1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc 34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge 35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - 36 GNU make 4.0 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount 42 util-linux 2.10o mount --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- 63 GNU tar 1.28 tar --version
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags 64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag 65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimage --version
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python 66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python3 --version
67 ====================== =============== ====== 67 ====================== =============== ========================================
68 68
69 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 69 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
70 70
71 Kernel compilation 71 Kernel compilation
72 ****************** 72 ******************
73 73
74 GCC 74 GCC
75 --- 75 ---
76 76
77 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 77 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
78 computer. 78 computer.
79 79
80 Clang/LLVM (optional) 80 Clang/LLVM (optional)
81 --------------------- 81 ---------------------
82 82
83 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 83 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
84 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 84 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
85 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 85 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
86 from the kernel that were used to support olde 86 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
87 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 87 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
88 88
89 Rust (optional) 89 Rust (optional)
90 --------------- 90 ---------------
91 91
92 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi 92 A recent version of the Rust compiler is required.
93 93
94 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 94 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
95 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 95 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
96 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 96 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
97 be detected. 97 be detected.
98 98
99 bindgen (optional) 99 bindgen (optional)
100 ------------------ 100 ------------------
101 101
102 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 102 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
103 It depends on ``libclang``. 103 It depends on ``libclang``.
104 104
105 Make 105 Make
106 ---- 106 ----
107 107
108 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t 108 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build the kernel.
109 109
110 Bash 110 Bash
111 ---- 111 ----
112 112
113 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 113 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
114 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 114 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
115 115
116 Binutils 116 Binutils
117 -------- 117 --------
118 118
119 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 119 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
120 120
121 pkg-config 121 pkg-config
122 ---------- 122 ----------
123 123
124 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 124 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
125 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 125 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
126 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 126 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
127 verified or documented. 127 verified or documented.
128 128
129 Flex 129 Flex
130 ---- 130 ----
131 131
132 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 132 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
133 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 133 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
134 134
135 135
136 Bison 136 Bison
137 ----- 137 -----
138 138
139 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 139 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
140 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 140 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
141 141
142 pahole 142 pahole
143 ------ 143 ------
144 144
145 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 145 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
146 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 146 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
147 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 147 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
148 148
149 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 149 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
150 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 150 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
151 151
152 Perl 152 Perl
153 ---- 153 ----
154 154
155 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 155 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
156 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 156 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
157 157
158 BC 158 BC
159 -- 159 --
160 160
161 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 161 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
162 162
163 163
164 OpenSSL 164 OpenSSL
165 ------- 165 -------
166 166
167 Module signing and external certificate handli 167 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
168 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 168 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
169 169
170 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 170 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
171 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 171 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
172 and higher. 172 and higher.
173 173
174 Tar 174 Tar
175 --- 175 ---
176 176
177 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access 177 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs
178 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). 178 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS).
179 179
180 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) 180 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
181 ----------------------------- 181 -----------------------------
182 182
183 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 183 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
184 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due 184 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
185 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. 185 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
186 186
187 mkimage 187 mkimage
188 ------- 188 -------
189 189
190 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T 190 This tool is used when building a Flat Image Tree (FIT), commonly used on ARM
191 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b 191 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-boot-tools`` package or can be
192 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins 192 built from the U-Boot source code. See the instructions at
193 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. 193 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools.html#building-tools-for-linux
194 194
195 System utilities 195 System utilities
196 **************** 196 ****************
197 197
198 Architectural changes 198 Architectural changes
199 --------------------- 199 ---------------------
200 200
201 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 201 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
202 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 202 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
203 203
204 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 204 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
205 205
206 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 206 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
207 documentation via specially-formatted comments 207 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
208 definitions in the source. These comments can 208 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
209 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 209 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
210 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 210 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
211 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 211 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
212 Sphinx. 212 Sphinx.
213 213
214 Util-linux 214 Util-linux
215 ---------- 215 ----------
216 216
217 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 217 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
218 support new options to mount, recognize more s 218 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
219 types, and similar goodies. 219 types, and similar goodies.
