1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2 2
3 ========================================= 3 =========================================
4 Overview of the Linux Virtual File System 4 Overview of the Linux Virtual File System
5 ========================================= 5 =========================================
6 6
7 Original author: Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csi 7 Original author: Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au>
8 8
9 - Copyright (C) 1999 Richard Gooch 9 - Copyright (C) 1999 Richard Gooch
10 - Copyright (C) 2005 Pekka Enberg 10 - Copyright (C) 2005 Pekka Enberg
11 11
12 12
13 Introduction 13 Introduction
14 ============ 14 ============
15 15
16 The Virtual File System (also known as the Vir 16 The Virtual File System (also known as the Virtual Filesystem Switch) is
17 the software layer in the kernel that provides 17 the software layer in the kernel that provides the filesystem interface
18 to userspace programs. It also provides an ab 18 to userspace programs. It also provides an abstraction within the
19 kernel which allows different filesystem imple 19 kernel which allows different filesystem implementations to coexist.
20 20
21 VFS system calls open(2), stat(2), read(2), wr 21 VFS system calls open(2), stat(2), read(2), write(2), chmod(2) and so on
22 are called from a process context. Filesystem 22 are called from a process context. Filesystem locking is described in
23 the document Documentation/filesystems/locking 23 the document Documentation/filesystems/locking.rst.
24 24
25 25
26 Directory Entry Cache (dcache) 26 Directory Entry Cache (dcache)
27 ------------------------------ 27 ------------------------------
28 28
29 The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod 29 The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod(2), and similar system
30 calls. The pathname argument that is passed t 30 calls. The pathname argument that is passed to them is used by the VFS
31 to search through the directory entry cache (a 31 to search through the directory entry cache (also known as the dentry
32 cache or dcache). This provides a very fast l 32 cache or dcache). This provides a very fast look-up mechanism to
33 translate a pathname (filename) into a specifi 33 translate a pathname (filename) into a specific dentry. Dentries live
34 in RAM and are never saved to disc: they exist 34 in RAM and are never saved to disc: they exist only for performance.
35 35
36 The dentry cache is meant to be a view into yo 36 The dentry cache is meant to be a view into your entire filespace. As
37 most computers cannot fit all dentries in the 37 most computers cannot fit all dentries in the RAM at the same time, some
38 bits of the cache are missing. In order to re 38 bits of the cache are missing. In order to resolve your pathname into a
39 dentry, the VFS may have to resort to creating 39 dentry, the VFS may have to resort to creating dentries along the way,
40 and then loading the inode. This is done by l 40 and then loading the inode. This is done by looking up the inode.
41 41
42 42
43 The Inode Object 43 The Inode Object
44 ---------------- 44 ----------------
45 45
46 An individual dentry usually has a pointer to 46 An individual dentry usually has a pointer to an inode. Inodes are
47 filesystem objects such as regular files, dire 47 filesystem objects such as regular files, directories, FIFOs and other
48 beasts. They live either on the disc (for blo 48 beasts. They live either on the disc (for block device filesystems) or
49 in the memory (for pseudo filesystems). Inode 49 in the memory (for pseudo filesystems). Inodes that live on the disc
50 are copied into the memory when required and c 50 are copied into the memory when required and changes to the inode are
51 written back to disc. A single inode can be p 51 written back to disc. A single inode can be pointed to by multiple
52 dentries (hard links, for example, do this). 52 dentries (hard links, for example, do this).
53 53
54 To look up an inode requires that the VFS call 54 To look up an inode requires that the VFS calls the lookup() method of
55 the parent directory inode. This method is in 55 the parent directory inode. This method is installed by the specific
56 filesystem implementation that the inode lives 56 filesystem implementation that the inode lives in. Once the VFS has the
57 required dentry (and hence the inode), we can 57 required dentry (and hence the inode), we can do all those boring things
58 like open(2) the file, or stat(2) it to peek a 58 like open(2) the file, or stat(2) it to peek at the inode data. The
59 stat(2) operation is fairly simple: once the V 59 stat(2) operation is fairly simple: once the VFS has the dentry, it
60 peeks at the inode data and passes some of it 60 peeks at the inode data and passes some of it back to userspace.
61 61
62 62
63 The File Object 63 The File Object
64 --------------- 64 ---------------
65 65
66 Opening a file requires another operation: all 66 Opening a file requires another operation: allocation of a file
67 structure (this is the kernel-side implementat 67 structure (this is the kernel-side implementation of file descriptors).
68 The freshly allocated file structure is initia 68 The freshly allocated file structure is initialized with a pointer to
69 the dentry and a set of file operation member 69 the dentry and a set of file operation member functions. These are
70 taken from the inode data. The open() file me 70 taken from the inode data. The open() file method is then called so the
71 specific filesystem implementation can do its 71 specific filesystem implementation can do its work. You can see that
72 this is another switch performed by the VFS. 72 this is another switch performed by the VFS. The file structure is
73 placed into the file descriptor table for the 73 placed into the file descriptor table for the process.
74 74
75 Reading, writing and closing files (and other 75 Reading, writing and closing files (and other assorted VFS operations)
76 is done by using the userspace file descriptor 76 is done by using the userspace file descriptor to grab the appropriate
77 file structure, and then calling the required 77 file structure, and then calling the required file structure method to
78 do whatever is required. For as long as the f 78 do whatever is required. For as long as the file is open, it keeps the
79 dentry in use, which in turn means that the VF 79 dentry in use, which in turn means that the VFS inode is still in use.
80 80
81 81
82 Registering and Mounting a Filesystem 82 Registering and Mounting a Filesystem
83 ===================================== 83 =====================================
84 84
85 To register and unregister a filesystem, use t 85 To register and unregister a filesystem, use the following API
86 functions: 86 functions:
87 87
88 .. code-block:: c 88 .. code-block:: c
89 89
90 #include <linux/fs.h> 90 #include <linux/fs.h>
91 91
92 extern int register_filesystem(struct 92 extern int register_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
93 extern int unregister_filesystem(struc 93 extern int unregister_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
94 94
95 The passed struct file_system_type describes y 95 The passed struct file_system_type describes your filesystem. When a
96 request is made to mount a filesystem onto a d 96 request is made to mount a filesystem onto a directory in your
97 namespace, the VFS will call the appropriate m 97 namespace, the VFS will call the appropriate mount() method for the
98 specific filesystem. New vfsmount referring t 98 specific filesystem. New vfsmount referring to the tree returned by
99 ->mount() will be attached to the mountpoint, 99 ->mount() will be attached to the mountpoint, so that when pathname
100 resolution reaches the mountpoint it will jump 100 resolution reaches the mountpoint it will jump into the root of that
101 vfsmount. 101 vfsmount.
102 102
103 You can see all filesystems that are registere 103 You can see all filesystems that are registered to the kernel in the
104 file /proc/filesystems. 104 file /proc/filesystems.
105 105
106 106
107 struct file_system_type 107 struct file_system_type
108 ----------------------- 108 -----------------------
109 109
110 This describes the filesystem. The following !! 110 This describes the filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.39, the following
111 members are defined: 111 members are defined:
112 112
113 .. code-block:: c 113 .. code-block:: c
114 114
115 struct file_system_type { !! 115 struct file_system_operations {
116 const char *name; 116 const char *name;
117 int fs_flags; 117 int fs_flags;
118 int (*init_fs_context)(struct <<
119 const struct fs_parameter_spec <<
120 struct dentry *(*mount) (struc 118 struct dentry *(*mount) (struct file_system_type *, int,
121 const char *, void *); !! 119 const char *, void *);
122 void (*kill_sb) (struct super_ 120 void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *);
123 struct module *owner; 121 struct module *owner;
124 struct file_system_type * next 122 struct file_system_type * next;
125 struct hlist_head fs_supers; !! 123 struct list_head fs_supers;
126 <<
127 struct lock_class_key s_lock_k 124 struct lock_class_key s_lock_key;
128 struct lock_class_key s_umount 125 struct lock_class_key s_umount_key;
129 struct lock_class_key s_vfs_re <<
130 struct lock_class_key s_writer <<
131 <<
132 struct lock_class_key i_lock_k <<
133 struct lock_class_key i_mutex_ <<
134 struct lock_class_key invalida <<
135 struct lock_class_key i_mutex_ <<
136 }; 126 };
137 127
138 ``name`` 128 ``name``
139 the name of the filesystem type, such 129 the name of the filesystem type, such as "ext2", "iso9660",
140 "msdos" and so on 130 "msdos" and so on
141 131
142 ``fs_flags`` 132 ``fs_flags``
143 various flags (i.e. FS_REQUIRES_DEV, F 133 various flags (i.e. FS_REQUIRES_DEV, FS_NO_DCACHE, etc.)
144 134
145 ``init_fs_context`` <<
146 Initializes 'struct fs_context' ->ops <<
147 filesystem-specific data. <<
148 <<
149 ``parameters`` <<
150 Pointer to the array of filesystem par <<
151 'struct fs_parameter_spec'. <<
152 More info in Documentation/filesystems <<
153 <<
154 ``mount`` 135 ``mount``
155 the method to call when a new instance 136 the method to call when a new instance of this filesystem should
156 be mounted 137 be mounted
157 138
158 ``kill_sb`` 139 ``kill_sb``
159 the method to call when an instance of 140 the method to call when an instance of this filesystem should be
160 shut down 141 shut down
161 142
162 143
163 ``owner`` 144 ``owner``
164 for internal VFS use: you should initi 145 for internal VFS use: you should initialize this to THIS_MODULE
165 in most cases. 146 in most cases.
166 147
167 ``next`` 148 ``next``
168 for internal VFS use: you should initi 149 for internal VFS use: you should initialize this to NULL
169 150
170 ``fs_supers`` !! 151 s_lock_key, s_umount_key: lockdep-specific
171 for internal VFS use: hlist of filesys <<
172 <<
173 s_lock_key, s_umount_key, s_vfs_rename_key, <<
174 i_lock_key, i_mutex_key, invalidate_lock_key <<
175 152
176 The mount() method has the following arguments 153 The mount() method has the following arguments:
177 154
178 ``struct file_system_type *fs_type`` 155 ``struct file_system_type *fs_type``
179 describes the filesystem, partly initi 156 describes the filesystem, partly initialized by the specific
180 filesystem code 157 filesystem code
181 158
182 ``int flags`` 159 ``int flags``
183 mount flags 160 mount flags
184 161
185 ``const char *dev_name`` 162 ``const char *dev_name``
186 the device name we are mounting. 163 the device name we are mounting.
187 164
188 ``void *data`` 165 ``void *data``
189 arbitrary mount options, usually comes 166 arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII string (see
190 "Mount Options" section) 167 "Mount Options" section)
191 168
192 The mount() method must return the root dentry 169 The mount() method must return the root dentry of the tree requested by
193 caller. An active reference to its superblock 170 caller. An active reference to its superblock must be grabbed and the
194 superblock must be locked. On failure it shou 171 superblock must be locked. On failure it should return ERR_PTR(error).
195 172
196 The arguments match those of mount(2) and thei 173 The arguments match those of mount(2) and their interpretation depends
197 on filesystem type. E.g. for block filesystem 174 on filesystem type. E.g. for block filesystems, dev_name is interpreted
198 as block device name, that device is opened an 175 as block device name, that device is opened and if it contains a
199 suitable filesystem image the method creates a 176 suitable filesystem image the method creates and initializes struct
200 super_block accordingly, returning its root de 177 super_block accordingly, returning its root dentry to caller.
201 178
202 ->mount() may choose to return a subtree of ex 179 ->mount() may choose to return a subtree of existing filesystem - it
203 doesn't have to create a new one. The main re 180 doesn't have to create a new one. The main result from the caller's
204 point of view is a reference to dentry at the 181 point of view is a reference to dentry at the root of (sub)tree to be
205 attached; creation of new superblock is a comm 182 attached; creation of new superblock is a common side effect.
206 183
207 The most interesting member of the superblock 184 The most interesting member of the superblock structure that the mount()
208 method fills in is the "s_op" field. This is 185 method fills in is the "s_op" field. This is a pointer to a "struct
209 super_operations" which describes the next lev 186 super_operations" which describes the next level of the filesystem
210 implementation. 187 implementation.
