1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2 2
3 =========================== 3 ===========================
4 Ramfs, rootfs and initramfs 4 Ramfs, rootfs and initramfs
5 =========================== 5 ===========================
6 6
7 October 17, 2005 7 October 17, 2005
8 8
9 :Author: Rob Landley <rob@landley.net> !! 9 Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
>> 10 =============================
10 11
11 What is ramfs? 12 What is ramfs?
12 -------------- 13 --------------
13 14
14 Ramfs is a very simple filesystem that exports 15 Ramfs is a very simple filesystem that exports Linux's disk caching
15 mechanisms (the page cache and dentry cache) a 16 mechanisms (the page cache and dentry cache) as a dynamically resizable
16 RAM-based filesystem. 17 RAM-based filesystem.
17 18
18 Normally all files are cached in memory by Lin 19 Normally all files are cached in memory by Linux. Pages of data read from
19 backing store (usually the block device the fi 20 backing store (usually the block device the filesystem is mounted on) are kept
20 around in case it's needed again, but marked a 21 around in case it's needed again, but marked as clean (freeable) in case the
21 Virtual Memory system needs the memory for som 22 Virtual Memory system needs the memory for something else. Similarly, data
22 written to files is marked clean as soon as it 23 written to files is marked clean as soon as it has been written to backing
23 store, but kept around for caching purposes un 24 store, but kept around for caching purposes until the VM reallocates the
24 memory. A similar mechanism (the dentry cache 25 memory. A similar mechanism (the dentry cache) greatly speeds up access to
25 directories. 26 directories.
26 27
27 With ramfs, there is no backing store. Files 28 With ramfs, there is no backing store. Files written into ramfs allocate
28 dentries and page cache as usual, but there's 29 dentries and page cache as usual, but there's nowhere to write them to.
29 This means the pages are never marked clean, s 30 This means the pages are never marked clean, so they can't be freed by the
30 VM when it's looking to recycle memory. 31 VM when it's looking to recycle memory.
31 32
32 The amount of code required to implement ramfs 33 The amount of code required to implement ramfs is tiny, because all the
33 work is done by the existing Linux caching inf 34 work is done by the existing Linux caching infrastructure. Basically,
34 you're mounting the disk cache as a filesystem 35 you're mounting the disk cache as a filesystem. Because of this, ramfs is not
35 an optional component removable via menuconfig 36 an optional component removable via menuconfig, since there would be negligible
36 space savings. 37 space savings.
37 38
38 ramfs and ramdisk: 39 ramfs and ramdisk:
39 ------------------ 40 ------------------
40 41
41 The older "ram disk" mechanism created a synth 42 The older "ram disk" mechanism created a synthetic block device out of
42 an area of RAM and used it as backing store fo 43 an area of RAM and used it as backing store for a filesystem. This block
43 device was of fixed size, so the filesystem mo 44 device was of fixed size, so the filesystem mounted on it was of fixed
44 size. Using a ram disk also required unnecess 45 size. Using a ram disk also required unnecessarily copying memory from the
45 fake block device into the page cache (and cop 46 fake block device into the page cache (and copying changes back out), as well
46 as creating and destroying dentries. Plus it 47 as creating and destroying dentries. Plus it needed a filesystem driver
47 (such as ext2) to format and interpret this da 48 (such as ext2) to format and interpret this data.
48 49
49 Compared to ramfs, this wastes memory (and mem 50 Compared to ramfs, this wastes memory (and memory bus bandwidth), creates
50 unnecessary work for the CPU, and pollutes the 51 unnecessary work for the CPU, and pollutes the CPU caches. (There are tricks
51 to avoid this copying by playing with the page 52 to avoid this copying by playing with the page tables, but they're unpleasantly
52 complicated and turn out to be about as expens 53 complicated and turn out to be about as expensive as the copying anyway.)
