1 ======= 1 =======
2 Locking 2 Locking
3 ======= 3 =======
4 4
5 The text below describes the locking rules for 5 The text below describes the locking rules for VFS-related methods.
6 It is (believed to be) up-to-date. *Please*, i 6 It is (believed to be) up-to-date. *Please*, if you change anything in
7 prototypes or locking protocols - update this 7 prototypes or locking protocols - update this file. And update the relevant
8 instances in the tree, don't leave that to mai 8 instances in the tree, don't leave that to maintainers of filesystems/devices/
9 etc. At the very least, put the list of dubiou 9 etc. At the very least, put the list of dubious cases in the end of this file.
10 Don't turn it into log - maintainers of out-of 10 Don't turn it into log - maintainers of out-of-the-tree code are supposed to
11 be able to use diff(1). 11 be able to use diff(1).
12 12
13 Thing currently missing here: socket operation 13 Thing currently missing here: socket operations. Alexey?
14 14
15 dentry_operations 15 dentry_operations
16 ================= 16 =================
17 17
18 prototypes:: 18 prototypes::
19 19
20 int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, u 20 int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
21 int (*d_weak_revalidate)(struct dentry 21 int (*d_weak_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
22 int (*d_hash)(const struct dentry *, s 22 int (*d_hash)(const struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
23 int (*d_compare)(const struct dentry * 23 int (*d_compare)(const struct dentry *,
24 unsigned int, const ch 24 unsigned int, const char *, const struct qstr *);
25 int (*d_delete)(struct dentry *); 25 int (*d_delete)(struct dentry *);
26 int (*d_init)(struct dentry *); 26 int (*d_init)(struct dentry *);
27 void (*d_release)(struct dentry *); 27 void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
28 void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct 28 void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
29 char *(*d_dname)((struct dentry *dentr 29 char *(*d_dname)((struct dentry *dentry, char *buffer, int buflen);
30 struct vfsmount *(*d_automount)(struct 30 struct vfsmount *(*d_automount)(struct path *path);
31 int (*d_manage)(const struct path *, b 31 int (*d_manage)(const struct path *, bool);
32 struct dentry *(*d_real)(struct dentry !! 32 struct dentry *(*d_real)(struct dentry *, const struct inode *);
33 33
34 locking rules: 34 locking rules:
35 35
36 ================== =========== ======== 36 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
37 ops rename_lock ->d_lock 37 ops rename_lock ->d_lock may block rcu-walk
38 ================== =========== ======== 38 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
39 d_revalidate: no no 39 d_revalidate: no no yes (ref-walk) maybe
40 d_weak_revalidate: no no 40 d_weak_revalidate: no no yes no
41 d_hash no no 41 d_hash no no no maybe
42 d_compare: yes no 42 d_compare: yes no no maybe
43 d_delete: no yes 43 d_delete: no yes no no
44 d_init: no no 44 d_init: no no yes no
45 d_release: no no 45 d_release: no no yes no
46 d_prune: no yes 46 d_prune: no yes no no
47 d_iput: no no 47 d_iput: no no yes no
48 d_dname: no no 48 d_dname: no no no no
49 d_automount: no no 49 d_automount: no no yes no
50 d_manage: no no 50 d_manage: no no yes (ref-walk) maybe
51 d_real no no 51 d_real no no yes no
52 ================== =========== ======== 52 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
53 53
54 inode_operations 54 inode_operations
55 ================ 55 ================
56 56
57 prototypes:: 57 prototypes::
58 58
59 int (*create) (struct mnt_idmap *, str !! 59 int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t, bool);
60 struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inod 60 struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, unsigned int);
61 int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct in 61 int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
62 int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct d 62 int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
63 int (*symlink) (struct mnt_idmap *, st !! 63 int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
64 int (*mkdir) (struct mnt_idmap *, stru !! 64 int (*mkdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t);
65 int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct de 65 int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
66 int (*mknod) (struct mnt_idmap *, stru !! 66 int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t,dev_t);
67 int (*rename) (struct mnt_idmap *, str !! 67 int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
68 struct inode *, struct 68 struct inode *, struct dentry *, unsigned int);
69 int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char 69 int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int);
70 const char *(*get_link) (struct dentry 70 const char *(*get_link) (struct dentry *, struct inode *, struct delayed_call *);
71 void (*truncate) (struct inode *); 71 void (*truncate) (struct inode *);
72 int (*permission) (struct mnt_idmap *, !! 72 int (*permission) (struct inode *, int, unsigned int);
73 struct posix_acl * (*get_inode_acl)(st !! 73 int (*get_acl)(struct inode *, int);
74 int (*setattr) (struct mnt_idmap *, st !! 74 int (*setattr) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
75 int (*getattr) (struct mnt_idmap *, co !! 75 int (*getattr) (const struct path *, struct kstat *, u32, unsigned int);
76 ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, 76 ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
77 int (*fiemap)(struct inode *, struct f 77 int (*fiemap)(struct inode *, struct fiemap_extent_info *, u64 start, u64 len);
78 void (*update_time)(struct inode *, st 78 void (*update_time)(struct inode *, struct timespec *, int);
79 int (*atomic_open)(struct inode *, str 79 int (*atomic_open)(struct inode *, struct dentry *,
80 struct file *, 80 struct file *, unsigned open_flag,
81 umode_t create 81 umode_t create_mode);
82 int (*tmpfile) (struct mnt_idmap *, st !! 82 int (*tmpfile) (struct inode *, struct dentry *, umode_t);
83 struct file *, umode_t <<
84 int (*fileattr_set)(struct mnt_idmap * <<
85 struct dentry *den <<
86 int (*fileattr_get)(struct dentry *den <<
87 struct posix_acl * (*get_acl)(struct m <<
88 struct offset_ctx *(*get_offset_ctx)(s <<
