "inlinecrypt" mount option just <<
1317 encryption when possible; it doesn't force it <<
1318 still fall back to using the kernel crypto AP <<
1319 inline encryption hardware doesn't have the n <<
1320 (e.g. support for the needed encryption algor <<
1321 and where blk-crypto-fallback is unusable. ( <<
1322 to be usable, it must be enabled in the kerne <<
1323 CONFIG_BLK_INLINE_ENCRYPTION_FALLBACK=y.) <<
1324 <<
1325 Currently fscrypt always uses the filesystem <<
1326 usually 4096 bytes) as the data unit size. T <<
1327 inline encryption hardware that supports that <<
1328 <<
1329 Inline encryption doesn't affect the cipherte <<
1330 the on-disk format, so users may freely switc <<
1331 using "inlinecrypt" and not using "inlinecryp <<
1332 <<
1333 Direct I/O support <<
1334 ================== <<
1335 <<
1336 For direct I/O on an encrypted file to work, <<
1337 must be met (in addition to the conditions fo <<
1338 unencrypted file): <<
1339 <<
1340 * The file must be using inline encryption. <<
1341 the filesystem must be mounted with ``-o in <<
1342 encryption hardware must be present. Howev <<
1343 is also available. For details, see `Inlin <<
1344 <<
1345 * The I/O request must be fully aligned to th <<
1346 This means that the file position the I/O i <<
1347 of all I/O segments, and the memory address <<
1348 must be multiples of this value. Note that <<
1349 size may be greater than the logical block <<
1350 <<
1351 If either of the above conditions is not met, <<
1352 encrypted file will fall back to buffered I/O <<
1353 <<
1354 Implementation details 534 Implementation details
1355 ====================== 535 ======================
1356 536
1357 Encryption context 537 Encryption context
1358 ------------------ 538 ------------------
1359 539
1360 An encryption policy is represented on-disk b !! 540 An encryption policy is represented on-disk by a :c:type:`struct
1361 struct fscrypt_context_v1 or struct fscrypt_c !! 541 fscrypt_context`. It is up to individual filesystems to decide where
1362 individual filesystems to decide where to sto !! 542 to store it, but normally it would be stored in a hidden extended
1363 would be stored in a hidden extended attribut !! 543 attribute. It should *not* be exposed by the xattr-related system
1364 exposed by the xattr-related system calls suc !! 544 calls such as getxattr() and setxattr() because of the special
1365 setxattr() because of the special semantics o !! 545 semantics of the encryption xattr. (In particular, there would be
1366 (In particular, there would be much confusion !! 546 much confusion if an encryption policy were to be added to or removed
1367 were to be added to or removed from anything !! 547 from anything other than an empty directory.) The struct is defined
1368 directory.) These structs are defined as fol !! 548 as follows::
1369 <<
1370 #define FSCRYPT_FILE_NONCE_SIZE 16 <<
1371 <<
1372 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE 8 <<
1373 struct fscrypt_context_v1 { <<
1374 u8 version; <<
1375 u8 contents_encryption_mode; <<
1376 u8 filenames_encryption_mode; <<
1377 u8 flags; <<
1378 u8 master_key_descriptor[FSCRYPT_ <<
1379 u8 nonce[FSCRYPT_FILE_NONCE_SIZE] <<
1380 }; <<
1381 549
1382 #define FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE 16 !! 550 #define FS_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE 8
1383 struct fscrypt_context_v2 { !! 551 #define FS_KEY_DERIVATION_NONCE_SIZE 16
1384 u8 version; !! 552
>> 553 struct fscrypt_context {
>> 554 u8 format;
1385 u8 contents_encryption_mode; 555 u8 contents_encryption_mode;
1386 u8 filenames_encryption_mode; 556 u8 filenames_encryption_mode;
1387 u8 flags; 557 u8 flags;
1388 u8 log2_data_unit_size; !! 558 u8 master_key_descriptor[FS_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE];
1389 u8 __reserved[3]; !! 559 u8 nonce[FS_KEY_DERIVATION_NONCE_SIZE];
1390 u8 master_key_identifier[FSCRYPT_ <<
1391 u8 nonce[FSCRYPT_FILE_NONCE_SIZE] <<
1392 }; 560 };
1393 561
1394 The context structs contain the same informat !! 562 Note that :c:type:`struct fscrypt_context` contains the same
1395 policy structs (see `Setting an encryption po !! 563 information as :c:type:`struct fscrypt_policy` (see `Setting an
1396 context structs also contain a nonce. The no !! 564 encryption policy`_), except that :c:type:`struct fscrypt_context`
1397 by the kernel and is used as KDF input or as !! 565 also contains a nonce. The nonce is randomly generated by the kernel
1398 different files to be encrypted differently; !! 566 and is used to derive the inode's encryption key as described in
1399 keys`_ and `DIRECT_KEY policies`_. !! 567 `Per-file keys`_.