211 188
212 Usually, a filesystem uses one of the generic 189 Usually, a filesystem uses one of the generic mount() implementations
213 and provides a fill_super() callback instead. 190 and provides a fill_super() callback instead. The generic variants are:
214 191
215 ``mount_bdev`` 192 ``mount_bdev``
216 mount a filesystem residing on a block 193 mount a filesystem residing on a block device
217 194
218 ``mount_nodev`` 195 ``mount_nodev``
219 mount a filesystem that is not backed 196 mount a filesystem that is not backed by a device
220 197
221 ``mount_single`` 198 ``mount_single``
222 mount a filesystem which shares the in 199 mount a filesystem which shares the instance between all mounts
223 200
224 A fill_super() callback implementation has the 201 A fill_super() callback implementation has the following arguments:
225 202
226 ``struct super_block *sb`` 203 ``struct super_block *sb``
227 the superblock structure. The callbac 204 the superblock structure. The callback must initialize this
228 properly. 205 properly.
229 206
230 ``void *data`` 207 ``void *data``
231 arbitrary mount options, usually comes 208 arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII string (see
232 "Mount Options" section) 209 "Mount Options" section)
233 210
234 ``int silent`` 211 ``int silent``
235 whether or not to be silent on error 212 whether or not to be silent on error
236 213
237 214
238 The Superblock Object 215 The Superblock Object
239 ===================== 216 =====================
240 217
241 A superblock object represents a mounted files 218 A superblock object represents a mounted filesystem.
242 219
243 220
244 struct super_operations 221 struct super_operations
245 ----------------------- 222 -----------------------
246 223
247 This describes how the VFS can manipulate the 224 This describes how the VFS can manipulate the superblock of your
248 filesystem. The following members are defined !! 225 filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are defined:
249 226
250 .. code-block:: c 227 .. code-block:: c
251 228
252 struct super_operations { 229 struct super_operations {
253 struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(s 230 struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
254 void (*destroy_inode)(struct i 231 void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *);
255 void (*free_inode)(struct inod <<
256 232
257 void (*dirty_inode) (struct in 233 void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *, int flags);
258 int (*write_inode) (struct ino !! 234 int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int);
259 int (*drop_inode) (struct inod !! 235 void (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
260 void (*evict_inode) (struct in !! 236 void (*delete_inode) (struct inode *);
261 void (*put_super) (struct supe 237 void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
262 int (*sync_fs)(struct super_bl 238 int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
263 int (*freeze_super) (struct su <<
264 enum f <<
265 int (*freeze_fs) (struct super 239 int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
266 int (*thaw_super) (struct supe <<
267 enum f <<
268 int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct sup 240 int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
269 int (*statfs) (struct dentry * 241 int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
270 int (*remount_fs) (struct supe 242 int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
>> 243 void (*clear_inode) (struct inode *);
271 void (*umount_begin) (struct s 244 void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *);
272 245
273 int (*show_options)(struct seq 246 int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
274 int (*show_devname)(struct seq <<
275 int (*show_path)(struct seq_fi <<
276 int (*show_stats)(struct seq_f <<
277 247
278 ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct s 248 ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t);
279 ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct 249 ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t);
280 struct dquot **(*get_dquots)(s !! 250 int (*nr_cached_objects)(struct super_block *);
281 !! 251 void (*free_cached_objects)(struct super_block *, int);
282 long (*nr_cached_objects)(stru <<
283 struct <<
284 long (*free_cached_objects)(st <<
285 struct <<
286 }; 252 };
287 253
288 All methods are called without any locks being 254 All methods are called without any locks being held, unless otherwise
289 noted. This means that most methods can block 255 noted. This means that most methods can block safely. All methods are
290 only called from a process context (i.e. not f 256 only called from a process context (i.e. not from an interrupt handler
291 or bottom half). 257 or bottom half).
292 258
293 ``alloc_inode`` 259 ``alloc_inode``
294 this method is called by alloc_inode() 260 this method is called by alloc_inode() to allocate memory for
295 struct inode and initialize it. If th 261 struct inode and initialize it. If this function is not
296 defined, a simple 'struct inode' is al 262 defined, a simple 'struct inode' is allocated. Normally
297 alloc_inode will be used to allocate a 263 alloc_inode will be used to allocate a larger structure which
298 contains a 'struct inode' embedded wit 264 contains a 'struct inode' embedded within it.
299 265
300 ``destroy_inode`` 266 ``destroy_inode``
301 this method is called by destroy_inode 267 this method is called by destroy_inode() to release resources
302 allocated for struct inode. It is onl 268 allocated for struct inode. It is only required if
303 ->alloc_inode was defined and simply u 269 ->alloc_inode was defined and simply undoes anything done by
304 ->alloc_inode. 270 ->alloc_inode.
305 271
306 ``free_inode`` <<
307 this method is called from RCU callbac <<
308 in ->destroy_inode to free 'struct ino <<
309 better to release memory in this metho <<
310 <<
311 ``dirty_inode`` 272 ``dirty_inode``
312 this method is called by the VFS when !! 273 this method is called by the VFS to mark an inode dirty.
313 This is specifically for the inode its <<
314 not its data. If the update needs to <<
315 then I_DIRTY_DATASYNC will be set in t <<
316 I_DIRTY_TIME will be set in the flags <<
317 and struct inode has times updated sin <<
318 call. <<
319 274
320 ``write_inode`` 275 ``write_inode``
321 this method is called when the VFS nee 276 this method is called when the VFS needs to write an inode to
322 disc. The second parameter indicates 277 disc. The second parameter indicates whether the write should
323 be synchronous or not, not all filesys 278 be synchronous or not, not all filesystems check this flag.
324 279
325 ``drop_inode`` 280 ``drop_inode``
326 called when the last access to the ino 281 called when the last access to the inode is dropped, with the
327 inode->i_lock spinlock held. 282 inode->i_lock spinlock held.
328 283
329 This method should be either NULL (nor 284 This method should be either NULL (normal UNIX filesystem
330 semantics) or "generic_delete_inode" ( 285 semantics) or "generic_delete_inode" (for filesystems that do
331 not want to cache inodes - causing "de 286 not want to cache inodes - causing "delete_inode" to always be
332 called regardless of the value of i_nl 287 called regardless of the value of i_nlink)
333 288
334 The "generic_delete_inode()" behavior 289 The "generic_delete_inode()" behavior is equivalent to the old
335 practice of using "force_delete" in th 290 practice of using "force_delete" in the put_inode() case, but
336 does not have the races that the "forc 291 does not have the races that the "force_delete()" approach had.
337 292
338 ``evict_inode`` !! 293 ``delete_inode``
339 called when the VFS wants to evict an !! 294 called when the VFS wants to delete an inode
340 *not* evict the pagecache or inode-ass <<
341 the method has to use truncate_inode_p <<
342 of those. Caller makes sure async writ <<
343 the inode while (or after) ->evict_ino <<
344 295
345 ``put_super`` 296 ``put_super``
346 called when the VFS wishes to free the 297 called when the VFS wishes to free the superblock
347 (i.e. unmount). This is called with t 298 (i.e. unmount). This is called with the superblock lock held
348 299
349 ``sync_fs`` 300 ``sync_fs``
350 called when VFS is writing out all dir 301 called when VFS is writing out all dirty data associated with a
351 superblock. The second parameter indi 302 superblock. The second parameter indicates whether the method
352 should wait until the write out has be 303 should wait until the write out has been completed. Optional.
353 304
354 ``freeze_super`` <<
355 Called instead of ->freeze_fs callback <<
356 Main difference is that ->freeze_super <<
357 down_write(&sb->s_umount). If filesyst <<
358 ->freeze_fs to be called too, then it <<
359 explicitly from this callback. Optiona <<
360 <<
361 ``freeze_fs`` 305 ``freeze_fs``
362 called when VFS is locking a filesyste 306 called when VFS is locking a filesystem and forcing it into a
363 consistent state. This method is curr 307 consistent state. This method is currently used by the Logical
364 Volume Manager (LVM) and ioctl(FIFREEZ !! 308 Volume Manager (LVM).
365 <<
366 ``thaw_super`` <<
367 called when VFS is unlocking a filesys <<
368 again after ->freeze_super. Optional. <<
369 309
370 ``unfreeze_fs`` 310 ``unfreeze_fs``
371 called when VFS is unlocking a filesys 311 called when VFS is unlocking a filesystem and making it writable
372 again after ->freeze_fs. Optional. !! 312 again.
373 313
374 ``statfs`` 314 ``statfs``
375 called when the VFS needs to get files 315 called when the VFS needs to get filesystem statistics.
376 316
377 ``remount_fs`` 317 ``remount_fs``
378 called when the filesystem is remounte 318 called when the filesystem is remounted. This is called with
379 the kernel lock held 319 the kernel lock held
380 320
>> 321 ``clear_inode``
>> 322 called then the VFS clears the inode. Optional
>> 323
381 ``umount_begin`` 324 ``umount_begin``
382 called when the VFS is unmounting a fi 325 called when the VFS is unmounting a filesystem.
383 326
384 ``show_options`` 327 ``show_options``
385 called by the VFS to show mount option !! 328 called by the VFS to show mount options for /proc/<pid>/mounts.
386 and /proc/<pid>/mountinfo. <<
387 (see "Mount Options" section) 329 (see "Mount Options" section)
388 330
389 ``show_devname`` <<
390 Optional. Called by the VFS to show de <<
391 /proc/<pid>/{mounts,mountinfo,mountsta <<
392 '(struct mount).mnt_devname' will be u <<
393 <<
394 ``show_path`` <<
395 Optional. Called by the VFS (for /proc <<
396 the mount root dentry path relative to <<
397 <<
398 ``show_stats`` <<
399 Optional. Called by the VFS (for /proc <<
400 filesystem-specific mount statistics. <<
401 <<
402 ``quota_read`` 331 ``quota_read``
403 called by the VFS to read from filesys 332 called by the VFS to read from filesystem quota file.
404 333
405 ``quota_write`` 334 ``quota_write``
406 called by the VFS to write to filesyst 335 called by the VFS to write to filesystem quota file.
407 336
408 ``get_dquots`` <<
409 called by quota to get 'struct dquot' <<
410 Optional. <<
411 <<
412 ``nr_cached_objects`` 337 ``nr_cached_objects``
413 called by the sb cache shrinking funct 338 called by the sb cache shrinking function for the filesystem to
414 return the number of freeable cached o 339 return the number of freeable cached objects it contains.
415 Optional. 340 Optional.
416 341
417 ``free_cache_objects`` 342 ``free_cache_objects``
418 called by the sb cache shrinking funct 343 called by the sb cache shrinking function for the filesystem to
419 scan the number of objects indicated t 344 scan the number of objects indicated to try to free them.
420 Optional, but any filesystem implement 345 Optional, but any filesystem implementing this method needs to
421 also implement ->nr_cached_objects for 346 also implement ->nr_cached_objects for it to be called
422 correctly. 347 correctly.
423 348
424 We can't do anything with any errors t 349 We can't do anything with any errors that the filesystem might
425 encountered, hence the void return typ 350 encountered, hence the void return type. This will never be
426 called if the VM is trying to reclaim 351 called if the VM is trying to reclaim under GFP_NOFS conditions,
427 hence this method does not need to han 352 hence this method does not need to handle that situation itself.
428 353
429 Implementations must include condition 354 Implementations must include conditional reschedule calls inside
430 any scanning loop that is done. This 355 any scanning loop that is done. This allows the VFS to
431 determine appropriate scan batch sizes 356 determine appropriate scan batch sizes without having to worry
432 about whether implementations will cau 357 about whether implementations will cause holdoff problems due to
433 large scan batch sizes. 358 large scan batch sizes.
434 359
435 Whoever sets up the inode is responsible for f 360 Whoever sets up the inode is responsible for filling in the "i_op"
436 field. This is a pointer to a "struct inode_o 361 field. This is a pointer to a "struct inode_operations" which describes
437 the methods that can be performed on individua 362 the methods that can be performed on individual inodes.