89 83
90 locking rules: 84 locking rules:
91 all may block 85 all may block
92 86
93 ============== ============================== !! 87 ============ =============================================
94 ops i_rwsem(inode) 88 ops i_rwsem(inode)
95 ============== ============================== !! 89 ============ =============================================
96 lookup: shared 90 lookup: shared
97 create: exclusive 91 create: exclusive
98 link: exclusive (both) 92 link: exclusive (both)
99 mknod: exclusive 93 mknod: exclusive
100 symlink: exclusive 94 symlink: exclusive
101 mkdir: exclusive 95 mkdir: exclusive
102 unlink: exclusive (both) 96 unlink: exclusive (both)
103 rmdir: exclusive (both)(see below) 97 rmdir: exclusive (both)(see below)
104 rename: exclusive (both parents, some !! 98 rename: exclusive (all) (see below)
105 readlink: no 99 readlink: no
106 get_link: no 100 get_link: no
107 setattr: exclusive 101 setattr: exclusive
108 permission: no (may not block if called in 102 permission: no (may not block if called in rcu-walk mode)
109 get_inode_acl: no <<
110 get_acl: no 103 get_acl: no
111 getattr: no 104 getattr: no
112 listxattr: no 105 listxattr: no
113 fiemap: no 106 fiemap: no
114 update_time: no 107 update_time: no
115 atomic_open: shared (exclusive if O_CREAT i 108 atomic_open: shared (exclusive if O_CREAT is set in open flags)
116 tmpfile: no 109 tmpfile: no
117 fileattr_get: no or exclusive !! 110 ============ =============================================
118 fileattr_set: exclusive <<
119 get_offset_ctx no <<
120 ============== ============================== <<
121 111
122 112
123 Additionally, ->rmdir(), ->unlink() an 113 Additionally, ->rmdir(), ->unlink() and ->rename() have ->i_rwsem
124 exclusive on victim. 114 exclusive on victim.
125 cross-directory ->rename() has (per-su 115 cross-directory ->rename() has (per-superblock) ->s_vfs_rename_sem.
126 ->unlink() and ->rename() have ->i_rws <<
127 involved. <<
128 ->rename() has ->i_rwsem exclusive on <<
129 116
130 See Documentation/filesystems/directory-lockin 117 See Documentation/filesystems/directory-locking.rst for more detailed discussion
131 of the locking scheme for directory operations 118 of the locking scheme for directory operations.
132 119
133 xattr_handler operations 120 xattr_handler operations
134 ======================== 121 ========================
135 122
136 prototypes:: 123 prototypes::
137 124
138 bool (*list)(struct dentry *dentry); 125 bool (*list)(struct dentry *dentry);
139 int (*get)(const struct xattr_handler 126 int (*get)(const struct xattr_handler *handler, struct dentry *dentry,
140 struct inode *inode, const 127 struct inode *inode, const char *name, void *buffer,
141 size_t size); 128 size_t size);
142 int (*set)(const struct xattr_handler !! 129 int (*set)(const struct xattr_handler *handler, struct dentry *dentry,
143 struct mnt_idmap *idmap, !! 130 struct inode *inode, const char *name, const void *buffer,
144 struct dentry *dentry, stru !! 131 size_t size, int flags);
145 const void *buffer, size_t <<
146 132
147 locking rules: 133 locking rules:
148 all may block 134 all may block
149 135
150 ===== ============== 136 ===== ==============
151 ops i_rwsem(inode) 137 ops i_rwsem(inode)
152 ===== ============== 138 ===== ==============
153 list: no 139 list: no
154 get: no 140 get: no
155 set: exclusive 141 set: exclusive
156 ===== ============== 142 ===== ==============
157 143
158 super_operations 144 super_operations
159 ================ 145 ================
160 146
161 prototypes:: 147 prototypes::
162 148
163 struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct su 149 struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
164 void (*free_inode)(struct inode *); 150 void (*free_inode)(struct inode *);
165 void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *); 151 void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *);
166 void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *, i 152 void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *, int flags);
167 int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, st 153 int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, struct writeback_control *wbc);
168 int (*drop_inode) (struct inode *); 154 int (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
169 void (*evict_inode) (struct inode *); 155 void (*evict_inode) (struct inode *);
170 void (*put_super) (struct super_block 156 void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
171 int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, 157 int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
172 int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block * 158 int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
173 int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block 159 int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
174 int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct 160 int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
175 int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block 161 int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
176 void (*umount_begin) (struct super_blo 162 void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *);
177 int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, 163 int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
178 ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_blo 164 ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t);
179 ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_bl 165 ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t);
>> 166 int (*bdev_try_to_free_page)(struct super_block*, struct page*, gfp_t);
180 167
181 locking rules: 168 locking rules:
182 All may block [not true, see below] 169 All may block [not true, see below]
183 170
184 ====================== ============ ====== 171 ====================== ============ ========================
185 ops s_umount note 172 ops s_umount note
186 ====================== ============ ====== 173 ====================== ============ ========================
187 alloc_inode: 174 alloc_inode:
188 free_inode: called 175 free_inode: called from RCU callback
189 destroy_inode: 176 destroy_inode:
190 dirty_inode: 177 dirty_inode:
191 write_inode: 178 write_inode:
192 drop_inode: !!!ino 179 drop_inode: !!!inode->i_lock!!!