1400 568
1401 Data path changes 569 Data path changes
1402 ----------------- 570 -----------------
1403 571
1404 When inline encryption is used, filesystems j !! 572 For the read path (->readpage()) of regular files, filesystems can
1405 encryption contexts with bios to specify how <<
1406 inline encryption hardware will encrypt/decry <<
1407 <<
1408 When inline encryption isn't used, filesystem <<
1409 the file contents themselves, as described be <<
1410 <<
1411 For the read path (->read_folio()) of regular <<
1412 read the ciphertext into the page cache and d 573 read the ciphertext into the page cache and decrypt it in-place. The
1413 folio lock must be held until decryption has !! 574 page lock must be held until decryption has finished, to prevent the
1414 folio from becoming visible to userspace prem !! 575 page from becoming visible to userspace prematurely.
1415 576
1416 For the write path (->writepage()) of regular 577 For the write path (->writepage()) of regular files, filesystems
1417 cannot encrypt data in-place in the page cach 578 cannot encrypt data in-place in the page cache, since the cached
1418 plaintext must be preserved. Instead, filesy 579 plaintext must be preserved. Instead, filesystems must encrypt into a
1419 temporary buffer or "bounce page", then write 580 temporary buffer or "bounce page", then write out the temporary
1420 buffer. Some filesystems, such as UBIFS, alr 581 buffer. Some filesystems, such as UBIFS, already use temporary
1421 buffers regardless of encryption. Other file 582 buffers regardless of encryption. Other filesystems, such as ext4 and
1422 F2FS, have to allocate bounce pages specially 583 F2FS, have to allocate bounce pages specially for encryption.
1423 584
1424 Filename hashing and encoding 585 Filename hashing and encoding
1425 ----------------------------- 586 -----------------------------
1426 587
1427 Modern filesystems accelerate directory looku 588 Modern filesystems accelerate directory lookups by using indexed
1428 directories. An indexed directory is organiz 589 directories. An indexed directory is organized as a tree keyed by
1429 filename hashes. When a ->lookup() is reques 590 filename hashes. When a ->lookup() is requested, the filesystem
1430 normally hashes the filename being looked up 591 normally hashes the filename being looked up so that it can quickly
1431 find the corresponding directory entry, if an 592 find the corresponding directory entry, if any.
1432 593
1433 With encryption, lookups must be supported an 594 With encryption, lookups must be supported and efficient both with and
1434 without the encryption key. Clearly, it woul 595 without the encryption key. Clearly, it would not work to hash the
1435 plaintext filenames, since the plaintext file 596 plaintext filenames, since the plaintext filenames are unavailable
1436 without the key. (Hashing the plaintext file 597 without the key. (Hashing the plaintext filenames would also make it
1437 impossible for the filesystem's fsck tool to 598 impossible for the filesystem's fsck tool to optimize encrypted
1438 directories.) Instead, filesystems hash the 599 directories.) Instead, filesystems hash the ciphertext filenames,
1439 i.e. the bytes actually stored on-disk in the 600 i.e. the bytes actually stored on-disk in the directory entries. When
1440 asked to do a ->lookup() with the key, the fi 601 asked to do a ->lookup() with the key, the filesystem just encrypts
1441 the user-supplied name to get the ciphertext. 602 the user-supplied name to get the ciphertext.
