1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang !! 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc !! 34 Rust (optional) 1.62.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge !! 35 bindgen (optional) 0.56.0 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - !! 36 GNU make 3.82 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount !! 42 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx !! 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- <<
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags 63 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag <<
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python <<
67 ====================== =============== ====== 64 ====================== =============== ========================================
68 65
69 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 66 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
70 67
71 Kernel compilation 68 Kernel compilation
72 ****************** 69 ******************
73 70
74 GCC 71 GCC
75 --- 72 ---
76 73
77 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 74 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
78 computer. 75 computer.
79 76
80 Clang/LLVM (optional) 77 Clang/LLVM (optional)
81 --------------------- 78 ---------------------
82 79
83 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 80 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
84 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 81 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
85 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 82 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
86 from the kernel that were used to support olde 83 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
87 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 84 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
88 85
89 Rust (optional) 86 Rust (optional)
90 --------------- 87 ---------------
91 88
92 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi !! 89 A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
>> 90 may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
>> 91 the moment.
>> 92
>> 93 Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
>> 94 (like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
>> 95 is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
>> 96 useful for developing.
93 97
94 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 98 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
95 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 99 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
96 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 100 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
97 be detected. 101 be detected.
98 102
99 bindgen (optional) 103 bindgen (optional)
100 ------------------ 104 ------------------
101 105
102 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 106 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
103 It depends on ``libclang``. 107 It depends on ``libclang``.
104 108
105 Make 109 Make
106 ---- 110 ----
107 111
108 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t !! 112 You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
109 113
110 Bash 114 Bash
111 ---- 115 ----
112 116
113 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 117 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
114 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 118 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
115 119
116 Binutils 120 Binutils
117 -------- 121 --------
118 122
119 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 123 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
120 124
121 pkg-config 125 pkg-config
122 ---------- 126 ----------
123 127
124 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 128 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
125 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 129 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
126 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 130 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
127 verified or documented. 131 verified or documented.
128 132
129 Flex 133 Flex
130 ---- 134 ----
131 135
132 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 136 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
133 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 137 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
134 138
135 139
136 Bison 140 Bison
137 ----- 141 -----
138 142
139 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 143 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
140 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 144 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
141 145
142 pahole !! 146 pahole:
143 ------ !! 147 -------
144 148
145 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 149 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
146 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 150 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
147 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 151 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
148 152
149 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 153 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
150 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 154 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
151 155
152 Perl 156 Perl
153 ---- 157 ----
154 158
155 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 159 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
156 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 160 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
157 161
158 BC 162 BC
159 -- 163 --
160 164
161 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 165 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
162 166
163 167
164 OpenSSL 168 OpenSSL
165 ------- 169 -------
166 170
167 Module signing and external certificate handli 171 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
168 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 172 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
169 173
170 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 174 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
171 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 175 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
172 and higher. 176 and higher.
173 177
174 Tar <<
175 --- <<
176 <<
177 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access <<
178 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). <<
179 <<
180 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) 178 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
181 ----------------------------- 179 -----------------------------
182 180
183 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 181 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
184 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due 182 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
185 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. 183 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
186 184
187 mkimage <<
188 ------- <<
189 <<
190 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T <<
191 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b <<
192 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins <<
193 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. <<
194 <<
195 System utilities 185 System utilities
196 **************** 186 ****************
197 187
198 Architectural changes 188 Architectural changes
199 --------------------- 189 ---------------------
200 190
201 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 191 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
202 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 192 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
203 193
204 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 194 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
205 195
206 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 196 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
207 documentation via specially-formatted comments 197 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
208 definitions in the source. These comments can 198 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
209 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 199 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
210 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 200 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
211 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 201 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
212 Sphinx. 202 Sphinx.
213 203
214 Util-linux 204 Util-linux
215 ---------- 205 ----------
216 206
217 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 207 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
218 support new options to mount, recognize more s 208 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
219 types, and similar goodies. !! 209 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
220 You'll probably want to upgrade. 210 You'll probably want to upgrade.
221 211
222 Ksymoops 212 Ksymoops
223 -------- 213 --------
224 214
225 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 215 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
226 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 216 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
227 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 217 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
228 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 218 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
229 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 219 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
230 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 220 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
231 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 221 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
232 with ksymoops. 222 with ksymoops.