53 More to the point, all the work ramfs is doing 54 More to the point, all the work ramfs is doing has to happen _anyway_,
54 since all file access goes through the page an 55 since all file access goes through the page and dentry caches. The RAM
55 disk is simply unnecessary; ramfs is internall 56 disk is simply unnecessary; ramfs is internally much simpler.
56 57
57 Another reason ramdisks are semi-obsolete is t 58 Another reason ramdisks are semi-obsolete is that the introduction of
58 loopback devices offered a more flexible and c 59 loopback devices offered a more flexible and convenient way to create
59 synthetic block devices, now from files instea 60 synthetic block devices, now from files instead of from chunks of memory.
60 See losetup (8) for details. 61 See losetup (8) for details.
61 62
62 ramfs and tmpfs: 63 ramfs and tmpfs:
63 ---------------- 64 ----------------
64 65
65 One downside of ramfs is you can keep writing 66 One downside of ramfs is you can keep writing data into it until you fill
66 up all memory, and the VM can't free it becaus 67 up all memory, and the VM can't free it because the VM thinks that files
67 should get written to backing store (rather th 68 should get written to backing store (rather than swap space), but ramfs hasn't
68 got any backing store. Because of this, only 69 got any backing store. Because of this, only root (or a trusted user) should
69 be allowed write access to a ramfs mount. 70 be allowed write access to a ramfs mount.
70 71
71 A ramfs derivative called tmpfs was created to 72 A ramfs derivative called tmpfs was created to add size limits, and the ability
72 to write the data to swap space. Normal users 73 to write the data to swap space. Normal users can be allowed write access to
73 tmpfs mounts. See Documentation/filesystems/t 74 tmpfs mounts. See Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.rst for more information.
74 75
75 What is rootfs? 76 What is rootfs?
76 --------------- 77 ---------------
77 78
78 Rootfs is a special instance of ramfs (or tmpf 79 Rootfs is a special instance of ramfs (or tmpfs, if that's enabled), which is
79 always present in 2.6 systems. You can't unmo 80 always present in 2.6 systems. You can't unmount rootfs for approximately the
80 same reason you can't kill the init process; r 81 same reason you can't kill the init process; rather than having special code
81 to check for and handle an empty list, it's sm 82 to check for and handle an empty list, it's smaller and simpler for the kernel
82 to just make sure certain lists can't become e 83 to just make sure certain lists can't become empty.
83 84
84 Most systems just mount another filesystem ove 85 Most systems just mount another filesystem over rootfs and ignore it. The
85 amount of space an empty instance of ramfs tak 86 amount of space an empty instance of ramfs takes up is tiny.
86 87
87 If CONFIG_TMPFS is enabled, rootfs will use tm 88 If CONFIG_TMPFS is enabled, rootfs will use tmpfs instead of ramfs by
88 default. To force ramfs, add "rootfstype=ramf 89 default. To force ramfs, add "rootfstype=ramfs" to the kernel command
89 line. 90 line.
90 91
91 What is initramfs? 92 What is initramfs?
92 ------------------ 93 ------------------
93 94
94 All 2.6 Linux kernels contain a gzipped "cpio" 95 All 2.6 Linux kernels contain a gzipped "cpio" format archive, which is
95 extracted into rootfs when the kernel boots up 96 extracted into rootfs when the kernel boots up. After extracting, the kernel
96 checks to see if rootfs contains a file "init" 97 checks to see if rootfs contains a file "init", and if so it executes it as PID
97 1. If found, this init process is responsible 98 1. If found, this init process is responsible for bringing the system the
98 rest of the way up, including locating and mou 99 rest of the way up, including locating and mounting the real root device (if
99 any). If rootfs does not contain an init prog 100 any). If rootfs does not contain an init program after the embedded cpio
100 archive is extracted into it, the kernel will 101 archive is extracted into it, the kernel will fall through to the older code
101 to locate and mount a root partition, then exe 102 to locate and mount a root partition, then exec some variant of /sbin/init
102 out of that. 103 out of that.