220 You'll probably want to upgrade. 220 You'll probably want to upgrade.
221 221
222 Ksymoops 222 Ksymoops
223 -------- 223 --------
224 224
225 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 225 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
226 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 226 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
227 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 227 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
228 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 228 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
229 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 229 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
230 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 230 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
231 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 231 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
232 with ksymoops. 232 with ksymoops.
233 233
234 Mkinitrd 234 Mkinitrd
235 -------- 235 --------
236 236
237 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 237 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
238 mkinitrd be upgraded. 238 mkinitrd be upgraded.
239 239
240 E2fsprogs 240 E2fsprogs
241 --------- 241 ---------
242 242
243 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 243 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
244 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 244 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
245 245
246 JFSutils 246 JFSutils
247 -------- 247 --------
248 248
249 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 249 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
250 The following utilities are available: 250 The following utilities are available:
251 251
252 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 252 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
253 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 253 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
254 254
255 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 255 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
256 256
257 - other file system utilities are also availab 257 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
258 258
259 Reiserfsprogs 259 Reiserfsprogs
260 ------------- 260 -------------
261 261
262 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 262 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
263 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 263 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
264 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 264 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
265 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 265 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
266 266
267 Xfsprogs 267 Xfsprogs
268 -------- 268 --------
269 269
270 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 270 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
271 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 271 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
272 architecture independent and any version from 272 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
273 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 273 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
274 later is recommended, due to some significant 274 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
275 275
276 PCMCIAutils 276 PCMCIAutils
277 ----------- 277 -----------
278 278
279 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 279 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
280 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 280 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
281 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 281 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
282 subsystem is used. 282 subsystem is used.
283 283
284 Quota-tools 284 Quota-tools
285 ----------- 285 -----------
286 286
287 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 287 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
288 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 288 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
289 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 289 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
290 from the table above. 290 from the table above.
291 291
292 Intel IA32 microcode 292 Intel IA32 microcode
293 -------------------- 293 --------------------
294 294
295 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 295 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
296 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 296 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
297 udev you may need to:: 297 udev you may need to::
298 298
299 mkdir /dev/cpu 299 mkdir /dev/cpu
300 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 300 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
301 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 301 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
302 302
303 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 303 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
304 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 304 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
305 305
306 udev 306 udev
307 ---- 307 ----
308 308
309 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 309 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
310 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 310 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
311 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 311 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
312 devices. 312 devices.
313 313
314 FUSE 314 FUSE
315 ---- 315 ----
316 316
317 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 317 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
318 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 318 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
319 319
320 Networking 320 Networking
321 ********** 321 **********
322 322
323 General changes 323 General changes
324 --------------- 324 ---------------
325 325
326 If you have advanced network configuration nee 326 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
327 consider using the network tools from ip-route 327 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
328 328
329 Packet Filter / NAT 329 Packet Filter / NAT
330 ------------------- 330 -------------------
331 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 331 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
332 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 332 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
333 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 333 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
334 334
335 PPP 335 PPP
336 --- 336 ---
337 337
338 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 338 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
339 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 339 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
340 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 340 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
341 341
342 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 342 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
343 which can be made by:: 343 which can be made by::
344 344
345 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 345 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
346 346
347 as root. 347 as root.
348 348
349 NFS-utils 349 NFS-utils
350 --------- 350 ---------
351 351
352 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 352 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
353 about any client that expected to be able to a 353 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
354 information would be given to the kernel by `` 354 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
355 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 355 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
356 would take information about active clients fr 356 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
357 357
358 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 358 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
359 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 359 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
360 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 360 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
361 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 361 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
362 362
363 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 363 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
364 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 364 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
365 appropriate export information to the kernel. 365 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
366 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 366 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
367 currently active clients. 367 currently active clients.
368 368
369 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 369 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
370 370
371 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 371 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
372 372
373 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 373 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
374 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 374 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
375 that is possible. 375 that is possible.
376 376
377 mcelog 377 mcelog
378 ------ 378 ------
379 379
380 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 380 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
381 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 381 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
382 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 382 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
383 383
384 Kernel documentation 384 Kernel documentation
385 ******************** 385 ********************
386 386
387 Sphinx 387 Sphinx
388 ------ 388 ------
389 389
390 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 390 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
391 for details about Sphinx requirements. 391 for details about Sphinx requirements.