193 evict_inode: 180 evict_inode:
194 put_super: write 181 put_super: write
195 sync_fs: read 182 sync_fs: read
196 freeze_fs: write 183 freeze_fs: write
197 unfreeze_fs: write 184 unfreeze_fs: write
198 statfs: maybe(read) (see b 185 statfs: maybe(read) (see below)
199 remount_fs: write 186 remount_fs: write
200 umount_begin: no 187 umount_begin: no
201 show_options: no (names 188 show_options: no (namespace_sem)
202 quota_read: no (see b 189 quota_read: no (see below)
203 quota_write: no (see b 190 quota_write: no (see below)
>> 191 bdev_try_to_free_page: no (see below)
204 ====================== ============ ====== 192 ====================== ============ ========================
205 193
206 ->statfs() has s_umount (shared) when called b 194 ->statfs() has s_umount (shared) when called by ustat(2) (native or
207 compat), but that's an accident of bad API; s_ 195 compat), but that's an accident of bad API; s_umount is used to pin
208 the superblock down when we only have dev_t gi 196 the superblock down when we only have dev_t given us by userland to
209 identify the superblock. Everything else (sta 197 identify the superblock. Everything else (statfs(), fstatfs(), etc.)
210 doesn't hold it when calling ->statfs() - supe 198 doesn't hold it when calling ->statfs() - superblock is pinned down
211 by resolving the pathname passed to syscall. 199 by resolving the pathname passed to syscall.
212 200
213 ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() functions a 201 ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() functions are both guaranteed to
214 be the only ones operating on the quota file b 202 be the only ones operating on the quota file by the quota code (via
215 dqio_sem) (unless an admin really wants to scr 203 dqio_sem) (unless an admin really wants to screw up something and
216 writes to quota files with quotas on). For oth 204 writes to quota files with quotas on). For other details about locking
217 see also dquot_operations section. 205 see also dquot_operations section.
218 206
>> 207 ->bdev_try_to_free_page is called from the ->releasepage handler of
>> 208 the block device inode. See there for more details.
>> 209
219 file_system_type 210 file_system_type
220 ================ 211 ================
221 212
222 prototypes:: 213 prototypes::
223 214
224 struct dentry *(*mount) (struct file_s 215 struct dentry *(*mount) (struct file_system_type *, int,
225 const char *, void *); 216 const char *, void *);
226 void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *) 217 void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *);
227 218
228 locking rules: 219 locking rules:
229 220
230 ======= ========= 221 ======= =========
231 ops may block 222 ops may block
232 ======= ========= 223 ======= =========
233 mount yes 224 mount yes
234 kill_sb yes 225 kill_sb yes
235 ======= ========= 226 ======= =========
236 227
237 ->mount() returns ERR_PTR or the root dentry; 228 ->mount() returns ERR_PTR or the root dentry; its superblock should be locked
238 on return. 229 on return.
239 230
240 ->kill_sb() takes a write-locked superblock, d 231 ->kill_sb() takes a write-locked superblock, does all shutdown work on it,
241 unlocks and drops the reference. 232 unlocks and drops the reference.
242 233
243 address_space_operations 234 address_space_operations
244 ======================== 235 ========================
245 prototypes:: 236 prototypes::
246 237
247 int (*writepage)(struct page *page, st 238 int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
248 int (*read_folio)(struct file *, struc !! 239 int (*readpage)(struct file *, struct page *);
249 int (*writepages)(struct address_space 240 int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *);
250 bool (*dirty_folio)(struct address_spa !! 241 int (*set_page_dirty)(struct page *page);
251 void (*readahead)(struct readahead_con !! 242 int (*readpages)(struct file *filp, struct address_space *mapping,
>> 243 struct list_head *pages, unsigned nr_pages);
252 int (*write_begin)(struct file *, stru 244 int (*write_begin)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
253 loff_t pos, un !! 245 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned flags,
254 struct folio * !! 246 struct page **pagep, void **fsdata);
255 int (*write_end)(struct file *, struct 247 int (*write_end)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
256 loff_t pos, un 248 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
257 struct folio * !! 249 struct page *page, void *fsdata);
258 sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space 250 sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
259 void (*invalidate_folio) (struct folio !! 251 void (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned int, unsigned int);
260 bool (*release_folio)(struct folio *, !! 252 int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int);
261 void (*free_folio)(struct folio *); !! 253 void (*freepage)(struct page *);
262 int (*direct_IO)(struct kiocb *, struc 254 int (*direct_IO)(struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *iter);
263 int (*migrate_folio)(struct address_sp !! 255 bool (*isolate_page) (struct page *, isolate_mode_t);
264 struct folio *src, enu !! 256 int (*migratepage)(struct address_space *, struct page *, struct page *);
265 int (*launder_folio)(struct folio *); !! 257 void (*putback_page) (struct page *);
266 bool (*is_partially_uptodate)(struct f !! 258 int (*launder_page)(struct page *);
267 int (*error_remove_folio)(struct addre !! 259 int (*is_partially_uptodate)(struct page *, unsigned long, unsigned long);
268 int (*swap_activate)(struct swap_info_ !! 260 int (*error_remove_page)(struct address_space *, struct page *);
>> 261 int (*swap_activate)(struct file *);
269 int (*swap_deactivate)(struct file *); 262 int (*swap_deactivate)(struct file *);
270 int (*swap_rw)(struct kiocb *iocb, str <<
271 263
272 locking rules: 264 locking rules:
273 All except dirty_folio and free_folio !! 265 All except set_page_dirty and freepage may block
274 266
275 ====================== ====================== !! 267 ====================== ======================== =========
276 ops folio locked !! 268 ops PageLocked(page) i_rwsem
277 ====================== ====================== !! 269 ====================== ======================== =========
278 writepage: yes, unlocks (see belo 270 writepage: yes, unlocks (see below)
279 read_folio: yes, unlocks !! 271 readpage: yes, unlocks
280 writepages: 272 writepages:
281 dirty_folio: maybe !! 273 set_page_dirty no
282 readahead: yes, unlocks !! 274 readpages:
283 write_begin: locks the folio !! 275 write_begin: locks the page exclusive
284 write_end: yes, unlocks 276 write_end: yes, unlocks exclusive
285 bmap: 277 bmap:
286 invalidate_folio: yes !! 278 invalidatepage: yes
287 release_folio: yes !! 279 releasepage: yes
288 free_folio: yes !! 280 freepage: yes
289 direct_IO: 281 direct_IO:
290 migrate_folio: yes (both) !! 282 isolate_page: yes
291 launder_folio: yes !! 283 migratepage: yes (both)
>> 284 putback_page: yes
>> 285 launder_page: yes
292 is_partially_uptodate: yes 286 is_partially_uptodate: yes
293 error_remove_folio: yes !! 287 error_remove_page: yes
294 swap_activate: no 288 swap_activate: no
295 swap_deactivate: no 289 swap_deactivate: no
296 swap_rw: yes, unlocks !! 290 ====================== ======================== =========
297 ====================== ====================== <<
298 291
299 ->write_begin(), ->write_end() and ->read_foli !! 292 ->write_begin(), ->write_end() and ->readpage() may be called from
300 the request handler (/dev/loop). 293 the request handler (/dev/loop).