103 104
104 All this differs from the old initrd in severa 105 All this differs from the old initrd in several ways:
105 106
106 - The old initrd was always a separate file, 107 - The old initrd was always a separate file, while the initramfs archive is
107 linked into the linux kernel image. (The 108 linked into the linux kernel image. (The directory ``linux-*/usr`` is
108 devoted to generating this archive during 109 devoted to generating this archive during the build.)
109 110
110 - The old initrd file was a gzipped filesyst 111 - The old initrd file was a gzipped filesystem image (in some file format,
111 such as ext2, that needed a driver built i 112 such as ext2, that needed a driver built into the kernel), while the new
112 initramfs archive is a gzipped cpio archiv 113 initramfs archive is a gzipped cpio archive (like tar only simpler,
113 see cpio(1) and Documentation/driver-api/e 114 see cpio(1) and Documentation/driver-api/early-userspace/buffer-format.rst).
114 The kernel's cpio extraction code is not o 115 The kernel's cpio extraction code is not only extremely small, it's also
115 __init text and data that can be discarded 116 __init text and data that can be discarded during the boot process.
116 117
117 - The program run by the old initrd (which w 118 - The program run by the old initrd (which was called /initrd, not /init) did
118 some setup and then returned to the kernel 119 some setup and then returned to the kernel, while the init program from
119 initramfs is not expected to return to the 120 initramfs is not expected to return to the kernel. (If /init needs to hand
120 off control it can overmount / with a new 121 off control it can overmount / with a new root device and exec another init
121 program. See the switch_root utility, bel 122 program. See the switch_root utility, below.)
122 123
123 - When switching another root device, initrd 124 - When switching another root device, initrd would pivot_root and then
124 umount the ramdisk. But initramfs is root 125 umount the ramdisk. But initramfs is rootfs: you can neither pivot_root
125 rootfs, nor unmount it. Instead delete ev 126 rootfs, nor unmount it. Instead delete everything out of rootfs to
126 free up the space (find -xdev / -exec rm ' 127 free up the space (find -xdev / -exec rm '{}' ';'), overmount rootfs
127 with the new root (cd /newmount; mount --m 128 with the new root (cd /newmount; mount --move . /; chroot .), attach
128 stdin/stdout/stderr to the new /dev/consol 129 stdin/stdout/stderr to the new /dev/console, and exec the new init.
129 130
130 Since this is a remarkably persnickety pro 131 Since this is a remarkably persnickety process (and involves deleting
131 commands before you can run them), the kli 132 commands before you can run them), the klibc package introduced a helper
132 program (utils/run_init.c) to do all this 133 program (utils/run_init.c) to do all this for you. Most other packages
133 (such as busybox) have named this command 134 (such as busybox) have named this command "switch_root".
134 135
135 Populating initramfs: 136 Populating initramfs:
136 --------------------- 137 ---------------------
137 138
138 The 2.6 kernel build process always creates a 139 The 2.6 kernel build process always creates a gzipped cpio format initramfs
139 archive and links it into the resulting kernel 140 archive and links it into the resulting kernel binary. By default, this
140 archive is empty (consuming 134 bytes on x86). 141 archive is empty (consuming 134 bytes on x86).
