1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang !! 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc !! 34 Rust (optional) 1.62.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge !! 35 bindgen (optional) 0.56.0 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - !! 36 GNU make 3.82 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount !! 42 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx !! 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- <<
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags <<
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag <<
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python <<
67 ====================== =============== ====== 63 ====================== =============== ========================================
68 64
69 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 65 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
70 66
71 Kernel compilation 67 Kernel compilation
72 ****************** 68 ******************
73 69
74 GCC 70 GCC
75 --- 71 ---
76 72
77 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 73 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
78 computer. 74 computer.
79 75
80 Clang/LLVM (optional) 76 Clang/LLVM (optional)
81 --------------------- 77 ---------------------
82 78
83 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 79 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
84 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 80 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
85 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 81 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
86 from the kernel that were used to support olde 82 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
87 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 83 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
88 84
89 Rust (optional) 85 Rust (optional)
90 --------------- 86 ---------------
91 87
92 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi !! 88 A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
>> 89 may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
>> 90 the moment.
>> 91
>> 92 Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
>> 93 (like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
>> 94 is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
>> 95 useful for developing.
93 96
94 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 97 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
95 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 98 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
96 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 99 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
97 be detected. 100 be detected.
98 101
99 bindgen (optional) 102 bindgen (optional)
100 ------------------ 103 ------------------
101 104
102 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 105 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
103 It depends on ``libclang``. 106 It depends on ``libclang``.
104 107
105 Make 108 Make
106 ---- 109 ----
107 110
108 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t !! 111 You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
109 112
110 Bash 113 Bash
111 ---- 114 ----
112 115
113 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 116 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
114 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 117 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
115 118
116 Binutils 119 Binutils
117 -------- 120 --------
118 121
119 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 122 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
120 123
121 pkg-config 124 pkg-config
122 ---------- 125 ----------
123 126
124 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 127 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
125 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 128 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
126 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 129 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
127 verified or documented. 130 verified or documented.
128 131
129 Flex 132 Flex
130 ---- 133 ----
131 134
132 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 135 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
133 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 136 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
134 137
135 138
136 Bison 139 Bison
137 ----- 140 -----
138 141
139 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 142 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
140 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 143 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
141 144
142 pahole !! 145 pahole:
143 ------ !! 146 -------
144 147
145 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 148 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
146 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 149 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
147 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 150 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
148 151
149 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 152 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
150 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 153 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
151 154
152 Perl 155 Perl
153 ---- 156 ----
154 157
155 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 158 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
156 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 159 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
157 160
158 BC 161 BC
159 -- 162 --
160 163
161 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 164 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
162 165
163 166
164 OpenSSL 167 OpenSSL
165 ------- 168 -------
166 169
167 Module signing and external certificate handli 170 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
168 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 171 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
169 172
170 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 173 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
171 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 174 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
172 and higher. 175 and higher.
173 176
174 Tar <<
175 --- <<
176 <<
177 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access <<
178 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). <<
179 <<
180 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) <<
181 ----------------------------- <<
182 <<
183 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 <<
184 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due <<
185 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. <<
186 <<
187 mkimage <<
188 ------- <<
189 <<
190 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T <<
191 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b <<
192 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins <<
193 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. <<
194 177
195 System utilities 178 System utilities
196 **************** 179 ****************
197 180
198 Architectural changes 181 Architectural changes
199 --------------------- 182 ---------------------
200 183
201 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 184 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
202 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 185 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
203 186
204 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 187 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
205 188
206 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 189 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
207 documentation via specially-formatted comments 190 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
208 definitions in the source. These comments can 191 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
209 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 192 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
210 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 193 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
211 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 194 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
212 Sphinx. 195 Sphinx.
213 196
214 Util-linux 197 Util-linux
215 ---------- 198 ----------
216 199
217 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 200 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
218 support new options to mount, recognize more s 201 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
219 types, and similar goodies. !! 202 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
220 You'll probably want to upgrade. 203 You'll probably want to upgrade.
221 204
222 Ksymoops 205 Ksymoops
223 -------- 206 --------
224 207
225 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 208 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
226 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 209 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
227 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 210 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
228 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 211 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
229 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 212 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
230 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 213 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
231 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 214 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
232 with ksymoops. 215 with ksymoops.