438 363
439 364
440 struct xattr_handler !! 365 struct xattr_handlers
441 --------------------- 366 ---------------------
442 367
443 On filesystems that support extended attribute 368 On filesystems that support extended attributes (xattrs), the s_xattr
444 superblock field points to a NULL-terminated a 369 superblock field points to a NULL-terminated array of xattr handlers.
445 Extended attributes are name:value pairs. 370 Extended attributes are name:value pairs.
446 371
447 ``name`` 372 ``name``
448 Indicates that the handler matches att 373 Indicates that the handler matches attributes with the specified
449 name (such as "system.posix_acl_access 374 name (such as "system.posix_acl_access"); the prefix field must
450 be NULL. 375 be NULL.
451 376
452 ``prefix`` 377 ``prefix``
453 Indicates that the handler matches all 378 Indicates that the handler matches all attributes with the
454 specified name prefix (such as "user." 379 specified name prefix (such as "user."); the name field must be
455 NULL. 380 NULL.
456 381
457 ``list`` 382 ``list``
458 Determine if attributes matching this 383 Determine if attributes matching this xattr handler should be
459 listed for a particular dentry. Used 384 listed for a particular dentry. Used by some listxattr
460 implementations like generic_listxattr 385 implementations like generic_listxattr.
461 386
462 ``get`` 387 ``get``
463 Called by the VFS to get the value of 388 Called by the VFS to get the value of a particular extended
464 attribute. This method is called by t 389 attribute. This method is called by the getxattr(2) system
465 call. 390 call.
466 391
467 ``set`` 392 ``set``
468 Called by the VFS to set the value of 393 Called by the VFS to set the value of a particular extended
469 attribute. When the new value is NULL 394 attribute. When the new value is NULL, called to remove a
470 particular extended attribute. This m !! 395 particular extended attribute. This method is called by the the
471 setxattr(2) and removexattr(2) system 396 setxattr(2) and removexattr(2) system calls.
472 397
473 When none of the xattr handlers of a filesyste 398 When none of the xattr handlers of a filesystem match the specified
474 attribute name or when a filesystem doesn't su 399 attribute name or when a filesystem doesn't support extended attributes,
475 the various ``*xattr(2)`` system calls return 400 the various ``*xattr(2)`` system calls return -EOPNOTSUPP.
476 401
477 402
478 The Inode Object 403 The Inode Object
479 ================ 404 ================
480 405
481 An inode object represents an object within th 406 An inode object represents an object within the filesystem.
482 407
483 408
484 struct inode_operations 409 struct inode_operations
485 ----------------------- 410 -----------------------
486 411
487 This describes how the VFS can manipulate an i 412 This describes how the VFS can manipulate an inode in your filesystem.
488 As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are 413 As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are defined:
489 414
490 .. code-block:: c 415 .. code-block:: c
491 416
492 struct inode_operations { 417 struct inode_operations {
493 int (*create) (struct mnt_idma !! 418 int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, umode_t, bool);
494 struct dentry * (*lookup) (str 419 struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, unsigned int);
495 int (*link) (struct dentry *,s 420 int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
496 int (*unlink) (struct inode *, 421 int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
497 int (*symlink) (struct mnt_idm !! 422 int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
498 int (*mkdir) (struct mnt_idmap !! 423 int (*mkdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t);
499 int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,s 424 int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
500 int (*mknod) (struct mnt_idmap !! 425 int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t,dev_t);
501 int (*rename) (struct mnt_idma !! 426 int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
502 struct inode *, 427 struct inode *, struct dentry *, unsigned int);
503 int (*readlink) (struct dentry 428 int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int);
504 const char *(*get_link) (struc 429 const char *(*get_link) (struct dentry *, struct inode *,
505 struc 430 struct delayed_call *);
506 int (*permission) (struct mnt_ !! 431 int (*permission) (struct inode *, int);
507 struct posix_acl * (*get_inode !! 432 int (*get_acl)(struct inode *, int);
508 int (*setattr) (struct mnt_idm !! 433 int (*setattr) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
509 int (*getattr) (struct mnt_idm !! 434 int (*getattr) (const struct path *, struct kstat *, u32, unsigned int);
510 ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct d 435 ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
511 void (*update_time)(struct ino 436 void (*update_time)(struct inode *, struct timespec *, int);
512 int (*atomic_open)(struct inod 437 int (*atomic_open)(struct inode *, struct dentry *, struct file *,
513 unsigned op 438 unsigned open_flag, umode_t create_mode);
514 int (*tmpfile) (struct mnt_idm !! 439 int (*tmpfile) (struct inode *, struct dentry *, umode_t);
515 struct posix_acl * (*get_acl)( <<
516 int (*set_acl)(struct mnt_idma <<
517 int (*fileattr_set)(struct mnt <<
518 struct den <<
519 int (*fileattr_get)(struct den <<
520 struct offset_ctx *(*get_offse <<
521 }; 440 };
522 441
523 Again, all methods are called without any lock 442 Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
524 otherwise noted. 443 otherwise noted.
525 444
526 ``create`` 445 ``create``
527 called by the open(2) and creat(2) sys 446 called by the open(2) and creat(2) system calls. Only required
528 if you want to support regular files. 447 if you want to support regular files. The dentry you get should
529 not have an inode (i.e. it should be a 448 not have an inode (i.e. it should be a negative dentry). Here
530 you will probably call d_instantiate() 449 you will probably call d_instantiate() with the dentry and the
531 newly created inode 450 newly created inode
532 451
533 ``lookup`` 452 ``lookup``
534 called when the VFS needs to look up a 453 called when the VFS needs to look up an inode in a parent
535 directory. The name to look for is fo 454 directory. The name to look for is found in the dentry. This
536 method must call d_add() to insert the 455 method must call d_add() to insert the found inode into the
537 dentry. The "i_count" field in the in 456 dentry. The "i_count" field in the inode structure should be
538 incremented. If the named inode does 457 incremented. If the named inode does not exist a NULL inode
539 should be inserted into the dentry (th 458 should be inserted into the dentry (this is called a negative
540 dentry). Returning an error code from 459 dentry). Returning an error code from this routine must only be
541 done on a real error, otherwise creati 460 done on a real error, otherwise creating inodes with system
542 calls like create(2), mknod(2), mkdir( 461 calls like create(2), mknod(2), mkdir(2) and so on will fail.
543 If you wish to overload the dentry met 462 If you wish to overload the dentry methods then you should
544 initialise the "d_dop" field in the de 463 initialise the "d_dop" field in the dentry; this is a pointer to
545 a struct "dentry_operations". This me 464 a struct "dentry_operations". This method is called with the
546 directory inode semaphore held 465 directory inode semaphore held
547 466
548 ``link`` 467 ``link``
549 called by the link(2) system call. On 468 called by the link(2) system call. Only required if you want to
550 support hard links. You will probably 469 support hard links. You will probably need to call
551 d_instantiate() just as you would in t 470 d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
552 471
553 ``unlink`` 472 ``unlink``
554 called by the unlink(2) system call. 473 called by the unlink(2) system call. Only required if you want
555 to support deleting inodes 474 to support deleting inodes
556 475
557 ``symlink`` 476 ``symlink``
558 called by the symlink(2) system call. 477 called by the symlink(2) system call. Only required if you want
559 to support symlinks. You will probabl 478 to support symlinks. You will probably need to call
560 d_instantiate() just as you would in t 479 d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
561 480
562 ``mkdir`` 481 ``mkdir``
563 called by the mkdir(2) system call. O 482 called by the mkdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
564 to support creating subdirectories. Y 483 to support creating subdirectories. You will probably need to
565 call d_instantiate() just as you would 484 call d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
566 485
567 ``rmdir`` 486 ``rmdir``
568 called by the rmdir(2) system call. O 487 called by the rmdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
569 to support deleting subdirectories 488 to support deleting subdirectories
570 489
571 ``mknod`` 490 ``mknod``
572 called by the mknod(2) system call to 491 called by the mknod(2) system call to create a device (char,
573 block) inode or a named pipe (FIFO) or 492 block) inode or a named pipe (FIFO) or socket. Only required if
574 you want to support creating these typ 493 you want to support creating these types of inodes. You will
575 probably need to call d_instantiate() 494 probably need to call d_instantiate() just as you would in the
576 create() method 495 create() method
577 496
578 ``rename`` 497 ``rename``
579 called by the rename(2) system call to 498 called by the rename(2) system call to rename the object to have
580 the parent and name given by the secon 499 the parent and name given by the second inode and dentry.
581 500
582 The filesystem must return -EINVAL for 501 The filesystem must return -EINVAL for any unsupported or
583 unknown flags. Currently the followin 502 unknown flags. Currently the following flags are implemented:
584 (1) RENAME_NOREPLACE: this flag indica 503 (1) RENAME_NOREPLACE: this flag indicates that if the target of
585 the rename exists the rename should fa 504 the rename exists the rename should fail with -EEXIST instead of
586 replacing the target. The VFS already 505 replacing the target. The VFS already checks for existence, so
587 for local filesystems the RENAME_NOREP 506 for local filesystems the RENAME_NOREPLACE implementation is
588 equivalent to plain rename. 507 equivalent to plain rename.
589 (2) RENAME_EXCHANGE: exchange source a 508 (2) RENAME_EXCHANGE: exchange source and target. Both must
590 exist; this is checked by the VFS. Un 509 exist; this is checked by the VFS. Unlike plain rename, source
591 and target may be of different type. 510 and target may be of different type.
592 511
593 ``get_link`` 512 ``get_link``
594 called by the VFS to follow a symbolic 513 called by the VFS to follow a symbolic link to the inode it
595 points to. Only required if you want 514 points to. Only required if you want to support symbolic links.
596 This method returns the symlink body t 515 This method returns the symlink body to traverse (and possibly
597 resets the current position with nd_ju 516 resets the current position with nd_jump_link()). If the body
598 won't go away until the inode is gone, 517 won't go away until the inode is gone, nothing else is needed;
599 if it needs to be otherwise pinned, ar 518 if it needs to be otherwise pinned, arrange for its release by
600 having get_link(..., ..., done) do set 519 having get_link(..., ..., done) do set_delayed_call(done,
601 destructor, argument). In that case d 520 destructor, argument). In that case destructor(argument) will
602 be called once VFS is done with the bo 521 be called once VFS is done with the body you've returned. May
603 be called in RCU mode; that is indicat 522 be called in RCU mode; that is indicated by NULL dentry
604 argument. If request can't be handled 523 argument. If request can't be handled without leaving RCU mode,
605 have it return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD). 524 have it return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD).
606 525
607 If the filesystem stores the symlink t 526 If the filesystem stores the symlink target in ->i_link, the
608 VFS may use it directly without callin 527 VFS may use it directly without calling ->get_link(); however,
609 ->get_link() must still be provided. 528 ->get_link() must still be provided. ->i_link must not be
610 freed until after an RCU grace period. 529 freed until after an RCU grace period. Writing to ->i_link
611 post-iget() time requires a 'release' 530 post-iget() time requires a 'release' memory barrier.
612 531
613 ``readlink`` 532 ``readlink``
614 this is now just an override for use b 533 this is now just an override for use by readlink(2) for the
615 cases when ->get_link uses nd_jump_lin 534 cases when ->get_link uses nd_jump_link() or object is not in
616 fact a symlink. Normally filesystems 535 fact a symlink. Normally filesystems should only implement
617 ->get_link for symlinks and readlink(2 536 ->get_link for symlinks and readlink(2) will automatically use
618 that. 537 that.
619 538
620 ``permission`` 539 ``permission``
621 called by the VFS to check for access 540 called by the VFS to check for access rights on a POSIX-like
622 filesystem. 541 filesystem.
623 542
624 May be called in rcu-walk mode (mask & 543 May be called in rcu-walk mode (mask & MAY_NOT_BLOCK). If in
625 rcu-walk mode, the filesystem must che 544 rcu-walk mode, the filesystem must check the permission without
626 blocking or storing to the inode. 545 blocking or storing to the inode.
627 546
628 If a situation is encountered that rcu 547 If a situation is encountered that rcu-walk cannot handle,
629 return 548 return
630 -ECHILD and it will be called again in 549 -ECHILD and it will be called again in ref-walk mode.