141 142
142 The config option CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE (in 143 The config option CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE (in General Setup in menuconfig,
143 and living in usr/Kconfig) can be used to spec 144 and living in usr/Kconfig) can be used to specify a source for the
144 initramfs archive, which will automatically be 145 initramfs archive, which will automatically be incorporated into the
145 resulting binary. This option can point to an 146 resulting binary. This option can point to an existing gzipped cpio
146 archive, a directory containing files to be ar 147 archive, a directory containing files to be archived, or a text file
147 specification such as the following example:: 148 specification such as the following example::
148 149
149 dir /dev 755 0 0 150 dir /dev 755 0 0
150 nod /dev/console 644 0 0 c 5 1 151 nod /dev/console 644 0 0 c 5 1
151 nod /dev/loop0 644 0 0 b 7 0 152 nod /dev/loop0 644 0 0 b 7 0
152 dir /bin 755 1000 1000 153 dir /bin 755 1000 1000
153 slink /bin/sh busybox 777 0 0 154 slink /bin/sh busybox 777 0 0
154 file /bin/busybox initramfs/busybox 755 0 0 155 file /bin/busybox initramfs/busybox 755 0 0
155 dir /proc 755 0 0 156 dir /proc 755 0 0
156 dir /sys 755 0 0 157 dir /sys 755 0 0
157 dir /mnt 755 0 0 158 dir /mnt 755 0 0
158 file /init initramfs/init.sh 755 0 0 159 file /init initramfs/init.sh 755 0 0
159 160
160 Run "usr/gen_init_cpio" (after the kernel buil 161 Run "usr/gen_init_cpio" (after the kernel build) to get a usage message
161 documenting the above file format. 162 documenting the above file format.
162 163
163 One advantage of the configuration file is tha 164 One advantage of the configuration file is that root access is not required to
164 set permissions or create device nodes in the 165 set permissions or create device nodes in the new archive. (Note that those
165 two example "file" entries expect to find file 166 two example "file" entries expect to find files named "init.sh" and "busybox" in
166 a directory called "initramfs", under the linu 167 a directory called "initramfs", under the linux-2.6.* directory. See
167 Documentation/driver-api/early-userspace/early 168 Documentation/driver-api/early-userspace/early_userspace_support.rst for more details.)
168 169
169 The kernel does not depend on external cpio to 170 The kernel does not depend on external cpio tools. If you specify a
170 directory instead of a configuration file, the 171 directory instead of a configuration file, the kernel's build infrastructure
171 creates a configuration file from that directo 172 creates a configuration file from that directory (usr/Makefile calls
172 usr/gen_initramfs.sh), and proceeds to package 173 usr/gen_initramfs.sh), and proceeds to package up that directory
173 using the config file (by feeding it to usr/ge 174 using the config file (by feeding it to usr/gen_init_cpio, which is created
174 from usr/gen_init_cpio.c). The kernel's build 175 from usr/gen_init_cpio.c). The kernel's build-time cpio creation code is
175 entirely self-contained, and the kernel's boot 176 entirely self-contained, and the kernel's boot-time extractor is also
176 (obviously) self-contained. 177 (obviously) self-contained.
177 178
178 The one thing you might need external cpio uti 179 The one thing you might need external cpio utilities installed for is creating
179 or extracting your own preprepared cpio files 180 or extracting your own preprepared cpio files to feed to the kernel build
180 (instead of a config file or directory). 181 (instead of a config file or directory).
181 182
182 The following command line can extract a cpio 183 The following command line can extract a cpio image (either by the above script
183 or by the kernel build) back into its componen 184 or by the kernel build) back into its component files::
184 185
185 cpio -i -d -H newc -F initramfs_data.cpio -- 186 cpio -i -d -H newc -F initramfs_data.cpio --no-absolute-filenames
186 187
187 The following shell script can create a prebui 188 The following shell script can create a prebuilt cpio archive you can
188 use in place of the above config file:: 189 use in place of the above config file::
189 190
190 #!/bin/sh 191 #!/bin/sh
191 192
192 # Copyright 2006 Rob Landley <rob@landley.net 193 # Copyright 2006 Rob Landley <rob@landley.net> and TimeSys Corporation.