301 294
302 ->read_folio() unlocks the folio, either synch !! 295 ->readpage() unlocks the page, either synchronously or via I/O
303 completion. 296 completion.
304 297
305 ->readahead() unlocks the folios that I/O is a !! 298 ->readpages() populates the pagecache with the passed pages and starts
>> 299 I/O against them. They come unlocked upon I/O completion.
306 300
307 ->writepage() is used for two purposes: for "m 301 ->writepage() is used for two purposes: for "memory cleansing" and for
308 "sync". These are quite different operations 302 "sync". These are quite different operations and the behaviour may differ
309 depending upon the mode. 303 depending upon the mode.
310 304
311 If writepage is called for sync (wbc->sync_mod 305 If writepage is called for sync (wbc->sync_mode != WBC_SYNC_NONE) then
312 it *must* start I/O against the page, even if 306 it *must* start I/O against the page, even if that would involve
313 blocking on in-progress I/O. 307 blocking on in-progress I/O.
314 308
315 If writepage is called for memory cleansing (s 309 If writepage is called for memory cleansing (sync_mode ==
316 WBC_SYNC_NONE) then its role is to get as much 310 WBC_SYNC_NONE) then its role is to get as much writeout underway as
317 possible. So writepage should try to avoid bl 311 possible. So writepage should try to avoid blocking against
318 currently-in-progress I/O. 312 currently-in-progress I/O.
319 313
320 If the filesystem is not called for "sync" and 314 If the filesystem is not called for "sync" and it determines that it
321 would need to block against in-progress I/O to 315 would need to block against in-progress I/O to be able to start new I/O
322 against the page the filesystem should redirty 316 against the page the filesystem should redirty the page with
323 redirty_page_for_writepage(), then unlock the 317 redirty_page_for_writepage(), then unlock the page and return zero.
324 This may also be done to avoid internal deadlo 318 This may also be done to avoid internal deadlocks, but rarely.
325 319
326 If the filesystem is called for sync then it m 320 If the filesystem is called for sync then it must wait on any
327 in-progress I/O and then start new I/O. 321 in-progress I/O and then start new I/O.
328 322
329 The filesystem should unlock the page synchron 323 The filesystem should unlock the page synchronously, before returning to the
330 caller, unless ->writepage() returns special W 324 caller, unless ->writepage() returns special WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE
331 value. WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE means that page cann 325 value. WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE means that page cannot really be written out
332 currently, and VM should stop calling ->writep 326 currently, and VM should stop calling ->writepage() on this page for some
333 time. VM does this by moving page to the head 327 time. VM does this by moving page to the head of the active list, hence the
334 name. 328 name.
335 329
336 Unless the filesystem is going to redirty_page 330 Unless the filesystem is going to redirty_page_for_writepage(), unlock the page
337 and return zero, writepage *must* run set_page 331 and return zero, writepage *must* run set_page_writeback() against the page,
338 followed by unlocking it. Once set_page_write 332 followed by unlocking it. Once set_page_writeback() has been run against the
339 page, write I/O can be submitted and the write 333 page, write I/O can be submitted and the write I/O completion handler must run
340 end_page_writeback() once the I/O is complete. 334 end_page_writeback() once the I/O is complete. If no I/O is submitted, the
341 filesystem must run end_page_writeback() again 335 filesystem must run end_page_writeback() against the page before returning from
342 writepage. 336 writepage.
343 337
344 That is: after 2.5.12, pages which are under w 338 That is: after 2.5.12, pages which are under writeout are *not* locked. Note,
345 if the filesystem needs the page to be locked 339 if the filesystem needs the page to be locked during writeout, that is ok, too,
346 the page is allowed to be unlocked at any poin 340 the page is allowed to be unlocked at any point in time between the calls to
347 set_page_writeback() and end_page_writeback(). 341 set_page_writeback() and end_page_writeback().
348 342
349 Note, failure to run either redirty_page_for_w 343 Note, failure to run either redirty_page_for_writepage() or the combination of
350 set_page_writeback()/end_page_writeback() on a 344 set_page_writeback()/end_page_writeback() on a page submitted to writepage
351 will leave the page itself marked clean but it 345 will leave the page itself marked clean but it will be tagged as dirty in the
352 radix tree. This incoherency can lead to all 346 radix tree. This incoherency can lead to all sorts of hard-to-debug problems
353 in the filesystem like having dirty inodes at 347 in the filesystem like having dirty inodes at umount and losing written data.