631 550
632 ``setattr`` 551 ``setattr``
633 called by the VFS to set attributes fo 552 called by the VFS to set attributes for a file. This method is
634 called by chmod(2) and related system 553 called by chmod(2) and related system calls.
635 554
636 ``getattr`` 555 ``getattr``
637 called by the VFS to get attributes of 556 called by the VFS to get attributes of a file. This method is
638 called by stat(2) and related system c 557 called by stat(2) and related system calls.
639 558
640 ``listxattr`` 559 ``listxattr``
641 called by the VFS to list all extended 560 called by the VFS to list all extended attributes for a given
642 file. This method is called by the li 561 file. This method is called by the listxattr(2) system call.
643 562
644 ``update_time`` 563 ``update_time``
645 called by the VFS to update a specific 564 called by the VFS to update a specific time or the i_version of
646 an inode. If this is not defined the 565 an inode. If this is not defined the VFS will update the inode
647 itself and call mark_inode_dirty_sync. 566 itself and call mark_inode_dirty_sync.
648 567
649 ``atomic_open`` 568 ``atomic_open``
650 called on the last component of an ope 569 called on the last component of an open. Using this optional
651 method the filesystem can look up, pos 570 method the filesystem can look up, possibly create and open the
652 file in one atomic operation. If it w 571 file in one atomic operation. If it wants to leave actual
653 opening to the caller (e.g. if the fil 572 opening to the caller (e.g. if the file turned out to be a
654 symlink, device, or just something fil 573 symlink, device, or just something filesystem won't do atomic
655 open for), it may signal this by retur 574 open for), it may signal this by returning finish_no_open(file,
656 dentry). This method is only called i 575 dentry). This method is only called if the last component is
657 negative or needs lookup. Cached posi 576 negative or needs lookup. Cached positive dentries are still
658 handled by f_op->open(). If the file 577 handled by f_op->open(). If the file was created, FMODE_CREATED
659 flag should be set in file->f_mode. I 578 flag should be set in file->f_mode. In case of O_EXCL the
660 method must only succeed if the file d 579 method must only succeed if the file didn't exist and hence
661 FMODE_CREATED shall always be set on s 580 FMODE_CREATED shall always be set on success.
662 581
663 ``tmpfile`` 582 ``tmpfile``
664 called in the end of O_TMPFILE open(). 583 called in the end of O_TMPFILE open(). Optional, equivalent to
665 atomically creating, opening and unlin 584 atomically creating, opening and unlinking a file in given
666 directory. On success needs to return !! 585 directory.
667 open; this can be done by calling fini !! 586
668 the end. <<
669 <<
670 ``fileattr_get`` <<
671 called on ioctl(FS_IOC_GETFLAGS) and i <<
672 retrieve miscellaneous file flags and <<
673 before the relevant SET operation to c <<
674 (in this case with i_rwsem locked excl <<
675 fall back to f_op->ioctl(). <<
676 <<
677 ``fileattr_set`` <<
678 called on ioctl(FS_IOC_SETFLAGS) and i <<
679 change miscellaneous file flags and at <<
680 i_rwsem exclusive. If unset, then fal <<
681 ``get_offset_ctx`` <<
682 called to get the offset context for a <<
683 filesystem must define this operation <<
684 simple_offset_dir_operations. <<
685 587
686 The Address Space Object 588 The Address Space Object
687 ======================== 589 ========================
688 590
689 The address space object is used to group and 591 The address space object is used to group and manage pages in the page
690 cache. It can be used to keep track of the pa 592 cache. It can be used to keep track of the pages in a file (or anything
691 else) and also track the mapping of sections o 593 else) and also track the mapping of sections of the file into process
692 address spaces. 594 address spaces.
693 595
694 There are a number of distinct yet related ser 596 There are a number of distinct yet related services that an
695 address-space can provide. These include comm 597 address-space can provide. These include communicating memory pressure,
696 page lookup by address, and keeping track of p 598 page lookup by address, and keeping track of pages tagged as Dirty or
697 Writeback. 599 Writeback.
698 600
699 The first can be used independently to the oth 601 The first can be used independently to the others. The VM can try to
700 either write dirty pages in order to clean the 602 either write dirty pages in order to clean them, or release clean pages
701 in order to reuse them. To do this it can cal 603 in order to reuse them. To do this it can call the ->writepage method
702 on dirty pages, and ->release_folio on clean f !! 604 on dirty pages, and ->releasepage on clean pages with PagePrivate set.
703 flag set. Clean pages without PagePrivate and !! 605 Clean pages without PagePrivate and with no external references will be
704 will be released without notice being given to !! 606 released without notice being given to the address_space.
705 607
706 To achieve this functionality, pages need to b 608 To achieve this functionality, pages need to be placed on an LRU with
707 lru_cache_add and mark_page_active needs to be 609 lru_cache_add and mark_page_active needs to be called whenever the page
708 is used. 610 is used.
709 611
710 Pages are normally kept in a radix tree index 612 Pages are normally kept in a radix tree index by ->index. This tree
711 maintains information about the PG_Dirty and P 613 maintains information about the PG_Dirty and PG_Writeback status of each
712 page, so that pages with either of these flags 614 page, so that pages with either of these flags can be found quickly.
713 615
714 The Dirty tag is primarily used by mpage_write 616 The Dirty tag is primarily used by mpage_writepages - the default
715 ->writepages method. It uses the tag to find 617 ->writepages method. It uses the tag to find dirty pages to call
716 ->writepage on. If mpage_writepages is not us 618 ->writepage on. If mpage_writepages is not used (i.e. the address
717 provides its own ->writepages) , the PAGECACHE 619 provides its own ->writepages) , the PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY tag is almost
718 unused. write_inode_now and sync_inode do use 620 unused. write_inode_now and sync_inode do use it (through
719 __sync_single_inode) to check if ->writepages 621 __sync_single_inode) to check if ->writepages has been successful in
720 writing out the whole address_space. 622 writing out the whole address_space.
721 623
722 The Writeback tag is used by filemap*wait* and 624 The Writeback tag is used by filemap*wait* and sync_page* functions, via
723 filemap_fdatawait_range, to wait for all write 625 filemap_fdatawait_range, to wait for all writeback to complete.
724 626
725 An address_space handler may attach extra info 627 An address_space handler may attach extra information to a page,
726 typically using the 'private' field in the 'st 628 typically using the 'private' field in the 'struct page'. If such
727 information is attached, the PG_Private flag s 629 information is attached, the PG_Private flag should be set. This will
728 cause various VM routines to make extra calls 630 cause various VM routines to make extra calls into the address_space
729 handler to deal with that data. 631 handler to deal with that data.
730 632
731 An address space acts as an intermediate betwe 633 An address space acts as an intermediate between storage and
732 application. Data is read into the address sp 634 application. Data is read into the address space a whole page at a
733 time, and provided to the application either b 635 time, and provided to the application either by copying of the page, or
734 by memory-mapping the page. Data is written i 636 by memory-mapping the page. Data is written into the address space by
735 the application, and then written-back to stor 637 the application, and then written-back to storage typically in whole
736 pages, however the address_space has finer con 638 pages, however the address_space has finer control of write sizes.
737 639
738 The read process essentially only requires 're !! 640 The read process essentially only requires 'readpage'. The write
739 process is more complicated and uses write_beg 641 process is more complicated and uses write_begin/write_end or
740 dirty_folio to write data into the address_spa !! 642 set_page_dirty to write data into the address_space, and writepage and
741 writepages to writeback data to storage. 643 writepages to writeback data to storage.
742 644
743 Adding and removing pages to/from an address_s 645 Adding and removing pages to/from an address_space is protected by the
744 inode's i_mutex. 646 inode's i_mutex.
745 647
746 When data is written to a page, the PG_Dirty f 648 When data is written to a page, the PG_Dirty flag should be set. It
747 typically remains set until writepage asks for 649 typically remains set until writepage asks for it to be written. This
748 should clear PG_Dirty and set PG_Writeback. I 650 should clear PG_Dirty and set PG_Writeback. It can be actually written
749 at any point after PG_Dirty is clear. Once it 651 at any point after PG_Dirty is clear. Once it is known to be safe,
750 PG_Writeback is cleared. 652 PG_Writeback is cleared.
751 653
752 Writeback makes use of a writeback_control str 654 Writeback makes use of a writeback_control structure to direct the
753 operations. This gives the writepage and writ !! 655 operations. This gives the the writepage and writepages operations some
754 information about the nature of and reason for 656 information about the nature of and reason for the writeback request,
755 and the constraints under which it is being do 657 and the constraints under which it is being done. It is also used to
756 return information back to the caller about th 658 return information back to the caller about the result of a writepage or
757 writepages request. 659 writepages request.
758 660
759 661
760 Handling errors during writeback 662 Handling errors during writeback
761 -------------------------------- 663 --------------------------------
762 664
763 Most applications that do buffered I/O will pe 665 Most applications that do buffered I/O will periodically call a file
764 synchronization call (fsync, fdatasync, msync 666 synchronization call (fsync, fdatasync, msync or sync_file_range) to
765 ensure that data written has made it to the ba 667 ensure that data written has made it to the backing store. When there
766 is an error during writeback, they expect that 668 is an error during writeback, they expect that error to be reported when
767 a file sync request is made. After an error h 669 a file sync request is made. After an error has been reported on one
768 request, subsequent requests on the same file 670 request, subsequent requests on the same file descriptor should return
769 0, unless further writeback errors have occurr 671 0, unless further writeback errors have occurred since the previous file
770 synchronization. !! 672 syncronization.
771 673
772 Ideally, the kernel would report errors only o 674 Ideally, the kernel would report errors only on file descriptions on
773 which writes were done that subsequently faile 675 which writes were done that subsequently failed to be written back. The
774 generic pagecache infrastructure does not trac 676 generic pagecache infrastructure does not track the file descriptions
775 that have dirtied each individual page however 677 that have dirtied each individual page however, so determining which
776 file descriptors should get back an error is n 678 file descriptors should get back an error is not possible.
777 679
778 Instead, the generic writeback error tracking 680 Instead, the generic writeback error tracking infrastructure in the
779 kernel settles for reporting errors to fsync o 681 kernel settles for reporting errors to fsync on all file descriptions
780 that were open at the time that the error occu 682 that were open at the time that the error occurred. In a situation with
781 multiple writers, all of them will get back an 683 multiple writers, all of them will get back an error on a subsequent
782 fsync, even if all of the writes done through 684 fsync, even if all of the writes done through that particular file
783 descriptor succeeded (or even if there were no 685 descriptor succeeded (or even if there were no writes on that file
784 descriptor at all). 686 descriptor at all).
785 687
786 Filesystems that wish to use this infrastructu 688 Filesystems that wish to use this infrastructure should call
787 mapping_set_error to record the error in the a 689 mapping_set_error to record the error in the address_space when it
788 occurs. Then, after writing back data from th 690 occurs. Then, after writing back data from the pagecache in their
789 file->fsync operation, they should call file_c 691 file->fsync operation, they should call file_check_and_advance_wb_err to
790 ensure that the struct file's error cursor has 692 ensure that the struct file's error cursor has advanced to the correct
791 point in the stream of errors emitted by the b 693 point in the stream of errors emitted by the backing device(s).