193 # Licensed under GPL version 2 194 # Licensed under GPL version 2
194 195
195 if [ $# -ne 2 ] 196 if [ $# -ne 2 ]
196 then 197 then
197 echo "usage: mkinitramfs directory imagena 198 echo "usage: mkinitramfs directory imagename.cpio.gz"
198 exit 1 199 exit 1
199 fi 200 fi
200 201
201 if [ -d "$1" ] 202 if [ -d "$1" ]
202 then 203 then
203 echo "creating $2 from $1" 204 echo "creating $2 from $1"
204 (cd "$1"; find . | cpio -o -H newc | gzip) 205 (cd "$1"; find . | cpio -o -H newc | gzip) > "$2"
205 else 206 else
206 echo "First argument must be a directory" 207 echo "First argument must be a directory"
207 exit 1 208 exit 1
208 fi 209 fi
209 210
210 .. Note:: 211 .. Note::
211 212
212 The cpio man page contains some bad advice 213 The cpio man page contains some bad advice that will break your initramfs
213 archive if you follow it. It says "A typic 214 archive if you follow it. It says "A typical way to generate the list
214 of filenames is with the find command; you 215 of filenames is with the find command; you should give find the -depth
215 option to minimize problems with permission 216 option to minimize problems with permissions on directories that are
216 unwritable or not searchable." Don't do th 217 unwritable or not searchable." Don't do this when creating
217 initramfs.cpio.gz images, it won't work. T 218 initramfs.cpio.gz images, it won't work. The Linux kernel cpio extractor
218 won't create files in a directory that does 219 won't create files in a directory that doesn't exist, so the directory
219 entries must go before the files that go in 220 entries must go before the files that go in those directories.
220 The above script gets them in the right ord 221 The above script gets them in the right order.
221 222
222 External initramfs images: 223 External initramfs images:
223 -------------------------- 224 --------------------------
224 225
225 If the kernel has initrd support enabled, an e 226 If the kernel has initrd support enabled, an external cpio.gz archive can also
226 be passed into a 2.6 kernel in place of an ini 227 be passed into a 2.6 kernel in place of an initrd. In this case, the kernel
227 will autodetect the type (initramfs, not initr 228 will autodetect the type (initramfs, not initrd) and extract the external cpio
228 archive into rootfs before trying to run /init 229 archive into rootfs before trying to run /init.
229 230
230 This has the memory efficiency advantages of i 231 This has the memory efficiency advantages of initramfs (no ramdisk block
231 device) but the separate packaging of initrd ( 232 device) but the separate packaging of initrd (which is nice if you have
232 non-GPL code you'd like to run from initramfs, 233 non-GPL code you'd like to run from initramfs, without conflating it with
233 the GPL licensed Linux kernel binary). 234 the GPL licensed Linux kernel binary).
234 235
235 It can also be used to supplement the kernel's 236 It can also be used to supplement the kernel's built-in initramfs image. The
236 files in the external archive will overwrite a 237 files in the external archive will overwrite any conflicting files in
237 the built-in initramfs archive. Some distribu 238 the built-in initramfs archive. Some distributors also prefer to customize
238 a single kernel image with task-specific initr 239 a single kernel image with task-specific initramfs images, without recompiling.
239 240
240 Contents of initramfs: 241 Contents of initramfs:
241 ---------------------- 242 ----------------------
242 243
243 An initramfs archive is a complete self-contai 244 An initramfs archive is a complete self-contained root filesystem for Linux.
244 If you don't already understand what shared li 245 If you don't already understand what shared libraries, devices, and paths
245 you need to get a minimal root filesystem up a 246 you need to get a minimal root filesystem up and running, here are some
246 references: 247 references:
247 248
248 - https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/ 249 - https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/
249 - https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-B 250 - https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO.html
250 - http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/sta 251 - http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/
251 252
252 The "klibc" package (https://www.kernel.org/pu 253 The "klibc" package (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc) is
253 designed to be a tiny C library to statically 254 designed to be a tiny C library to statically link early userspace
254 code against, along with some related utilitie 255 code against, along with some related utilities. It is BSD licensed.