233 216
234 Mkinitrd 217 Mkinitrd
235 -------- 218 --------
236 219
237 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 220 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
238 mkinitrd be upgraded. 221 mkinitrd be upgraded.
239 222
240 E2fsprogs 223 E2fsprogs
241 --------- 224 ---------
242 225
243 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 226 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
244 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 227 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
245 228
246 JFSutils 229 JFSutils
247 -------- 230 --------
248 231
249 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 232 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
250 The following utilities are available: 233 The following utilities are available:
251 234
252 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 235 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
253 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 236 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
254 237
255 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 238 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
256 239
257 - other file system utilities are also availab 240 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
258 241
259 Reiserfsprogs 242 Reiserfsprogs
260 ------------- 243 -------------
261 244
262 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 245 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
263 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 246 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
264 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 247 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
265 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 248 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
266 249
267 Xfsprogs 250 Xfsprogs
268 -------- 251 --------
269 252
270 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 253 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
271 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 254 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
272 architecture independent and any version from 255 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
273 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 256 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
274 later is recommended, due to some significant 257 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
275 258
276 PCMCIAutils 259 PCMCIAutils
277 ----------- 260 -----------
278 261
279 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 262 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
280 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 263 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
281 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 264 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
282 subsystem is used. 265 subsystem is used.
283 266
284 Quota-tools 267 Quota-tools
285 ----------- 268 -----------
286 269
287 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 270 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
288 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 271 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
289 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 272 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
290 from the table above. 273 from the table above.
291 274
292 Intel IA32 microcode 275 Intel IA32 microcode
293 -------------------- 276 --------------------
294 277
295 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 278 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
296 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 279 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
297 udev you may need to:: 280 udev you may need to::
298 281
299 mkdir /dev/cpu 282 mkdir /dev/cpu
300 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 283 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
301 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 284 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
302 285
303 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 286 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
304 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 287 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
305 288
306 udev 289 udev
307 ---- 290 ----
308 291
309 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 292 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
310 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 293 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
311 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 294 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
312 devices. 295 devices.
313 296
314 FUSE 297 FUSE
315 ---- 298 ----
316 299
317 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 300 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
318 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 301 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
319 302
320 Networking 303 Networking
321 ********** 304 **********
322 305
323 General changes 306 General changes
324 --------------- 307 ---------------
325 308
326 If you have advanced network configuration nee 309 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
327 consider using the network tools from ip-route 310 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
328 311
329 Packet Filter / NAT 312 Packet Filter / NAT
330 ------------------- 313 -------------------
331 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 314 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
332 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 315 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
333 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 316 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
334 317
335 PPP 318 PPP
336 --- 319 ---
337 320
338 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 321 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
339 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 322 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
340 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 323 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
341 324
342 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 325 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
343 which can be made by:: 326 which can be made by::
344 327
345 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 328 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
346 329
347 as root. 330 as root.
348 331
349 NFS-utils 332 NFS-utils
350 --------- 333 ---------
351 334
352 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 335 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
353 about any client that expected to be able to a 336 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
354 information would be given to the kernel by `` 337 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
355 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 338 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
356 would take information about active clients fr 339 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
357 340
358 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 341 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
359 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 342 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
360 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 343 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
361 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 344 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
362 345
363 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 346 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
364 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 347 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
365 appropriate export information to the kernel. 348 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
366 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 349 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
367 currently active clients. 350 currently active clients.
368 351
369 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 352 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
370 353
371 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 354 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
372 355
373 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 356 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
374 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 357 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
375 that is possible. 358 that is possible.
376 359
377 mcelog 360 mcelog
378 ------ 361 ------
379 362
380 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 363 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
381 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 364 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
382 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 365 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
383 366
384 Kernel documentation 367 Kernel documentation
385 ******************** 368 ********************
386 369
387 Sphinx 370 Sphinx
388 ------ 371 ------
389 372
390 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 373 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
391 for details about Sphinx requirements. 374 for details about Sphinx requirements.