792 694
793 695
794 struct address_space_operations 696 struct address_space_operations
795 ------------------------------- 697 -------------------------------
796 698
797 This describes how the VFS can manipulate mapp 699 This describes how the VFS can manipulate mapping of a file to page
798 cache in your filesystem. The following membe 700 cache in your filesystem. The following members are defined:
799 701
800 .. code-block:: c 702 .. code-block:: c
801 703
802 struct address_space_operations { 704 struct address_space_operations {
803 int (*writepage)(struct page * 705 int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
804 int (*read_folio)(struct file !! 706 int (*readpage)(struct file *, struct page *);
805 int (*writepages)(struct addre 707 int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *);
806 bool (*dirty_folio)(struct add !! 708 int (*set_page_dirty)(struct page *page);
807 void (*readahead)(struct reada !! 709 int (*readpages)(struct file *filp, struct address_space *mapping,
>> 710 struct list_head *pages, unsigned nr_pages);
808 int (*write_begin)(struct file 711 int (*write_begin)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
809 loff_t pos, !! 712 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned flags,
810 struct page ** 713 struct page **pagep, void **fsdata);
811 int (*write_end)(struct file * 714 int (*write_end)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
812 loff_t pos, u 715 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
813 struct folio !! 716 struct page *page, void *fsdata);
814 sector_t (*bmap)(struct addres 717 sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
815 void (*invalidate_folio) (stru !! 718 void (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned int, unsigned int);
816 bool (*release_folio)(struct f !! 719 int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int);
817 void (*free_folio)(struct foli !! 720 void (*freepage)(struct page *);
818 ssize_t (*direct_IO)(struct ki 721 ssize_t (*direct_IO)(struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *iter);
819 int (*migrate_folio)(struct ma !! 722 /* isolate a page for migration */
820 struct folio * !! 723 bool (*isolate_page) (struct page *, isolate_mode_t);
821 int (*launder_folio) (struct f !! 724 /* migrate the contents of a page to the specified target */
822 !! 725 int (*migratepage) (struct page *, struct page *);
823 bool (*is_partially_uptodate) !! 726 /* put migration-failed page back to right list */
824 !! 727 void (*putback_page) (struct page *);
825 void (*is_dirty_writeback)(str !! 728 int (*launder_page) (struct page *);
826 int (*error_remove_folio)(stru !! 729
827 int (*swap_activate)(struct sw !! 730 int (*is_partially_uptodate) (struct page *, unsigned long,
>> 731 unsigned long);
>> 732 void (*is_dirty_writeback) (struct page *, bool *, bool *);
>> 733 int (*error_remove_page) (struct mapping *mapping, struct page *page);
>> 734 int (*swap_activate)(struct file *);
828 int (*swap_deactivate)(struct 735 int (*swap_deactivate)(struct file *);
829 int (*swap_rw)(struct kiocb *i <<
830 }; 736 };
831 737
832 ``writepage`` 738 ``writepage``
833 called by the VM to write a dirty page 739 called by the VM to write a dirty page to backing store. This
834 may happen for data integrity reasons 740 may happen for data integrity reasons (i.e. 'sync'), or to free
835 up memory (flush). The difference can 741 up memory (flush). The difference can be seen in
836 wbc->sync_mode. The PG_Dirty flag has 742 wbc->sync_mode. The PG_Dirty flag has been cleared and
837 PageLocked is true. writepage should 743 PageLocked is true. writepage should start writeout, should set
838 PG_Writeback, and should make sure the 744 PG_Writeback, and should make sure the page is unlocked, either
839 synchronously or asynchronously when t 745 synchronously or asynchronously when the write operation
840 completes. 746 completes.
841 747
842 If wbc->sync_mode is WB_SYNC_NONE, ->w 748 If wbc->sync_mode is WB_SYNC_NONE, ->writepage doesn't have to
843 try too hard if there are problems, an 749 try too hard if there are problems, and may choose to write out
844 other pages from the mapping if that i 750 other pages from the mapping if that is easier (e.g. due to
845 internal dependencies). If it chooses 751 internal dependencies). If it chooses not to start writeout, it
846 should return AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE s 752 should return AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE so that the VM will not
847 keep calling ->writepage on that page. 753 keep calling ->writepage on that page.
848 754
849 See the file "Locking" for more detail 755 See the file "Locking" for more details.
850 756
851 ``read_folio`` !! 757 ``readpage``
852 Called by the page cache to read a fol !! 758 called by the VM to read a page from backing store. The page
853 The 'file' argument supplies authentic !! 759 will be Locked when readpage is called, and should be unlocked
854 filesystems, and is generally not used !! 760 and marked uptodate once the read completes. If ->readpage
855 It may be NULL if the caller does not !! 761 discovers that it needs to unlock the page for some reason, it
856 the kernel is performing a read for it !! 762 can do so, and then return AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE. In this case,
857 of a userspace process with an open fi !! 763 the page will be relocated, relocked and if that all succeeds,
858 !! 764 ->readpage will be called again.
859 If the mapping does not support large <<
860 contain a single page. The folio will <<
861 is called. If the read completes succ <<
862 be marked uptodate. The filesystem sh <<
863 once the read has completed, whether i <<
864 The filesystem does not need to modify <<
865 the page cache holds a reference count <<
866 released until the folio is unlocked. <<
867 <<
868 Filesystems may implement ->read_folio <<
869 In normal operation, folios are read t <<
870 method. Only if this fails, or if the <<
871 the read to complete will the page cac <<
872 Filesystems should not attempt to perf <<
873 in the ->read_folio() operation. <<
874 <<
875 If the filesystem cannot perform the r <<
876 unlock the folio, do whatever action i <<
877 read will succeed in the future and re <<
878 In this case, the caller should look u <<
879 and call ->read_folio again. <<
880 <<
881 Callers may invoke the ->read_folio() <<
882 read_mapping_folio() will take care of <<
883 read to complete and handle cases such <<
884 765
885 ``writepages`` 766 ``writepages``
886 called by the VM to write out pages as 767 called by the VM to write out pages associated with the
887 address_space object. If wbc->sync_mo !! 768 address_space object. If wbc->sync_mode is WBC_SYNC_ALL, then
888 the writeback_control will specify a r 769 the writeback_control will specify a range of pages that must be
889 written out. If it is WB_SYNC_NONE, t !! 770 written out. If it is WBC_SYNC_NONE, then a nr_to_write is
890 given and that many pages should be wr 771 given and that many pages should be written if possible. If no
891 ->writepages is given, then mpage_writ 772 ->writepages is given, then mpage_writepages is used instead.
892 This will choose pages from the addres 773 This will choose pages from the address space that are tagged as
893 DIRTY and will pass them to ->writepag 774 DIRTY and will pass them to ->writepage.
894 775
895 ``dirty_folio`` !! 776 ``set_page_dirty``
896 called by the VM to mark a folio as di !! 777 called by the VM to set a page dirty. This is particularly
897 needed if an address space attaches pr !! 778 needed if an address space attaches private data to a page, and
898 that data needs to be updated when a f !! 779 that data needs to be updated when a page is dirtied. This is
899 called, for example, when a memory map 780 called, for example, when a memory mapped page gets modified.
900 If defined, it should set the folio di !! 781 If defined, it should set the PageDirty flag, and the
901 PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY search mark in i_p !! 782 PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY tag in the radix tree.
902 783
903 ``readahead`` !! 784 ``readpages``
904 Called by the VM to read pages associa !! 785 called by the VM to read pages associated with the address_space
905 object. The pages are consecutive in !! 786 object. This is essentially just a vector version of readpage.
906 locked. The implementation should dec !! 787 Instead of just one page, several pages are requested.
907 after starting I/O on each page. Usua !! 788 readpages is only used for read-ahead, so read errors are
908 unlocked by the I/O completion handler !! 789 ignored. If anything goes wrong, feel free to give up.
909 divided into some sync pages followed <<
910 rac->ra->async_size gives the number o <<
911 filesystem should attempt to read all <<
912 to stop once it reaches the async page <<
913 stop attempting I/O, it can simply ret <<
914 remove the remaining pages from the ad <<
915 and decrement the page refcount. Set <<
916 completes successfully. <<
917 790
918 ``write_begin`` 791 ``write_begin``
919 Called by the generic buffered write c 792 Called by the generic buffered write code to ask the filesystem
920 to prepare to write len bytes at the g 793 to prepare to write len bytes at the given offset in the file.
921 The address_space should check that th 794 The address_space should check that the write will be able to
922 complete, by allocating space if neces 795 complete, by allocating space if necessary and doing any other
923 internal housekeeping. If the write w 796 internal housekeeping. If the write will update parts of any
924 basic-blocks on storage, then those bl 797 basic-blocks on storage, then those blocks should be pre-read
925 (if they haven't been read already) so 798 (if they haven't been read already) so that the updated blocks
926 can be written out properly. 799 can be written out properly.
927 800
928 The filesystem must return the locked !! 801 The filesystem must return the locked pagecache page for the
929 specified offset, in ``*foliop``, for !! 802 specified offset, in ``*pagep``, for the caller to write into.
930 803
931 It must be able to cope with short wri 804 It must be able to cope with short writes (where the length
932 passed to write_begin is greater than 805 passed to write_begin is greater than the number of bytes copied
933 into the folio). !! 806 into the page).
>> 807
>> 808 flags is a field for AOP_FLAG_xxx flags, described in
>> 809 include/linux/fs.h.
934 810
935 A void * may be returned in fsdata, wh 811 A void * may be returned in fsdata, which then gets passed into
936 write_end. 812 write_end.
937 813
938 Returns 0 on success; < 0 on failure ( 814 Returns 0 on success; < 0 on failure (which is the error code),
939 in which case write_end is not called. 815 in which case write_end is not called.
940 816
941 ``write_end`` 817 ``write_end``
942 After a successful write_begin, and da 818 After a successful write_begin, and data copy, write_end must be
943 called. len is the original len passe 819 called. len is the original len passed to write_begin, and
944 copied is the amount that was able to 820 copied is the amount that was able to be copied.
945 821
946 The filesystem must take care of unloc !! 822 The filesystem must take care of unlocking the page and
947 decrementing its refcount, and updatin !! 823 releasing it refcount, and updating i_size.
948 824
949 Returns < 0 on failure, otherwise the 825 Returns < 0 on failure, otherwise the number of bytes (<=
950 'copied') that were able to be copied 826 'copied') that were able to be copied into pagecache.
951 827
952 ``bmap`` 828 ``bmap``
953 called by the VFS to map a logical blo 829 called by the VFS to map a logical block offset within object to
954 physical block number. This method is 830 physical block number. This method is used by the FIBMAP ioctl
955 and for working with swap-files. To b 831 and for working with swap-files. To be able to swap to a file,
956 the file must have a stable mapping to 832 the file must have a stable mapping to a block device. The swap
957 system does not go through the filesys 833 system does not go through the filesystem but instead uses bmap
958 to find out where the blocks in the fi 834 to find out where the blocks in the file are and uses those
959 addresses directly. 835 addresses directly.
960 836
961 ``invalidate_folio`` !! 837 ``invalidatepage``
962 If a folio has private data, then inva !! 838 If a page has PagePrivate set, then invalidatepage will be
963 called when part or all of the folio i !! 839 called when part or all of the page is to be removed from the
964 address space. This generally corresp 840 address space. This generally corresponds to either a
965 truncation, punch hole or a complete i 841 truncation, punch hole or a complete invalidation of the address
966 space (in the latter case 'offset' wil 842 space (in the latter case 'offset' will always be 0 and 'length'
967 will be folio_size()). Any private da !! 843 will be PAGE_SIZE). Any private data associated with the page
968 should be updated to reflect this trun 844 should be updated to reflect this truncation. If offset is 0
969 and length is folio_size(), then the p !! 845 and length is PAGE_SIZE, then the private data should be
970 released, because the folio must be ab !! 846 released, because the page must be able to be completely
971 discarded. This may be done by callin !! 847 discarded. This may be done by calling the ->releasepage
972 function, but in this case the release 848 function, but in this case the release MUST succeed.
973 849
974 ``release_folio`` !! 850 ``releasepage``
975 release_folio is called on folios with !! 851 releasepage is called on PagePrivate pages to indicate that the
976 filesystem that the folio is about to !! 852 page should be freed if possible. ->releasepage should remove
977 should remove any private data from th !! 853 any private data from the page and clear the PagePrivate flag.
978 private flag. If release_folio() fail !! 854 If releasepage() fails for some reason, it must indicate failure
979 release_folio() is used in two distinc !! 855 with a 0 return value. releasepage() is used in two distinct
980 The first is when the VM wants to free !! 856 though related cases. The first is when the VM finds a clean
981 active users. If ->release_folio succ !! 857 page with no active users and wants to make it a free page. If
982 removed from the address_space and be !! 858 ->releasepage succeeds, the page will be removed from the
>> 859 address_space and become free.