255 256
256 I use uClibc (https://www.uclibc.org) and busy 257 I use uClibc (https://www.uclibc.org) and busybox (https://www.busybox.net)
257 myself. These are LGPL and GPL, respectively. 258 myself. These are LGPL and GPL, respectively. (A self-contained initramfs
258 package is planned for the busybox 1.3 release 259 package is planned for the busybox 1.3 release.)
259 260
260 In theory you could use glibc, but that's not 261 In theory you could use glibc, but that's not well suited for small embedded
261 uses like this. (A "hello world" program stat 262 uses like this. (A "hello world" program statically linked against glibc is
262 over 400k. With uClibc it's 7k. Also note th 263 over 400k. With uClibc it's 7k. Also note that glibc dlopens libnss to do
263 name lookups, even when otherwise statically l 264 name lookups, even when otherwise statically linked.)
264 265
265 A good first step is to get initramfs to run a 266 A good first step is to get initramfs to run a statically linked "hello world"
266 program as init, and test it under an emulator 267 program as init, and test it under an emulator like qemu (www.qemu.org) or
267 User Mode Linux, like so:: 268 User Mode Linux, like so::
268 269
269 cat > hello.c << EOF 270 cat > hello.c << EOF
270 #include <stdio.h> 271 #include <stdio.h>
271 #include <unistd.h> 272 #include <unistd.h>
272 273
273 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 274 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
274 { 275 {
275 printf("Hello world!\n"); 276 printf("Hello world!\n");
276 sleep(999999999); 277 sleep(999999999);
277 } 278 }
278 EOF 279 EOF
279 gcc -static hello.c -o init 280 gcc -static hello.c -o init
280 echo init | cpio -o -H newc | gzip > test.cp 281 echo init | cpio -o -H newc | gzip > test.cpio.gz
281 # Testing external initramfs using the initr 282 # Testing external initramfs using the initrd loading mechanism.
282 qemu -kernel /boot/vmlinuz -initrd test.cpio 283 qemu -kernel /boot/vmlinuz -initrd test.cpio.gz /dev/zero
283 284
284 When debugging a normal root filesystem, it's 285 When debugging a normal root filesystem, it's nice to be able to boot with
285 "init=/bin/sh". The initramfs equivalent is " 286 "init=/bin/sh". The initramfs equivalent is "rdinit=/bin/sh", and it's
286 just as useful. 287 just as useful.
287 288
288 Why cpio rather than tar? 289 Why cpio rather than tar?
289 ------------------------- 290 -------------------------
290 291
291 This decision was made back in December, 2001. 292 This decision was made back in December, 2001. The discussion started here:
292 293
293 http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kerne 294 http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0112.2/1538.html
294 295
295 And spawned a second thread (specifically on t 296 And spawned a second thread (specifically on tar vs cpio), starting here:
296 297
297 http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kerne 298 http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0112.2/1587.html
298 299
299 The quick and dirty summary version (which is 300 The quick and dirty summary version (which is no substitute for reading
300 the above threads) is: 301 the above threads) is:
301 302
302 1) cpio is a standard. It's decades old (from 303 1) cpio is a standard. It's decades old (from the AT&T days), and already
303 widely used on Linux (inside RPM, Red Hat's 304 widely used on Linux (inside RPM, Red Hat's device driver disks). Here's
304 a Linux Journal article about it from 1996: 305 a Linux Journal article about it from 1996:
305 306
306 http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1213 307 http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1213
307 308
308 It's not as popular as tar because the trad 309 It's not as popular as tar because the traditional cpio command line tools
309 require _truly_hideous_ command line argume 310 require _truly_hideous_ command line arguments. But that says nothing
310 either way about the archive format, and th 311 either way about the archive format, and there are alternative tools,
311 such as: 312 such as:
312 313
313 http://freecode.com/projects/afio 314 http://freecode.com/projects/afio
314 315
315 2) The cpio archive format chosen by the kerne 316 2) The cpio archive format chosen by the kernel is simpler and cleaner (and
316 thus easier to create and parse) than any o 317 thus easier to create and parse) than any of the (literally dozens of)
317 various tar archive formats. The complete 318 various tar archive formats. The complete initramfs archive format is
318 explained in buffer-format.txt, created in 319 explained in buffer-format.txt, created in usr/gen_init_cpio.c, and
319 extracted in init/initramfs.c. All three t 320 extracted in init/initramfs.c. All three together come to less than 26k
320 total of human-readable text. 321 total of human-readable text.