233 223
234 Mkinitrd 224 Mkinitrd
235 -------- 225 --------
236 226
237 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 227 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
238 mkinitrd be upgraded. 228 mkinitrd be upgraded.
239 229
240 E2fsprogs 230 E2fsprogs
241 --------- 231 ---------
242 232
243 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 233 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
244 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 234 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
245 235
246 JFSutils 236 JFSutils
247 -------- 237 --------
248 238
249 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 239 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
250 The following utilities are available: 240 The following utilities are available:
251 241
252 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 242 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
253 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 243 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
254 244
255 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 245 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
256 246
257 - other file system utilities are also availab 247 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
258 248
259 Reiserfsprogs 249 Reiserfsprogs
260 ------------- 250 -------------
261 251
262 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 252 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
263 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 253 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
264 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 254 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
265 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 255 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
266 256
267 Xfsprogs 257 Xfsprogs
268 -------- 258 --------
269 259
270 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 260 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
271 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 261 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
272 architecture independent and any version from 262 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
273 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 263 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
274 later is recommended, due to some significant 264 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
275 265
276 PCMCIAutils 266 PCMCIAutils
277 ----------- 267 -----------
278 268
279 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 269 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
280 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 270 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
281 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 271 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
282 subsystem is used. 272 subsystem is used.
283 273
284 Quota-tools 274 Quota-tools
285 ----------- 275 -----------
286 276
287 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 277 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
288 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 278 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
289 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 279 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
290 from the table above. 280 from the table above.
291 281
292 Intel IA32 microcode 282 Intel IA32 microcode
293 -------------------- 283 --------------------
294 284
295 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 285 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
296 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 286 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
297 udev you may need to:: 287 udev you may need to::
298 288
299 mkdir /dev/cpu 289 mkdir /dev/cpu
300 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 290 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
301 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 291 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
302 292
303 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 293 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
304 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 294 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
305 295
306 udev 296 udev
307 ---- 297 ----
308 298
309 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 299 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
310 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 300 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
311 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 301 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
312 devices. 302 devices.
313 303
314 FUSE 304 FUSE
315 ---- 305 ----
316 306
317 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 307 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
318 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 308 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
319 309
320 Networking 310 Networking
321 ********** 311 **********
322 312
323 General changes 313 General changes
324 --------------- 314 ---------------
325 315
326 If you have advanced network configuration nee 316 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
327 consider using the network tools from ip-route 317 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
328 318
329 Packet Filter / NAT 319 Packet Filter / NAT
330 ------------------- 320 -------------------
331 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 321 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
332 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 322 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
333 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 323 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
334 324
335 PPP 325 PPP
336 --- 326 ---
337 327
338 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 328 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
339 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 329 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
340 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 330 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
341 331
342 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 332 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
343 which can be made by:: 333 which can be made by::
344 334
345 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 335 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
346 336
347 as root. 337 as root.
348 338
349 NFS-utils 339 NFS-utils
350 --------- 340 ---------
351 341
352 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 342 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
353 about any client that expected to be able to a 343 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
354 information would be given to the kernel by `` 344 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
355 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 345 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
356 would take information about active clients fr 346 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
357 347
358 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 348 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
359 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 349 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
360 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 350 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
361 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 351 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
362 352
363 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 353 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
364 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 354 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
365 appropriate export information to the kernel. 355 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
366 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 356 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
367 currently active clients. 357 currently active clients.
368 358
369 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 359 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
370 360
371 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 361 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
372 362
373 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 363 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
374 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 364 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
375 that is possible. 365 that is possible.
376 366
377 mcelog 367 mcelog
378 ------ 368 ------
379 369
380 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 370 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
381 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 371 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
382 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 372 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
383 373
384 Kernel documentation 374 Kernel documentation
385 ******************** 375 ********************
386 376
387 Sphinx 377 Sphinx
388 ------ 378 ------
389 379
390 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 380 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
391 for details about Sphinx requirements. 381 for details about Sphinx requirements.