1442 603
1443 Lookups without the key are more complicated. 604 Lookups without the key are more complicated. The raw ciphertext may
1444 contain the ``\0`` and ``/`` characters, whic 605 contain the ``\0`` and ``/`` characters, which are illegal in
1445 filenames. Therefore, readdir() must base64u !! 606 filenames. Therefore, readdir() must base64-encode the ciphertext for
1446 for presentation. For most filenames, this w !! 607 presentation. For most filenames, this works fine; on ->lookup(), the
1447 the filesystem just base64url-decodes the use !! 608 filesystem just base64-decodes the user-supplied name to get back to
1448 back to the raw ciphertext. !! 609 the raw ciphertext.
1449 610
1450 However, for very long filenames, base64url e !! 611 However, for very long filenames, base64 encoding would cause the
1451 filename length to exceed NAME_MAX. To preve 612 filename length to exceed NAME_MAX. To prevent this, readdir()
1452 actually presents long filenames in an abbrev 613 actually presents long filenames in an abbreviated form which encodes
1453 a strong "hash" of the ciphertext filename, a 614 a strong "hash" of the ciphertext filename, along with the optional
1454 filesystem-specific hash(es) needed for direc 615 filesystem-specific hash(es) needed for directory lookups. This
1455 allows the filesystem to still, with a high d 616 allows the filesystem to still, with a high degree of confidence, map
1456 the filename given in ->lookup() back to a pa 617 the filename given in ->lookup() back to a particular directory entry
1457 that was previously listed by readdir(). See !! 618 that was previously listed by readdir(). See :c:type:`struct
1458 struct fscrypt_nokey_name in the source for m !! 619 fscrypt_digested_name` in the source for more details.
1459 620
1460 Note that the precise way that filenames are 621 Note that the precise way that filenames are presented to userspace
1461 without the key is subject to change in the f 622 without the key is subject to change in the future. It is only meant
1462 as a way to temporarily present valid filenam 623 as a way to temporarily present valid filenames so that commands like
1463 ``rm -r`` work as expected on encrypted direc 624 ``rm -r`` work as expected on encrypted directories.
1464 <<
1465 Tests <<
1466 ===== <<
1467 <<
1468 To test fscrypt, use xfstests, which is Linux <<
1469 filesystem test suite. First, run all the te <<
1470 group on the relevant filesystem(s). One can <<
1471 with the 'inlinecrypt' mount option to test t <<
1472 inline encryption support. For example, to t <<
1473 f2fs encryption using `kvm-xfstests <<
1474 <https://github.com/tytso/xfstests-bld/blob/m <<
1475 <<
1476 kvm-xfstests -c ext4,f2fs -g encrypt <<
1477 kvm-xfstests -c ext4,f2fs -g encrypt -m i <<
1478 <<
1479 UBIFS encryption can also be tested this way, <<
1480 a separate command, and it takes some time fo <<
1481 emulated UBI volumes:: <<
1482 <<
1483 kvm-xfstests -c ubifs -g encrypt <<
1484 <<
1485 No tests should fail. However, tests that us <<
1486 modes (e.g. generic/549 and generic/550) will <<
1487 algorithms were not built into the kernel's c <<
1488 that access the raw block device (e.g. generi <<
1489 generic/549, generic/550) will be skipped on <<
1490 <<
1491 Besides running the "encrypt" group tests, fo <<
1492 possible to run most xfstests with the "test_ <<
1493 option. This option causes all new files to <<
1494 encrypted with a dummy key, without having to <<
1495 This tests the encrypted I/O paths more thoro <<
1496 kvm-xfstests, use the "encrypt" filesystem co <<
1497 <<
1498 kvm-xfstests -c ext4/encrypt,f2fs/encrypt <<
1499 kvm-xfstests -c ext4/encrypt,f2fs/encrypt <<
1500 <<
1501 Because this runs many more tests than "-g en <<
1502 much longer to run; so also consider using `g <<
1503 <https://github.com/tytso/xfstests-bld/blob/m <<
1504 instead of kvm-xfstests:: <<
1505 <<
1506 gce-xfstests -c ext4/encrypt,f2fs/encrypt <<
1507 gce-xfstests -c ext4/encrypt,f2fs/encrypt <<
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