392 392
393 rustdoc 393 rustdoc
394 ------- 394 -------
395 395
396 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 396 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
397 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 397 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
398 398
399 Getting updated software 399 Getting updated software
400 ======================== 400 ========================
401 401
402 Kernel compilation 402 Kernel compilation
403 ****************** 403 ******************
404 404
405 gcc 405 gcc
406 --- 406 ---
407 407
408 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 408 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
409 409
410 Clang/LLVM 410 Clang/LLVM
411 ---------- 411 ----------
412 412
413 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 413 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
414 414
415 Rust 415 Rust
416 ---- 416 ----
417 417
418 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 418 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
419 419
420 bindgen 420 bindgen
421 ------- 421 -------
422 422
423 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 423 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
424 424
425 Make 425 Make
426 ---- 426 ----
427 427
428 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 428 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
429 429
430 Bash 430 Bash
431 ---- 431 ----
432 432
433 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 433 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
434 434
435 Binutils 435 Binutils
436 -------- 436 --------
437 437
438 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 438 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
439 439
440 Flex 440 Flex
441 ---- 441 ----
442 442
443 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 443 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
444 444
445 Bison 445 Bison
446 ----- 446 -----
447 447
448 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 448 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
449 449
450 OpenSSL 450 OpenSSL
451 ------- 451 -------
452 452
453 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 453 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
454 454
455 System utilities 455 System utilities
456 **************** 456 ****************
457 457
458 Util-linux 458 Util-linux
459 ---------- 459 ----------
460 460
461 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 461 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
462 462
463 Kmod 463 Kmod
464 ---- 464 ----
465 465
466 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 466 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
467 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 467 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
468 468
469 Ksymoops 469 Ksymoops
470 -------- 470 --------
471 471
472 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 472 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
473 473
474 Mkinitrd 474 Mkinitrd
475 -------- 475 --------
476 476
477 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 477 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
478 478
479 E2fsprogs 479 E2fsprogs
480 --------- 480 ---------
481 481
482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
483 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 483 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
484 484
485 JFSutils 485 JFSutils
486 -------- 486 --------
487 487
488 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> 488 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
489 489
490 Reiserfsprogs 490 Reiserfsprogs
491 ------------- 491 -------------
492 492
493 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 493 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
494 494
495 Xfsprogs 495 Xfsprogs
496 -------- 496 --------
497 497
498 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 498 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
499 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 499 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
500 500
501 Pcmciautils 501 Pcmciautils
502 ----------- 502 -----------
503 503
504 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 504 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
505 505
506 Quota-tools 506 Quota-tools
507 ----------- 507 -----------
508 508
509 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota 509 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
510 510
511 511
512 Intel P6 microcode 512 Intel P6 microcode
513 ------------------ 513 ------------------
514 514
515 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 515 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
516 516
517 udev 517 udev
518 ---- 518 ----
519 519
520 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 520 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
521 521
522 FUSE 522 FUSE
523 ---- 523 ----
524 524
525 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 525 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
526 526
527 mcelog 527 mcelog
528 ------ 528 ------
529 529
530 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> 530 - <https://www.mcelog.org/>
531 531
532 cpio 532 cpio
533 ---- 533 ----
534 534
535 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 535 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
536 536
537 Networking 537 Networking
538 ********** 538 **********
539 539
540 PPP 540 PPP
541 --- 541 ---
542 542
543 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 543 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
544 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 544 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
545 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 545 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
546 546
547 NFS-utils 547 NFS-utils
548 --------- 548 ---------
549 549
550 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p 550 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
551 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> 551 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
552 552
553 Iptables 553 Iptables
554 -------- 554 --------
555 555
556 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 556 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
557 557
558 Ip-route2 558 Ip-route2
559 --------- 559 ---------
560 560
561 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 561 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
562 562
563 OProfile 563 OProfile
564 -------- 564 --------
565 565
566 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> 566 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
567 567
568 Kernel documentation 568 Kernel documentation
569 ******************** 569 ********************
570 570
571 Sphinx 571 Sphinx
572 ------ 572 ------
573 573
574 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 574 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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