392 382
393 rustdoc 383 rustdoc
394 ------- 384 -------
395 385
396 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 386 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
397 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 387 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
398 388
399 Getting updated software 389 Getting updated software
400 ======================== 390 ========================
401 391
402 Kernel compilation 392 Kernel compilation
403 ****************** 393 ******************
404 394
405 gcc 395 gcc
406 --- 396 ---
407 397
408 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 398 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
409 399
410 Clang/LLVM 400 Clang/LLVM
411 ---------- 401 ----------
412 402
413 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 403 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
414 404
415 Rust 405 Rust
416 ---- 406 ----
417 407
418 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 408 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
419 409
420 bindgen 410 bindgen
421 ------- 411 -------
422 412
423 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 413 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
424 414
425 Make 415 Make
426 ---- 416 ----
427 417
428 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 418 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
429 419
430 Bash 420 Bash
431 ---- 421 ----
432 422
433 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 423 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
434 424
435 Binutils 425 Binutils
436 -------- 426 --------
437 427
438 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 428 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
439 429
440 Flex 430 Flex
441 ---- 431 ----
442 432
443 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 433 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
444 434
445 Bison 435 Bison
446 ----- 436 -----
447 437
448 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 438 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
449 439
450 OpenSSL 440 OpenSSL
451 ------- 441 -------
452 442
453 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 443 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
454 444
455 System utilities 445 System utilities
456 **************** 446 ****************
457 447
458 Util-linux 448 Util-linux
459 ---------- 449 ----------
460 450
461 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 451 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
462 452
463 Kmod 453 Kmod
464 ---- 454 ----
465 455
466 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 456 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
467 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 457 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
468 458
469 Ksymoops 459 Ksymoops
470 -------- 460 --------
471 461
472 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 462 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
473 463
474 Mkinitrd 464 Mkinitrd
475 -------- 465 --------
476 466
477 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 467 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
478 468
479 E2fsprogs 469 E2fsprogs
480 --------- 470 ---------
481 471
482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 472 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
483 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 473 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
484 474
485 JFSutils 475 JFSutils
486 -------- 476 --------
487 477
488 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> !! 478 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
489 479
490 Reiserfsprogs 480 Reiserfsprogs
491 ------------- 481 -------------
492 482
493 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 483 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
494 484
495 Xfsprogs 485 Xfsprogs
496 -------- 486 --------
497 487
498 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 488 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
499 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 489 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
500 490
501 Pcmciautils 491 Pcmciautils
502 ----------- 492 -----------
503 493
504 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 494 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
505 495
506 Quota-tools 496 Quota-tools
507 ----------- 497 -----------
508 498
509 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota !! 499 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
510 500
511 501
512 Intel P6 microcode 502 Intel P6 microcode
513 ------------------ 503 ------------------
514 504
515 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 505 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
516 506
517 udev 507 udev
518 ---- 508 ----
519 509
520 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 510 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
521 511
522 FUSE 512 FUSE
523 ---- 513 ----
524 514
525 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 515 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
526 516
527 mcelog 517 mcelog
528 ------ 518 ------
529 519
530 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> !! 520 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
531 521
532 cpio 522 cpio
533 ---- 523 ----
534 524
535 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 525 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
536 526
537 Networking 527 Networking
538 ********** 528 **********
539 529
540 PPP 530 PPP
541 --- 531 ---
542 532
543 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 533 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
544 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 534 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
545 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 535 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
546 536
547 NFS-utils 537 NFS-utils
548 --------- 538 ---------
549 539
550 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p !! 540 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
551 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> <<
552 541
553 Iptables 542 Iptables
554 -------- 543 --------
555 544
556 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 545 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
557 546
558 Ip-route2 547 Ip-route2
559 --------- 548 ---------
560 549
561 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 550 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
562 551
563 OProfile 552 OProfile
564 -------- 553 --------
565 554
566 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> !! 555 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
>> 556
>> 557 NFS-Utils
>> 558 ---------
>> 559
>> 560 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
567 561
568 Kernel documentation 562 Kernel documentation
569 ******************** 563 ********************
570 564
571 Sphinx 565 Sphinx
572 ------ 566 ------
573 567
574 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 568 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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