983 860
984 The second case is when a request has 861 The second case is when a request has been made to invalidate
985 some or all folios in an address_space !! 862 some or all pages in an address_space. This can happen through
986 through the fadvise(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEE !! 863 the fadvise(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED) system call or by the
987 filesystem explicitly requesting it as !! 864 filesystem explicitly requesting it as nfs and 9fs do (when they
988 believe the cache may be out of date w 865 believe the cache may be out of date with storage) by calling
989 invalidate_inode_pages2(). If the fil 866 invalidate_inode_pages2(). If the filesystem makes such a call,
990 and needs to be certain that all folio !! 867 and needs to be certain that all pages are invalidated, then its
991 its release_folio will need to ensure !! 868 releasepage will need to ensure this. Possibly it can clear the
992 clear the uptodate flag if it cannot f !! 869 PageUptodate bit if it cannot free private data yet.
993 870
994 ``free_folio`` !! 871 ``freepage``
995 free_folio is called once the folio is !! 872 freepage is called once the page is no longer visible in the
996 page cache in order to allow the clean 873 page cache in order to allow the cleanup of any private data.
997 Since it may be called by the memory r 874 Since it may be called by the memory reclaimer, it should not
998 assume that the original address_space 875 assume that the original address_space mapping still exists, and
999 it should not block. 876 it should not block.
1000 877
1001 ``direct_IO`` 878 ``direct_IO``
1002 called by the generic read/write rout 879 called by the generic read/write routines to perform direct_IO -
1003 that is IO requests which bypass the 880 that is IO requests which bypass the page cache and transfer
1004 data directly between the storage and 881 data directly between the storage and the application's address
1005 space. 882 space.
1006 883
1007 ``migrate_folio`` !! 884 ``isolate_page``
>> 885 Called by the VM when isolating a movable non-lru page. If page
>> 886 is successfully isolated, VM marks the page as PG_isolated via
>> 887 __SetPageIsolated.
>> 888
>> 889 ``migrate_page``
1008 This is used to compact the physical 890 This is used to compact the physical memory usage. If the VM
1009 wants to relocate a folio (maybe from !! 891 wants to relocate a page (maybe off a memory card that is
1010 signalling imminent failure) it will !! 892 signalling imminent failure) it will pass a new page and an old
1011 folio to this function. migrate_foli !! 893 page to this function. migrate_page should transfer any private
1012 data across and update any references !! 894 data across and update any references that it has to the page.
1013 !! 895
1014 ``launder_folio`` !! 896 ``putback_page``
1015 Called before freeing a folio - it wr !! 897 Called by the VM when isolated page's migration fails.
1016 To prevent redirtying the folio, it i !! 898
>> 899 ``launder_page``
>> 900 Called before freeing a page - it writes back the dirty page.
>> 901 To prevent redirtying the page, it is kept locked during the
1017 whole operation. 902 whole operation.
1018 903
1019 ``is_partially_uptodate`` 904 ``is_partially_uptodate``
1020 Called by the VM when reading a file 905 Called by the VM when reading a file through the pagecache when
1021 the underlying blocksize is smaller t !! 906 the underlying blocksize != pagesize. If the required block is
1022 If the required block is up to date t !! 907 up to date then the read can complete without needing the IO to
1023 without needing I/O to bring the whol !! 908 bring the whole page up to date.
1024 909
1025 ``is_dirty_writeback`` 910 ``is_dirty_writeback``
1026 Called by the VM when attempting to r !! 911 Called by the VM when attempting to reclaim a page. The VM uses
1027 dirty and writeback information to de 912 dirty and writeback information to determine if it needs to
1028 stall to allow flushers a chance to c 913 stall to allow flushers a chance to complete some IO.
1029 Ordinarily it can use folio_test_dirt !! 914 Ordinarily it can use PageDirty and PageWriteback but some
1030 some filesystems have more complex st !! 915 filesystems have more complex state (unstable pages in NFS
1031 prevent reclaim) or do not set those 916 prevent reclaim) or do not set those flags due to locking
1032 problems. This callback allows a fil 917 problems. This callback allows a filesystem to indicate to the
1033 VM if a folio should be treated as di !! 918 VM if a page should be treated as dirty or writeback for the
1034 purposes of stalling. 919 purposes of stalling.
1035 920
1036 ``error_remove_folio`` !! 921 ``error_remove_page``
1037 normally set to generic_error_remove_ !! 922 normally set to generic_error_remove_page if truncation is ok
1038 for this address space. Used for mem 923 for this address space. Used for memory failure handling.
1039 Setting this implies you deal with pa 924 Setting this implies you deal with pages going away under you,
1040 unless you have them locked or refere 925 unless you have them locked or reference counts increased.
1041 926
1042 ``swap_activate`` 927 ``swap_activate``
1043 !! 928 Called when swapon is used on a file to allocate space if
1044 Called to prepare the given file for !! 929 necessary and pin the block lookup information in memory. A
1045 any validation and preparation necess !! 930 return value of zero indicates success, in which case this file
1046 can be performed with minimal memory !! 931 can be used to back swapspace.
1047 add_swap_extent(), or the helper ioma <<
1048 return the number of extents added. <<
1049 through ->swap_rw(), it should set SW <<
1050 be submitted directly to the block de <<
1051 932
1052 ``swap_deactivate`` 933 ``swap_deactivate``
1053 Called during swapoff on files where 934 Called during swapoff on files where swap_activate was
1054 successful. 935 successful.
1055 936
1056 ``swap_rw`` <<
1057 Called to read or write swap pages wh <<
1058 937
1059 The File Object 938 The File Object
1060 =============== 939 ===============
1061 940
1062 A file object represents a file opened by a p 941 A file object represents a file opened by a process. This is also known
1063 as an "open file description" in POSIX parlan 942 as an "open file description" in POSIX parlance.
1064 943
1065 944
1066 struct file_operations 945 struct file_operations
1067 ---------------------- 946 ----------------------
1068 947
1069 This describes how the VFS can manipulate an 948 This describes how the VFS can manipulate an open file. As of kernel
1070 4.18, the following members are defined: 949 4.18, the following members are defined:
1071 950
1072 .. code-block:: c 951 .. code-block:: c
1073 952
1074 struct file_operations { 953 struct file_operations {
1075 struct module *owner; 954 struct module *owner;
1076 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file 955 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
1077 ssize_t (*read) (struct file 956 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
1078 ssize_t (*write) (struct file 957 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
1079 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct 958 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
1080 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct 959 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
1081 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *k 960 int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
>> 961 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
1082 int (*iterate_shared) (struct 962 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
1083 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file 963 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
1084 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struc 964 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
1085 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct 965 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
1086 int (*mmap) (struct file *, s 966 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
1087 int (*open) (struct inode *, 967 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
1088 int (*flush) (struct file *, 968 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
1089 int (*release) (struct inode 969 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
1090 int (*fsync) (struct file *, 970 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
1091 int (*fasync) (int, struct fi 971 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
1092 int (*lock) (struct file *, i 972 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
>> 973 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
1093 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_ 974 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
1094 int (*check_flags)(int); 975 int (*check_flags)(int);
1095 int (*flock) (struct file *, 976 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
1096 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struc 977 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
1097 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct 978 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
1098 int (*setlease)(struct file * 979 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
1099 long (*fallocate)(struct file 980 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
1100 loff_t len) 981 loff_t len);
1101 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct se 982 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
1102 #ifndef CONFIG_MMU 983 #ifndef CONFIG_MMU
1103 unsigned (*mmap_capabilities) 984 unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
1104 #endif 985 #endif
1105 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(st 986 ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *, loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
1106 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(st 987 loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
1107 st 988 struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
1108 lo 989 loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
1109 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, 990 int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
1110 }; 991 };
1111 992
1112 Again, all methods are called without any loc 993 Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
1113 otherwise noted. 994 otherwise noted.
1114 995
1115 ``llseek`` 996 ``llseek``
1116 called when the VFS needs to move the 997 called when the VFS needs to move the file position index
1117 998
1118 ``read`` 999 ``read``
1119 called by read(2) and related system 1000 called by read(2) and related system calls
1120 1001
1121 ``read_iter`` 1002 ``read_iter``
1122 possibly asynchronous read with iov_i 1003 possibly asynchronous read with iov_iter as destination
1123 1004
1124 ``write`` 1005 ``write``
1125 called by write(2) and related system 1006 called by write(2) and related system calls
1126 1007
1127 ``write_iter`` 1008 ``write_iter``
1128 possibly asynchronous write with iov_ 1009 possibly asynchronous write with iov_iter as source
1129 1010
1130 ``iopoll`` 1011 ``iopoll``
1131 called when aio wants to poll for com 1012 called when aio wants to poll for completions on HIPRI iocbs
1132 1013
1133 ``iterate_shared`` !! 1014 ``iterate``
1134 called when the VFS needs to read the 1015 called when the VFS needs to read the directory contents
1135 1016
>> 1017 ``iterate_shared``
>> 1018 called when the VFS needs to read the directory contents when
>> 1019 filesystem supports concurrent dir iterators
>> 1020
1136 ``poll`` 1021 ``poll``
1137 called by the VFS when a process want 1022 called by the VFS when a process wants to check if there is
1138 activity on this file and (optionally 1023 activity on this file and (optionally) go to sleep until there
1139 is activity. Called by the select(2) 1024 is activity. Called by the select(2) and poll(2) system calls
1140 1025
1141 ``unlocked_ioctl`` 1026 ``unlocked_ioctl``
1142 called by the ioctl(2) system call. 1027 called by the ioctl(2) system call.
1143 1028
1144 ``compat_ioctl`` 1029 ``compat_ioctl``
1145 called by the ioctl(2) system call wh 1030 called by the ioctl(2) system call when 32 bit system calls are
1146 used on 64 bit kernels. 1031 used on 64 bit kernels.
1147 1032
1148 ``mmap`` 1033 ``mmap``
1149 called by the mmap(2) system call 1034 called by the mmap(2) system call
1150 1035
1151 ``open`` 1036 ``open``
1152 called by the VFS when an inode shoul 1037 called by the VFS when an inode should be opened. When the VFS
1153 opens a file, it creates a new "struc 1038 opens a file, it creates a new "struct file". It then calls the
1154 open method for the newly allocated f 1039 open method for the newly allocated file structure. You might
1155 think that the open method really bel 1040 think that the open method really belongs in "struct
1156 inode_operations", and you may be rig 1041 inode_operations", and you may be right. I think it's done the
1157 way it is because it makes filesystem 1042 way it is because it makes filesystems simpler to implement.
1158 The open() method is a good place to 1043 The open() method is a good place to initialize the
1159 "private_data" member in the file str 1044 "private_data" member in the file structure if you want to point
1160 to a device structure 1045 to a device structure
1161 1046
1162 ``flush`` 1047 ``flush``
1163 called by the close(2) system call to 1048 called by the close(2) system call to flush a file
1164 1049
1165 ``release`` 1050 ``release``
1166 called when the last reference to an 1051 called when the last reference to an open file is closed
1167 1052
1168 ``fsync`` 1053 ``fsync``
1169 called by the fsync(2) system call. 1054 called by the fsync(2) system call. Also see the section above
1170 entitled "Handling errors during writ 1055 entitled "Handling errors during writeback".
1171 1056
1172 ``fasync`` 1057 ``fasync``
1173 called by the fcntl(2) system call wh 1058 called by the fcntl(2) system call when asynchronous
1174 (non-blocking) mode is enabled for a 1059 (non-blocking) mode is enabled for a file
1175 1060
1176 ``lock`` 1061 ``lock``
1177 called by the fcntl(2) system call fo 1062 called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_GETLK, F_SETLK, and
1178 F_SETLKW commands 1063 F_SETLKW commands
1179 1064
1180 ``get_unmapped_area`` 1065 ``get_unmapped_area``
1181 called by the mmap(2) system call 1066 called by the mmap(2) system call
1182 1067
1183 ``check_flags`` 1068 ``check_flags``
1184 called by the fcntl(2) system call fo 1069 called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_SETFL command
1185 1070
1186 ``flock`` 1071 ``flock``
1187 called by the flock(2) system call 1072 called by the flock(2) system call
1188 1073
1189 ``splice_write`` 1074 ``splice_write``
1190 called by the VFS to splice data from 1075 called by the VFS to splice data from a pipe to a file. This
1191 method is used by the splice(2) syste 1076 method is used by the splice(2) system call
1192 1077
1193 ``splice_read`` 1078 ``splice_read``
1194 called by the VFS to splice data from 1079 called by the VFS to splice data from file to a pipe. This
1195 method is used by the splice(2) syste 1080 method is used by the splice(2) system call
1196 1081
1197 ``setlease`` 1082 ``setlease``
1198 called by the VFS to set or release a 1083 called by the VFS to set or release a file lock lease. setlease
1199 implementations should call generic_s 1084 implementations should call generic_setlease to record or remove
1200 the lease in the inode after setting 1085 the lease in the inode after setting it.