354 348
355 ->writepages() is used for periodic writeback 349 ->writepages() is used for periodic writeback and for syscall-initiated
356 sync operations. The address_space should sta 350 sync operations. The address_space should start I/O against at least
357 ``*nr_to_write`` pages. ``*nr_to_write`` must 351 ``*nr_to_write`` pages. ``*nr_to_write`` must be decremented for each page
358 which is written. The address_space implement 352 which is written. The address_space implementation may write more (or less)
359 pages than ``*nr_to_write`` asks for, but it s 353 pages than ``*nr_to_write`` asks for, but it should try to be reasonably close.
360 If nr_to_write is NULL, all dirty pages must b 354 If nr_to_write is NULL, all dirty pages must be written.
361 355
362 writepages should _only_ write pages which are 356 writepages should _only_ write pages which are present on
363 mapping->io_pages. 357 mapping->io_pages.
364 358
365 ->dirty_folio() is called from various places !! 359 ->set_page_dirty() is called from various places in the kernel
366 the target folio is marked as needing writebac !! 360 when the target page is marked as needing writeback. It may be called
367 truncated because either the caller holds the !! 361 under spinlock (it cannot block) and is sometimes called with the page
368 has found the folio while holding the page tab !! 362 not locked.
369 truncation. <<
370 363
371 ->bmap() is currently used by legacy ioctl() ( 364 ->bmap() is currently used by legacy ioctl() (FIBMAP) provided by some
372 filesystems and by the swapper. The latter wil 365 filesystems and by the swapper. The latter will eventually go away. Please,
373 keep it that way and don't breed new callers. 366 keep it that way and don't breed new callers.
374 367
375 ->invalidate_folio() is called when the filesy !! 368 ->invalidatepage() is called when the filesystem must attempt to drop
376 some or all of the buffers from the page when 369 some or all of the buffers from the page when it is being truncated. It
377 returns zero on success. The filesystem must !! 370 returns zero on success. If ->invalidatepage is zero, the kernel uses
378 invalidate_lock before invalidating page cache !! 371 block_invalidatepage() instead.
379 path (and thus calling into ->invalidate_folio !! 372
380 cache invalidation and page cache filling func !! 373 ->releasepage() is called when the kernel is about to try to drop the
381 !! 374 buffers from the page in preparation for freeing it. It returns zero to
382 ->release_folio() is called when the MM wants !! 375 indicate that the buffers are (or may be) freeable. If ->releasepage is zero,
383 folio that would invalidate the filesystem's p !! 376 the kernel assumes that the fs has no private interest in the buffers.
384 it may be about to be removed from the address <<
385 is locked and not under writeback. It may be <<
386 is not usually used for allocation, but rather <<
387 filesystem may do to attempt to free the priva <<
388 return false to indicate that the folio's priv <<
389 If it returns true, it should have already rem <<
390 the folio. If a filesystem does not provide a <<
391 the pagecache will assume that private data is <<
392 try_to_free_buffers(). <<
393 377
394 ->free_folio() is called when the kernel has d !! 378 ->freepage() is called when the kernel is done dropping the page
395 from the page cache. 379 from the page cache.
396 380
397 ->launder_folio() may be called prior to relea !! 381 ->launder_page() may be called prior to releasing a page if
398 it is still found to be dirty. It returns zero !! 382 it is still found to be dirty. It returns zero if the page was successfully
399 cleaned, or an error value if not. Note that i !! 383 cleaned, or an error value if not. Note that in order to prevent the page
400 getting mapped back in and redirtied, it needs 384 getting mapped back in and redirtied, it needs to be kept locked
401 across the entire operation. 385 across the entire operation.
402 386
403 ->swap_activate() will be called to prepare th !! 387 ->swap_activate will be called with a non-zero argument on
404 should perform any validation and preparation !! 388 files backing (non block device backed) swapfiles. A return value
405 writes can be performed with minimal memory al !! 389 of zero indicates success, in which case this file can be used for
406 add_swap_extent(), or the helper iomap_swapfil !! 390 backing swapspace. The swapspace operations will be proxied to the
407 the number of extents added. If IO should be !! 391 address space operations.
408 ->swap_rw(), it should set SWP_FS_OPS, otherwi <<
409 directly to the block device ``sis->bdev``. <<
410 392
411 ->swap_deactivate() will be called in the sys_ 393 ->swap_deactivate() will be called in the sys_swapoff()
412 path after ->swap_activate() returned success. 394 path after ->swap_activate() returned success.
413 395
414 ->swap_rw will be called for swap IO if SWP_FS <<
415 <<
416 file_lock_operations 396 file_lock_operations
417 ==================== 397 ====================
418 398
419 prototypes:: 399 prototypes::
420 400
421 void (*fl_copy_lock)(struct file_lock 401 void (*fl_copy_lock)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
422 void (*fl_release_private)(struct file 402 void (*fl_release_private)(struct file_lock *);
423 403
424 404
425 locking rules: 405 locking rules:
426 406
427 =================== ============= ====== 407 =================== ============= =========
428 ops inode->i_lock may bl 408 ops inode->i_lock may block
429 =================== ============= ====== 409 =================== ============= =========
430 fl_copy_lock: yes no 410 fl_copy_lock: yes no
431 fl_release_private: maybe maybe[ 411 fl_release_private: maybe maybe[1]_
432 =================== ============= ====== 412 =================== ============= =========
433 413
434 .. [1]: 414 .. [1]:
435 ->fl_release_private for flock or POSIX loc 415 ->fl_release_private for flock or POSIX locks is currently allowed
436 to block. Leases however can still be freed 416 to block. Leases however can still be freed while the i_lock is held and
437 so fl_release_private called on a lease sho 417 so fl_release_private called on a lease should not block.