321 322
322 3) The GNU project standardizing on tar is app 323 3) The GNU project standardizing on tar is approximately as relevant as
323 Windows standardizing on zip. Linux is not 324 Windows standardizing on zip. Linux is not part of either, and is free
324 to make its own technical decisions. 325 to make its own technical decisions.
325 326
326 4) Since this is a kernel internal format, it 327 4) Since this is a kernel internal format, it could easily have been
327 something brand new. The kernel provides i 328 something brand new. The kernel provides its own tools to create and
328 extract this format anyway. Using an exist 329 extract this format anyway. Using an existing standard was preferable,
329 but not essential. 330 but not essential.
330 331
331 5) Al Viro made the decision (quote: "tar is u 332 5) Al Viro made the decision (quote: "tar is ugly as hell and not going to be
332 supported on the kernel side"): 333 supported on the kernel side"):
333 334
334 http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/k 335 http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0112.2/1540.html
335 336
336 explained his reasoning: 337 explained his reasoning:
337 338
338 - http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/ 339 - http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0112.2/1550.html
339 - http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/ 340 - http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0112.2/1638.html
340 341
341 and, most importantly, designed and impleme 342 and, most importantly, designed and implemented the initramfs code.
342 343
343 Future directions: 344 Future directions:
344 ------------------ 345 ------------------
345 346
346 Today (2.6.16), initramfs is always compiled i 347 Today (2.6.16), initramfs is always compiled in, but not always used. The
347 kernel falls back to legacy boot code that is 348 kernel falls back to legacy boot code that is reached only if initramfs does
348 not contain an /init program. The fallback is 349 not contain an /init program. The fallback is legacy code, there to ensure a
349 smooth transition and allowing early boot func 350 smooth transition and allowing early boot functionality to gradually move to
350 "early userspace" (I.E. initramfs). 351 "early userspace" (I.E. initramfs).
351 352
352 The move to early userspace is necessary becau 353 The move to early userspace is necessary because finding and mounting the real
353 root device is complex. Root partitions can s 354 root device is complex. Root partitions can span multiple devices (raid or
354 separate journal). They can be out on the net 355 separate journal). They can be out on the network (requiring dhcp, setting a
355 specific MAC address, logging into a server, e 356 specific MAC address, logging into a server, etc). They can live on removable
356 media, with dynamically allocated major/minor 357 media, with dynamically allocated major/minor numbers and persistent naming
357 issues requiring a full udev implementation to 358 issues requiring a full udev implementation to sort out. They can be
358 compressed, encrypted, copy-on-write, loopback 359 compressed, encrypted, copy-on-write, loopback mounted, strangely partitioned,
359 and so on. 360 and so on.
360 361
361 This kind of complexity (which inevitably incl 362 This kind of complexity (which inevitably includes policy) is rightly handled
362 in userspace. Both klibc and busybox/uClibc a 363 in userspace. Both klibc and busybox/uClibc are working on simple initramfs
363 packages to drop into a kernel build. 364 packages to drop into a kernel build.
364 365
365 The klibc package has now been accepted into A 366 The klibc package has now been accepted into Andrew Morton's 2.6.17-mm tree.
366 The kernel's current early boot code (partitio 367 The kernel's current early boot code (partition detection, etc) will probably
367 be migrated into a default initramfs, automati 368 be migrated into a default initramfs, automatically created and used by the
368 kernel build. 369 kernel build.
Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries.
TOMOYO® is a registered trademark of NTT DATA CORPORATION.