1201 1086
1202 ``fallocate`` 1087 ``fallocate``
1203 called by the VFS to preallocate bloc 1088 called by the VFS to preallocate blocks or punch a hole.
1204 1089
1205 ``copy_file_range`` 1090 ``copy_file_range``
1206 called by the copy_file_range(2) syst 1091 called by the copy_file_range(2) system call.
1207 1092
1208 ``remap_file_range`` 1093 ``remap_file_range``
1209 called by the ioctl(2) system call fo 1094 called by the ioctl(2) system call for FICLONERANGE and FICLONE
1210 and FIDEDUPERANGE commands to remap f 1095 and FIDEDUPERANGE commands to remap file ranges. An
1211 implementation should remap len bytes 1096 implementation should remap len bytes at pos_in of the source
1212 file into the dest file at pos_out. 1097 file into the dest file at pos_out. Implementations must handle
1213 callers passing in len == 0; this mea 1098 callers passing in len == 0; this means "remap to the end of the
1214 source file". The return value shoul 1099 source file". The return value should the number of bytes
1215 remapped, or the usual negative error 1100 remapped, or the usual negative error code if errors occurred
1216 before any bytes were remapped. The 1101 before any bytes were remapped. The remap_flags parameter
1217 accepts REMAP_FILE_* flags. If REMAP 1102 accepts REMAP_FILE_* flags. If REMAP_FILE_DEDUP is set then the
1218 implementation must only remap if the 1103 implementation must only remap if the requested file ranges have
1219 identical contents. If REMAP_FILE_CA !! 1104 identical contents. If REMAP_CAN_SHORTEN is set, the caller is
1220 ok with the implementation shortening 1105 ok with the implementation shortening the request length to
1221 satisfy alignment or EOF requirements 1106 satisfy alignment or EOF requirements (or any other reason).
1222 1107
1223 ``fadvise`` 1108 ``fadvise``
1224 possibly called by the fadvise64() sy 1109 possibly called by the fadvise64() system call.
1225 1110
1226 Note that the file operations are implemented 1111 Note that the file operations are implemented by the specific
1227 filesystem in which the inode resides. When 1112 filesystem in which the inode resides. When opening a device node
1228 (character or block special) most filesystems 1113 (character or block special) most filesystems will call special
1229 support routines in the VFS which will locate 1114 support routines in the VFS which will locate the required device
1230 driver information. These support routines r 1115 driver information. These support routines replace the filesystem file
1231 operations with those for the device driver, 1116 operations with those for the device driver, and then proceed to call
1232 the new open() method for the file. This is 1117 the new open() method for the file. This is how opening a device file
1233 in the filesystem eventually ends up calling 1118 in the filesystem eventually ends up calling the device driver open()
1234 method. 1119 method.
1235 1120
1236 1121
1237 Directory Entry Cache (dcache) 1122 Directory Entry Cache (dcache)
1238 ============================== 1123 ==============================
1239 1124
1240 1125
1241 struct dentry_operations 1126 struct dentry_operations
1242 ------------------------ 1127 ------------------------
1243 1128
1244 This describes how a filesystem can overload 1129 This describes how a filesystem can overload the standard dentry
1245 operations. Dentries and the dcache are the 1130 operations. Dentries and the dcache are the domain of the VFS and the
1246 individual filesystem implementations. Devic 1131 individual filesystem implementations. Device drivers have no business
1247 here. These methods may be set to NULL, as t 1132 here. These methods may be set to NULL, as they are either optional or
1248 the VFS uses a default. As of kernel 2.6.22, 1133 the VFS uses a default. As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are
1249 defined: 1134 defined:
1250 1135
1251 .. code-block:: c 1136 .. code-block:: c
1252 1137
1253 struct dentry_operations { 1138 struct dentry_operations {
1254 int (*d_revalidate)(struct de 1139 int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
1255 int (*d_weak_revalidate)(stru 1140 int (*d_weak_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
1256 int (*d_hash)(const struct de 1141 int (*d_hash)(const struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
1257 int (*d_compare)(const struct 1142 int (*d_compare)(const struct dentry *,
1258 unsigned int 1143 unsigned int, const char *, const struct qstr *);
1259 int (*d_delete)(const struct 1144 int (*d_delete)(const struct dentry *);
1260 int (*d_init)(struct dentry * 1145 int (*d_init)(struct dentry *);
1261 void (*d_release)(struct dent 1146 void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
1262 void (*d_iput)(struct dentry 1147 void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
1263 char *(*d_dname)(struct dentr 1148 char *(*d_dname)(struct dentry *, char *, int);
1264 struct vfsmount *(*d_automoun 1149 struct vfsmount *(*d_automount)(struct path *);
1265 int (*d_manage)(const struct 1150 int (*d_manage)(const struct path *, bool);
1266 struct dentry *(*d_real)(stru !! 1151 struct dentry *(*d_real)(struct dentry *, const struct inode *);
1267 }; 1152 };
1268 1153
1269 ``d_revalidate`` 1154 ``d_revalidate``
1270 called when the VFS needs to revalida 1155 called when the VFS needs to revalidate a dentry. This is
1271 called whenever a name look-up finds 1156 called whenever a name look-up finds a dentry in the dcache.
1272 Most local filesystems leave this as 1157 Most local filesystems leave this as NULL, because all their
1273 dentries in the dcache are valid. Ne 1158 dentries in the dcache are valid. Network filesystems are
1274 different since things can change on 1159 different since things can change on the server without the
1275 client necessarily being aware of it. 1160 client necessarily being aware of it.
1276 1161
1277 This function should return a positiv 1162 This function should return a positive value if the dentry is
1278 still valid, and zero or a negative e 1163 still valid, and zero or a negative error code if it isn't.
1279 1164
1280 d_revalidate may be called in rcu-wal 1165 d_revalidate may be called in rcu-walk mode (flags &
1281 LOOKUP_RCU). If in rcu-walk mode, th 1166 LOOKUP_RCU). If in rcu-walk mode, the filesystem must
1282 revalidate the dentry without blockin 1167 revalidate the dentry without blocking or storing to the dentry,
1283 d_parent and d_inode should not be us 1168 d_parent and d_inode should not be used without care (because
1284 they can change and, in d_inode case, 1169 they can change and, in d_inode case, even become NULL under
1285 us). 1170 us).
1286 1171
1287 If a situation is encountered that rc 1172 If a situation is encountered that rcu-walk cannot handle,
1288 return 1173 return
1289 -ECHILD and it will be called again i 1174 -ECHILD and it will be called again in ref-walk mode.
1290 1175
1291 ``d_weak_revalidate`` !! 1176 ``_weak_revalidate``
1292 called when the VFS needs to revalida 1177 called when the VFS needs to revalidate a "jumped" dentry. This
1293 is called when a path-walk ends at de 1178 is called when a path-walk ends at dentry that was not acquired
1294 by doing a lookup in the parent direc 1179 by doing a lookup in the parent directory. This includes "/",
1295 "." and "..", as well as procfs-style 1180 "." and "..", as well as procfs-style symlinks and mountpoint
1296 traversal. 1181 traversal.
1297 1182
1298 In this case, we are less concerned w 1183 In this case, we are less concerned with whether the dentry is
1299 still fully correct, but rather that 1184 still fully correct, but rather that the inode is still valid.
1300 As with d_revalidate, most local file 1185 As with d_revalidate, most local filesystems will set this to
1301 NULL since their dcache entries are a 1186 NULL since their dcache entries are always valid.
1302 1187
1303 This function has the same return cod 1188 This function has the same return code semantics as
1304 d_revalidate. 1189 d_revalidate.
1305 1190
1306 d_weak_revalidate is only called afte 1191 d_weak_revalidate is only called after leaving rcu-walk mode.
1307 1192
1308 ``d_hash`` 1193 ``d_hash``
1309 called when the VFS adds a dentry to 1194 called when the VFS adds a dentry to the hash table. The first
1310 dentry passed to d_hash is the parent 1195 dentry passed to d_hash is the parent directory that the name is
1311 to be hashed into. 1196 to be hashed into.
1312 1197
1313 Same locking and synchronisation rule 1198 Same locking and synchronisation rules as d_compare regarding
1314 what is safe to dereference etc. 1199 what is safe to dereference etc.
1315 1200
1316 ``d_compare`` 1201 ``d_compare``
1317 called to compare a dentry name with 1202 called to compare a dentry name with a given name. The first
1318 dentry is the parent of the dentry to 1203 dentry is the parent of the dentry to be compared, the second is
1319 the child dentry. len and name strin 1204 the child dentry. len and name string are properties of the
1320 dentry to be compared. qstr is the n 1205 dentry to be compared. qstr is the name to compare it with.
1321 1206
1322 Must be constant and idempotent, and 1207 Must be constant and idempotent, and should not take locks if
1323 possible, and should not or store int 1208 possible, and should not or store into the dentry. Should not
1324 dereference pointers outside the dent 1209 dereference pointers outside the dentry without lots of care
1325 (eg. d_parent, d_inode, d_name shoul 1210 (eg. d_parent, d_inode, d_name should not be used).
1326 1211
1327 However, our vfsmount is pinned, and 1212 However, our vfsmount is pinned, and RCU held, so the dentries
1328 and inodes won't disappear, neither w 1213 and inodes won't disappear, neither will our sb or filesystem
1329 module. ->d_sb may be used. 1214 module. ->d_sb may be used.
1330 1215
1331 It is a tricky calling convention bec 1216 It is a tricky calling convention because it needs to be called
1332 under "rcu-walk", ie. without any loc 1217 under "rcu-walk", ie. without any locks or references on things.
1333 1218
1334 ``d_delete`` 1219 ``d_delete``
1335 called when the last reference to a d 1220 called when the last reference to a dentry is dropped and the
1336 dcache is deciding whether or not to 1221 dcache is deciding whether or not to cache it. Return 1 to
1337 delete immediately, or 0 to cache the 1222 delete immediately, or 0 to cache the dentry. Default is NULL
1338 which means to always cache a reachab 1223 which means to always cache a reachable dentry. d_delete must
1339 be constant and idempotent. 1224 be constant and idempotent.
1340 1225
1341 ``d_init`` 1226 ``d_init``
1342 called when a dentry is allocated 1227 called when a dentry is allocated
1343 1228
1344 ``d_release`` 1229 ``d_release``
1345 called when a dentry is really deallo 1230 called when a dentry is really deallocated
1346 1231
1347 ``d_iput`` 1232 ``d_iput``
1348 called when a dentry loses its inode 1233 called when a dentry loses its inode (just prior to its being
1349 deallocated). The default when this 1234 deallocated). The default when this is NULL is that the VFS
1350 calls iput(). If you define this met 1235 calls iput(). If you define this method, you must call iput()
1351 yourself 1236 yourself
1352 1237
1353 ``d_dname`` 1238 ``d_dname``
1354 called when the pathname of a dentry 1239 called when the pathname of a dentry should be generated.
1355 Useful for some pseudo filesystems (s 1240 Useful for some pseudo filesystems (sockfs, pipefs, ...) to
1356 delay pathname generation. (Instead 1241 delay pathname generation. (Instead of doing it when dentry is
1357 created, it's done only when the path 1242 created, it's done only when the path is needed.). Real
1358 filesystems probably dont want to use 1243 filesystems probably dont want to use it, because their dentries
1359 are present in global dcache hash, so 1244 are present in global dcache hash, so their hash should be an
1360 invariant. As no lock is held, d_dna 1245 invariant. As no lock is held, d_dname() should not try to
1361 modify the dentry itself, unless appr 1246 modify the dentry itself, unless appropriate SMP safety is used.