392 375
393 rustdoc 376 rustdoc
394 ------- 377 -------
395 378
396 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 379 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
397 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 380 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
398 381
399 Getting updated software 382 Getting updated software
400 ======================== 383 ========================
401 384
402 Kernel compilation 385 Kernel compilation
403 ****************** 386 ******************
404 387
405 gcc 388 gcc
406 --- 389 ---
407 390
408 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 391 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
409 392
410 Clang/LLVM 393 Clang/LLVM
411 ---------- 394 ----------
412 395
413 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 396 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
414 397
415 Rust 398 Rust
416 ---- 399 ----
417 400
418 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 401 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
419 402
420 bindgen 403 bindgen
421 ------- 404 -------
422 405
423 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 406 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
424 407
425 Make 408 Make
426 ---- 409 ----
427 410
428 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 411 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
429 412
430 Bash 413 Bash
431 ---- 414 ----
432 415
433 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 416 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
434 417
435 Binutils 418 Binutils
436 -------- 419 --------
437 420
438 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 421 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
439 422
440 Flex 423 Flex
441 ---- 424 ----
442 425
443 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 426 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
444 427
445 Bison 428 Bison
446 ----- 429 -----
447 430
448 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 431 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
449 432
450 OpenSSL 433 OpenSSL
451 ------- 434 -------
452 435
453 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 436 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
454 437
455 System utilities 438 System utilities
456 **************** 439 ****************
457 440
458 Util-linux 441 Util-linux
459 ---------- 442 ----------
460 443
461 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 444 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
462 445
463 Kmod 446 Kmod
464 ---- 447 ----
465 448
466 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 449 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
467 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 450 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
468 451
469 Ksymoops 452 Ksymoops
470 -------- 453 --------
471 454
472 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 455 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
473 456
474 Mkinitrd 457 Mkinitrd
475 -------- 458 --------
476 459
477 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 460 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
478 461
479 E2fsprogs 462 E2fsprogs
480 --------- 463 ---------
481 464
482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 465 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
483 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 466 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
484 467
485 JFSutils 468 JFSutils
486 -------- 469 --------
487 470
488 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> !! 471 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
489 472
490 Reiserfsprogs 473 Reiserfsprogs
491 ------------- 474 -------------
492 475
493 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 476 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
494 477
495 Xfsprogs 478 Xfsprogs
496 -------- 479 --------
497 480
498 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 481 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
499 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
500 483
501 Pcmciautils 484 Pcmciautils
502 ----------- 485 -----------
503 486
504 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 487 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
505 488
506 Quota-tools 489 Quota-tools
507 ----------- 490 -----------
508 491
509 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota !! 492 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
510 493
511 494
512 Intel P6 microcode 495 Intel P6 microcode
513 ------------------ 496 ------------------
514 497
515 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 498 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
516 499
517 udev 500 udev
518 ---- 501 ----
519 502
520 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 503 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
521 504
522 FUSE 505 FUSE
523 ---- 506 ----
524 507
525 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 508 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
526 509
527 mcelog 510 mcelog
528 ------ 511 ------
529 512
530 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> !! 513 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
531 514
532 cpio 515 cpio
533 ---- 516 ----
534 517
535 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 518 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
536 519
537 Networking 520 Networking
538 ********** 521 **********
539 522
540 PPP 523 PPP
541 --- 524 ---
542 525
543 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 526 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
544 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 527 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
545 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 528 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
546 529
547 NFS-utils 530 NFS-utils
548 --------- 531 ---------
549 532
550 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p !! 533 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
551 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> <<
552 534
553 Iptables 535 Iptables
554 -------- 536 --------
555 537
556 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 538 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
557 539
558 Ip-route2 540 Ip-route2
559 --------- 541 ---------
560 542
561 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 543 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
562 544
563 OProfile 545 OProfile
564 -------- 546 --------
565 547
566 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> !! 548 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
>> 549
>> 550 NFS-Utils
>> 551 ---------
>> 552
>> 553 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
567 554
568 Kernel documentation 555 Kernel documentation
569 ******************** 556 ********************
570 557
571 Sphinx 558 Sphinx
572 ------ 559 ------
573 560
574 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 561 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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