438 418
439 lock_manager_operations 419 lock_manager_operations
440 ======================= 420 =======================
441 421
442 prototypes:: 422 prototypes::
443 423
444 void (*lm_notify)(struct file_lock *); 424 void (*lm_notify)(struct file_lock *); /* unblock callback */
445 int (*lm_grant)(struct file_lock *, st 425 int (*lm_grant)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *, int);
446 void (*lm_break)(struct file_lock *); 426 void (*lm_break)(struct file_lock *); /* break_lease callback */
447 int (*lm_change)(struct file_lock **, 427 int (*lm_change)(struct file_lock **, int);
448 bool (*lm_breaker_owns_lease)(struct f <<
449 bool (*lm_lock_expirable)(struct file_ <<
450 void (*lm_expire_lock)(void); <<
451 428
452 locking rules: 429 locking rules:
453 430
454 ====================== ============= ====== !! 431 ========== ============= ================= =========
455 ops flc_lock blocke !! 432 ops inode->i_lock blocked_lock_lock may block
456 ====================== ============= ====== !! 433 ========== ============= ================= =========
457 lm_notify: no yes !! 434 lm_notify: yes yes no
458 lm_grant: no no 435 lm_grant: no no no
459 lm_break: yes no 436 lm_break: yes no no
460 lm_change yes no 437 lm_change yes no no
461 lm_breaker_owns_lease: yes no !! 438 ========== ============= ================= =========
462 lm_lock_expirable yes no <<
463 lm_expire_lock no no <<
464 ====================== ============= ====== <<
465 439
466 buffer_head 440 buffer_head
467 =========== 441 ===========
468 442
469 prototypes:: 443 prototypes::
470 444
471 void (*b_end_io)(struct buffer_head *b 445 void (*b_end_io)(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate);
472 446
473 locking rules: 447 locking rules:
474 448
475 called from interrupts. In other words, extrem 449 called from interrupts. In other words, extreme care is needed here.
476 bh is locked, but that's all warranties we hav 450 bh is locked, but that's all warranties we have here. Currently only RAID1,
477 highmem, fs/buffer.c, and fs/ntfs/aops.c are p 451 highmem, fs/buffer.c, and fs/ntfs/aops.c are providing these. Block devices
478 call this method upon the IO completion. 452 call this method upon the IO completion.
479 453
480 block_device_operations 454 block_device_operations
481 ======================= 455 =======================
482 prototypes:: 456 prototypes::
483 457
484 int (*open) (struct block_device *, fm 458 int (*open) (struct block_device *, fmode_t);
485 int (*release) (struct gendisk *, fmod 459 int (*release) (struct gendisk *, fmode_t);
486 int (*ioctl) (struct block_device *, f 460 int (*ioctl) (struct block_device *, fmode_t, unsigned, unsigned long);
487 int (*compat_ioctl) (struct block_devi 461 int (*compat_ioctl) (struct block_device *, fmode_t, unsigned, unsigned long);
488 int (*direct_access) (struct block_dev 462 int (*direct_access) (struct block_device *, sector_t, void **,
489 unsigned long 463 unsigned long *);
>> 464 int (*media_changed) (struct gendisk *);
490 void (*unlock_native_capacity) (struct 465 void (*unlock_native_capacity) (struct gendisk *);
>> 466 int (*revalidate_disk) (struct gendisk *);
491 int (*getgeo)(struct block_device *, s 467 int (*getgeo)(struct block_device *, struct hd_geometry *);
492 void (*swap_slot_free_notify) (struct 468 void (*swap_slot_free_notify) (struct block_device *, unsigned long);
493 469
494 locking rules: 470 locking rules:
495 471
496 ======================= =================== 472 ======================= ===================
497 ops open_mutex !! 473 ops bd_mutex
498 ======================= =================== 474 ======================= ===================
499 open: yes 475 open: yes
500 release: yes 476 release: yes
501 ioctl: no 477 ioctl: no
502 compat_ioctl: no 478 compat_ioctl: no
503 direct_access: no 479 direct_access: no
>> 480 media_changed: no
504 unlock_native_capacity: no 481 unlock_native_capacity: no
>> 482 revalidate_disk: no
505 getgeo: no 483 getgeo: no
506 swap_slot_free_notify: no (see below) 484 swap_slot_free_notify: no (see below)
507 ======================= =================== 485 ======================= ===================
508 486
>> 487 media_changed, unlock_native_capacity and revalidate_disk are called only from
>> 488 check_disk_change().
>> 489
509 swap_slot_free_notify is called with swap_lock 490 swap_slot_free_notify is called with swap_lock and sometimes the page lock
510 held. 491 held.
511 492
512 493
513 file_operations 494 file_operations
514 =============== 495 ===============
515 496
516 prototypes:: 497 prototypes::
517 498
518 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_ 499 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
519 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char _ 500 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
520 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const 501 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
521 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, 502 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
522 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, 503 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
523 int (*iopoll) (struct kiocb *kiocb, bo !! 504 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
524 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, 505 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
525 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struc 506 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
526 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, 507 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
527 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, u 508 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
528 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_ 509 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
529 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct fi 510 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
530 int (*flush) (struct file *); 511 int (*flush) (struct file *);
531 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct 512 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
532 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t st 513 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t start, loff_t end, int datasync);
533 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int 514 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
534 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struc 515 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
>> 516 ssize_t (*readv) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
>> 517 loff_t *);
>> 518 ssize_t (*writev) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
>> 519 loff_t *);
>> 520 ssize_t (*sendfile) (struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, read_actor_t,
>> 521 void __user *);
>> 522 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t,
>> 523 loff_t *, int);
535 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(str 524 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long,
536 unsigned long, unsigne 525 unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
537 int (*check_flags)(int); 526 int (*check_flags)(int);
538 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, stru 527 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
539 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_in 528 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *,
540 size_t, unsigned int); 529 size_t, unsigned int);
541 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, 530 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *,
542 size_t, unsigned int); 531 size_t, unsigned int);
543 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, s 532 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
544 long (*fallocate)(struct file *, int, 533 long (*fallocate)(struct file *, int, loff_t, loff_t);
545 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m <<
546 unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct f <<
547 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file <<
548 loff_t, size_t, unsign <<
549 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file <<
550 struct file *file_out, <<
551 loff_t len, unsigned i <<
552 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, <<
553 534
554 locking rules: 535 locking rules:
555 All may block. 536 All may block.
556 537
557 ->llseek() locking has moved from llseek to th 538 ->llseek() locking has moved from llseek to the individual llseek
558 implementations. If your fs is not using gene 539 implementations. If your fs is not using generic_file_llseek, you
559 need to acquire and release the appropriate lo 540 need to acquire and release the appropriate locks in your ->llseek().
560 For many filesystems, it is probably safe to a 541 For many filesystems, it is probably safe to acquire the inode
561 mutex or just to use i_size_read() instead. 542 mutex or just to use i_size_read() instead.
562 Note: this does not protect the file->f_pos ag 543 Note: this does not protect the file->f_pos against concurrent modifications
563 since this is something the userspace has to t 544 since this is something the userspace has to take care about.
564 545
565 ->iterate_shared() is called with i_rwsem held !! 546 ->iterate() is called with i_rwsem exclusive.
566 file f_pos_lock held exclusively !! 547
>> 548 ->iterate_shared() is called with i_rwsem at least shared.
567 549
568 ->fasync() is responsible for maintaining the 550 ->fasync() is responsible for maintaining the FASYNC bit in filp->f_flags.
569 Most instances call fasync_helper(), which doe 551 Most instances call fasync_helper(), which does that maintenance, so it's
570 not normally something one needs to worry abou 552 not normally something one needs to worry about. Return values > 0 will be
571 mapped to zero in the VFS layer. 553 mapped to zero in the VFS layer.
572 554
573 ->readdir() and ->ioctl() on directories must 555 ->readdir() and ->ioctl() on directories must be changed. Ideally we would
574 move ->readdir() to inode_operations and use a 556 move ->readdir() to inode_operations and use a separate method for directory
575 ->ioctl() or kill the latter completely. One o 557 ->ioctl() or kill the latter completely. One of the problems is that for
576 anything that resembles union-mount we won't h 558 anything that resembles union-mount we won't have a struct file for all
577 components. And there are other reasons why th 559 components. And there are other reasons why the current interface is a mess...
578 560
579 ->read on directories probably must go away - 561 ->read on directories probably must go away - we should just enforce -EISDIR
580 in sys_read() and friends. 562 in sys_read() and friends.
581 563
582 ->setlease operations should call generic_setl 564 ->setlease operations should call generic_setlease() before or after setting
583 the lease within the individual filesystem to 565 the lease within the individual filesystem to record the result of the
584 operation 566 operation
585 567
586 ->fallocate implementation must be really care <<
587 consistency when punching holes or performing <<
588 page cache contents. Usually the filesystem ne <<
589 truncate_inode_pages_range() to invalidate rel <<
590 However the filesystem usually also needs to u <<
591 view of file offset -> disk block mapping. Unt <<
592 filesystem needs to block page faults and read <<
593 cache contents from the disk. Since VFS acquir <<
594 shared mode when loading pages from disk (file <<
595 readahead paths), the fallocate implementation <<
596 prevent reloading. <<
597 <<
598 ->copy_file_range and ->remap_file_range imple <<
599 against modifications of file data while the o <<
600 blocking changes through write(2) and similar <<
601 used. To block changes to file contents via a <<
602 operation, the filesystem must take mapping->i <<
603 with ->page_mkwrite. <<
604 <<
605 dquot_operations 568 dquot_operations
606 ================ 569 ================
607 570
608 prototypes:: 571 prototypes::
609 572
610 int (*write_dquot) (struct dquot *); 573 int (*write_dquot) (struct dquot *);
611 int (*acquire_dquot) (struct dquot *); 574 int (*acquire_dquot) (struct dquot *);
612 int (*release_dquot) (struct dquot *); 575 int (*release_dquot) (struct dquot *);
613 int (*mark_dirty) (struct dquot *); 576 int (*mark_dirty) (struct dquot *);
614 int (*write_info) (struct super_block 577 int (*write_info) (struct super_block *, int);
615 578
616 These operations are intended to be more or le 579 These operations are intended to be more or less wrapping functions that ensure
617 a proper locking wrt the filesystem and call t 580 a proper locking wrt the filesystem and call the generic quota operations.
618 581
619 What filesystem should expect from the generic 582 What filesystem should expect from the generic quota functions:
620 583
621 ============== ============ ============== 584 ============== ============ =========================
622 ops FS recursion Held locks whe 585 ops FS recursion Held locks when called
623 ============== ============ ============== 586 ============== ============ =========================
624 write_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or 587 write_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
625 acquire_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or 588 acquire_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
626 release_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or 589 release_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
627 mark_dirty: no - 590 mark_dirty: no -
628 write_info: yes dqonoff_sem 591 write_info: yes dqonoff_sem
629 ============== ============ ============== 592 ============== ============ =========================
630 593
631 FS recursion means calling ->quota_read() and 594 FS recursion means calling ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() from superblock
632 operations. 595 operations.