1362 CAUTION : d_path() logic is quite tri 1247 CAUTION : d_path() logic is quite tricky. The correct way to
1363 return for example "Hello" is to put 1248 return for example "Hello" is to put it at the end of the
1364 buffer, and returns a pointer to the 1249 buffer, and returns a pointer to the first char.
1365 dynamic_dname() helper function is pr 1250 dynamic_dname() helper function is provided to take care of
1366 this. 1251 this.
1367 1252
1368 Example : 1253 Example :
1369 1254
1370 .. code-block:: c 1255 .. code-block:: c
1371 1256
1372 static char *pipefs_dname(struct dent 1257 static char *pipefs_dname(struct dentry *dent, char *buffer, int buflen)
1373 { 1258 {
1374 return dynamic_dname(dentry, 1259 return dynamic_dname(dentry, buffer, buflen, "pipe:[%lu]",
1375 dentry->d_ino 1260 dentry->d_inode->i_ino);
1376 } 1261 }
1377 1262
1378 ``d_automount`` 1263 ``d_automount``
1379 called when an automount dentry is to 1264 called when an automount dentry is to be traversed (optional).
1380 This should create a new VFS mount re 1265 This should create a new VFS mount record and return the record
1381 to the caller. The caller is supplie 1266 to the caller. The caller is supplied with a path parameter
1382 giving the automount directory to des 1267 giving the automount directory to describe the automount target
1383 and the parent VFS mount record to pr 1268 and the parent VFS mount record to provide inheritable mount
1384 parameters. NULL should be returned 1269 parameters. NULL should be returned if someone else managed to
1385 make the automount first. If the vfs 1270 make the automount first. If the vfsmount creation failed, then
1386 an error code should be returned. If 1271 an error code should be returned. If -EISDIR is returned, then
1387 the directory will be treated as an o 1272 the directory will be treated as an ordinary directory and
1388 returned to pathwalk to continue walk 1273 returned to pathwalk to continue walking.
1389 1274
1390 If a vfsmount is returned, the caller 1275 If a vfsmount is returned, the caller will attempt to mount it
1391 on the mountpoint and will remove the 1276 on the mountpoint and will remove the vfsmount from its
1392 expiration list in the case of failur 1277 expiration list in the case of failure. The vfsmount should be
1393 returned with 2 refs on it to prevent 1278 returned with 2 refs on it to prevent automatic expiration - the
1394 caller will clean up the additional r 1279 caller will clean up the additional ref.
1395 1280
1396 This function is only used if DCACHE_ 1281 This function is only used if DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT is set on
1397 the dentry. This is set by __d_insta 1282 the dentry. This is set by __d_instantiate() if S_AUTOMOUNT is
1398 set on the inode being added. 1283 set on the inode being added.
1399 1284
1400 ``d_manage`` 1285 ``d_manage``
1401 called to allow the filesystem to man 1286 called to allow the filesystem to manage the transition from a
1402 dentry (optional). This allows autof 1287 dentry (optional). This allows autofs, for example, to hold up
1403 clients waiting to explore behind a ' 1288 clients waiting to explore behind a 'mountpoint' while letting
1404 the daemon go past and construct the 1289 the daemon go past and construct the subtree there. 0 should be
1405 returned to let the calling process c 1290 returned to let the calling process continue. -EISDIR can be
1406 returned to tell pathwalk to use this 1291 returned to tell pathwalk to use this directory as an ordinary
1407 directory and to ignore anything moun 1292 directory and to ignore anything mounted on it and not to check
1408 the automount flag. Any other error 1293 the automount flag. Any other error code will abort pathwalk
1409 completely. 1294 completely.
1410 1295
1411 If the 'rcu_walk' parameter is true, 1296 If the 'rcu_walk' parameter is true, then the caller is doing a
1412 pathwalk in RCU-walk mode. Sleeping 1297 pathwalk in RCU-walk mode. Sleeping is not permitted in this
1413 mode, and the caller can be asked to 1298 mode, and the caller can be asked to leave it and call again by
1414 returning -ECHILD. -EISDIR may also 1299 returning -ECHILD. -EISDIR may also be returned to tell
1415 pathwalk to ignore d_automount or any 1300 pathwalk to ignore d_automount or any mounts.
1416 1301
1417 This function is only used if DCACHE_ 1302 This function is only used if DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT is set on
1418 the dentry being transited from. 1303 the dentry being transited from.
1419 1304
1420 ``d_real`` 1305 ``d_real``
1421 overlay/union type filesystems implem !! 1306 overlay/union type filesystems implement this method to return
1422 of the underlying dentries of a regul !! 1307 one of the underlying dentries hidden by the overlay. It is
1423 !! 1308 used in two different modes:
1424 The 'type' argument takes the values !! 1309
1425 for returning the real underlying den !! 1310 Called from file_dentry() it returns the real dentry matching
1426 hosting the file's data or metadata r !! 1311 the inode argument. The real dentry may be from a lower layer
>> 1312 already copied up, but still referenced from the file. This
>> 1313 mode is selected with a non-NULL inode argument.
1427 1314
1428 For non-regular files, the 'dentry' a !! 1315 With NULL inode the topmost real underlying dentry is returned.
1429 1316
1430 Each dentry has a pointer to its parent dentr 1317 Each dentry has a pointer to its parent dentry, as well as a hash list
1431 of child dentries. Child dentries are basica 1318 of child dentries. Child dentries are basically like files in a
1432 directory. 1319 directory.
1433 1320
1434 1321
1435 Directory Entry Cache API 1322 Directory Entry Cache API
1436 -------------------------- 1323 --------------------------
1437 1324
1438 There are a number of functions defined which 1325 There are a number of functions defined which permit a filesystem to
1439 manipulate dentries: 1326 manipulate dentries:
1440 1327
1441 ``dget`` 1328 ``dget``
1442 open a new handle for an existing den 1329 open a new handle for an existing dentry (this just increments
1443 the usage count) 1330 the usage count)
1444 1331
1445 ``dput`` 1332 ``dput``
1446 close a handle for a dentry (decremen 1333 close a handle for a dentry (decrements the usage count). If
1447 the usage count drops to 0, and the d 1334 the usage count drops to 0, and the dentry is still in its
1448 parent's hash, the "d_delete" method 1335 parent's hash, the "d_delete" method is called to check whether
1449 it should be cached. If it should no 1336 it should be cached. If it should not be cached, or if the
1450 dentry is not hashed, it is deleted. 1337 dentry is not hashed, it is deleted. Otherwise cached dentries
1451 are put into an LRU list to be reclai 1338 are put into an LRU list to be reclaimed on memory shortage.
1452 1339
1453 ``d_drop`` 1340 ``d_drop``
1454 this unhashes a dentry from its paren 1341 this unhashes a dentry from its parents hash list. A subsequent
1455 call to dput() will deallocate the de 1342 call to dput() will deallocate the dentry if its usage count
1456 drops to 0 1343 drops to 0
1457 1344
1458 ``d_delete`` 1345 ``d_delete``
1459 delete a dentry. If there are no oth 1346 delete a dentry. If there are no other open references to the
1460 dentry then the dentry is turned into 1347 dentry then the dentry is turned into a negative dentry (the
1461 d_iput() method is called). If there 1348 d_iput() method is called). If there are other references, then
1462 d_drop() is called instead 1349 d_drop() is called instead
1463 1350
1464 ``d_add`` 1351 ``d_add``
1465 add a dentry to its parents hash list 1352 add a dentry to its parents hash list and then calls
1466 d_instantiate() 1353 d_instantiate()
1467 1354
1468 ``d_instantiate`` 1355 ``d_instantiate``
1469 add a dentry to the alias hash list f 1356 add a dentry to the alias hash list for the inode and updates
1470 the "d_inode" member. The "i_count" 1357 the "d_inode" member. The "i_count" member in the inode
1471 structure should be set/incremented. 1358 structure should be set/incremented. If the inode pointer is
1472 NULL, the dentry is called a "negativ 1359 NULL, the dentry is called a "negative dentry". This function
1473 is commonly called when an inode is c 1360 is commonly called when an inode is created for an existing
1474 negative dentry 1361 negative dentry
1475 1362
1476 ``d_lookup`` 1363 ``d_lookup``
1477 look up a dentry given its parent and 1364 look up a dentry given its parent and path name component It
1478 looks up the child of that given name 1365 looks up the child of that given name from the dcache hash
1479 table. If it is found, the reference 1366 table. If it is found, the reference count is incremented and
1480 the dentry is returned. The caller m 1367 the dentry is returned. The caller must use dput() to free the
1481 dentry when it finishes using it. 1368 dentry when it finishes using it.
1482 1369
1483 1370
1484 Mount Options 1371 Mount Options
1485 ============= 1372 =============
1486 1373
1487 1374
1488 Parsing options 1375 Parsing options
1489 --------------- 1376 ---------------
1490 1377
1491 On mount and remount the filesystem is passed 1378 On mount and remount the filesystem is passed a string containing a
1492 comma separated list of mount options. The o 1379 comma separated list of mount options. The options can have either of
1493 these forms: 1380 these forms:
1494 1381
1495 option 1382 option
1496 option=value 1383 option=value
1497 1384
1498 The <linux/parser.h> header defines an API th 1385 The <linux/parser.h> header defines an API that helps parse these
1499 options. There are plenty of examples on how 1386 options. There are plenty of examples on how to use it in existing
1500 filesystems. 1387 filesystems.
1501 1388
1502 1389
1503 Showing options 1390 Showing options
1504 --------------- 1391 ---------------
1505 1392
1506 If a filesystem accepts mount options, it mus 1393 If a filesystem accepts mount options, it must define show_options() to
1507 show all the currently active options. The r 1394 show all the currently active options. The rules are:
1508 1395
1509 - options MUST be shown which are not defau 1396 - options MUST be shown which are not default or their values differ
1510 from the default 1397 from the default
1511 1398
1512 - options MAY be shown which are enabled by 1399 - options MAY be shown which are enabled by default or have their
1513 default value 1400 default value
1514 1401
1515 Options used only internally between a mount 1402 Options used only internally between a mount helper and the kernel (such
1516 as file descriptors), or which only have an e 1403 as file descriptors), or which only have an effect during the mounting
1517 (such as ones controlling the creation of a j 1404 (such as ones controlling the creation of a journal) are exempt from the
1518 above rules. 1405 above rules.
1519 1406
1520 The underlying reason for the above rules is 1407 The underlying reason for the above rules is to make sure, that a mount
1521 can be accurately replicated (e.g. umounting 1408 can be accurately replicated (e.g. umounting and mounting again) based
1522 on the information found in /proc/mounts. 1409 on the information found in /proc/mounts.
1523 1410
1524 1411
1525 Resources 1412 Resources
1526 ========= 1413 =========
1527 1414
1528 (Note some of these resources are not up-to-d 1415 (Note some of these resources are not up-to-date with the latest kernel
1529 version.) 1416 version.)
1530 1417
1531 Creating Linux virtual filesystems. 2002 1418 Creating Linux virtual filesystems. 2002
1532 <https://lwn.net/Articles/13325/> !! 1419 <http://lwn.net/Articles/13325/>
1533 1420
1534 The Linux Virtual File-system Layer by Neil B 1421 The Linux Virtual File-system Layer by Neil Brown. 1999
1535 <http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/oss/li 1422 <http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/oss/linux-commentary/vfs.html>
1536 1423
1537 A tour of the Linux VFS by Michael K. Johnson 1424 A tour of the Linux VFS by Michael K. Johnson. 1996
1538 <https://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/g !! 1425 <http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/fs/vfstour.html>
1539 1426
1540 A small trail through the Linux kernel by And 1427 A small trail through the Linux kernel by Andries Brouwer. 2001
1541 <https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/vfs/tr !! 1428 <http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/vfs/trail.html>
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