633 596
634 More details about quota locking can be found 597 More details about quota locking can be found in fs/dquot.c.
635 598
636 vm_operations_struct 599 vm_operations_struct
637 ==================== 600 ====================
638 601
639 prototypes:: 602 prototypes::
640 603
641 void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct *); !! 604 void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct*);
642 void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct *) !! 605 void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct*);
643 vm_fault_t (*fault)(struct vm_fault *) !! 606 vm_fault_t (*fault)(struct vm_area_struct*, struct vm_fault *);
644 vm_fault_t (*huge_fault)(struct vm_fau <<
645 vm_fault_t (*map_pages)(struct vm_faul <<
646 vm_fault_t (*page_mkwrite)(struct vm_a 607 vm_fault_t (*page_mkwrite)(struct vm_area_struct *, struct vm_fault *);
647 vm_fault_t (*pfn_mkwrite)(struct vm_ar 608 vm_fault_t (*pfn_mkwrite)(struct vm_area_struct *, struct vm_fault *);
648 int (*access)(struct vm_area_struct *, 609 int (*access)(struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, void*, int, int);
649 610
650 locking rules: 611 locking rules:
651 612
652 ============= ========== ============== !! 613 ============= ======== ===========================
653 ops mmap_lock PageLocked(pag !! 614 ops mmap_sem PageLocked(page)
654 ============= ========== ============== !! 615 ============= ======== ===========================
655 open: write !! 616 open: yes
656 close: read/write !! 617 close: yes
657 fault: read can return wit !! 618 fault: yes can return with page locked
658 huge_fault: maybe-read !! 619 map_pages: yes
659 map_pages: maybe-read !! 620 page_mkwrite: yes can return with page locked
660 page_mkwrite: read can return wit !! 621 pfn_mkwrite: yes
661 pfn_mkwrite: read !! 622 access: yes
662 access: read !! 623 ============= ======== ===========================
663 ============= ========== ============== !! 624
664 !! 625 ->fault() is called when a previously not present pte is about
665 ->fault() is called when a previously not pres !! 626 to be faulted in. The filesystem must find and return the page associated
666 in. The filesystem must find and return the pa !! 627 with the passed in "pgoff" in the vm_fault structure. If it is possible that
667 "pgoff" in the vm_fault structure. If it is po !! 628 the page may be truncated and/or invalidated, then the filesystem must lock
668 truncated and/or invalidated, then the filesys !! 629 the page, then ensure it is not already truncated (the page lock will block
669 then ensure the page is not already truncated <<
670 subsequent truncate), and then return with VM_ 630 subsequent truncate), and then return with VM_FAULT_LOCKED, and the page
671 locked. The VM will unlock the page. 631 locked. The VM will unlock the page.
672 632
673 ->huge_fault() is called when there is no PUD <<
674 gives the filesystem the opportunity to instal <<
675 Filesystems can also use the ->fault method to <<
676 so implementing this function may not be neces <<
677 filesystems should not call filemap_fault() fr <<
678 The mmap_lock may not be held when this method <<
679 <<
680 ->map_pages() is called when VM asks to map ea 633 ->map_pages() is called when VM asks to map easy accessible pages.
681 Filesystem should find and map pages associate 634 Filesystem should find and map pages associated with offsets from "start_pgoff"
682 till "end_pgoff". ->map_pages() is called with !! 635 till "end_pgoff". ->map_pages() is called with page table locked and must
683 not block. If it's not possible to reach a pa 636 not block. If it's not possible to reach a page without blocking,
684 filesystem should skip it. Filesystem should u !! 637 filesystem should skip it. Filesystem should use do_set_pte() to setup
685 page table entry. Pointer to entry associated 638 page table entry. Pointer to entry associated with the page is passed in
686 "pte" field in vm_fault structure. Pointers to 639 "pte" field in vm_fault structure. Pointers to entries for other offsets
687 should be calculated relative to "pte". 640 should be calculated relative to "pte".
688 641
689 ->page_mkwrite() is called when a previously r !! 642 ->page_mkwrite() is called when a previously read-only pte is
690 writeable. The filesystem again must ensure th !! 643 about to become writeable. The filesystem again must ensure that there are
691 truncate/invalidate races or races with operat !! 644 no truncate/invalidate races, and then return with the page locked. If
692 or ->copy_file_range, and then return with the !! 645 the page has been truncated, the filesystem should not look up a new page
693 mapping->invalidate_lock is suitable for prope !! 646 like the ->fault() handler, but simply return with VM_FAULT_NOPAGE, which
694 been truncated, the filesystem should not look !! 647 will cause the VM to retry the fault.
695 handler, but simply return with VM_FAULT_NOPAG <<
696 retry the fault. <<
697 648
698 ->pfn_mkwrite() is the same as page_mkwrite bu 649 ->pfn_mkwrite() is the same as page_mkwrite but when the pte is
699 VM_PFNMAP or VM_MIXEDMAP with a page-less entr 650 VM_PFNMAP or VM_MIXEDMAP with a page-less entry. Expected return is
700 VM_FAULT_NOPAGE. Or one of the VM_FAULT_ERROR 651 VM_FAULT_NOPAGE. Or one of the VM_FAULT_ERROR types. The default behavior
701 after this call is to make the pte read-write, 652 after this call is to make the pte read-write, unless pfn_mkwrite returns
702 an error. 653 an error.
703 654
704 ->access() is called when get_user_pages() fai 655 ->access() is called when get_user_pages() fails in
705 access_process_vm(), typically used to debug a 656 access_process_vm(), typically used to debug a process through
706 /proc/pid/mem or ptrace. This function is nee 657 /proc/pid/mem or ptrace. This function is needed only for
707 VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP VMAs. 658 VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP VMAs.
708 659
709 ---------------------------------------------- 660 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
710 661
711 Dubious stuff 662 Dubious stuff
712 663
713 (if you break something or notice that it is b 664 (if you break something or notice that it is broken and do not fix it yourself
714 - at least put it here) 665 - at least put it here)
Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries.
TOMOYO® is a registered trademark of NTT DATA CORPORATION.