1 .. _changes: 1 .. _changes:
2 2
3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel 3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 5
6 Intro 6 Intro
7 ===== 7 =====
8 8
9 This document is designed to provide a list of 9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel v 10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11 11
12 This document is originally based on my "Chang 12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people a 13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless o 14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15 'net). 15 'net).
16 16
17 Current Minimal Requirements 17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 **************************** 18 ****************************
19 19
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisio 20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what vers 21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you 22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
23 23
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you 24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools a 25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC C 26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcm 27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28 28
29 ====================== =============== ====== 29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version C 30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ====== 31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc -- 32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 13.0.1 clang !! 33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.78.0 rustc !! 34 Rust (optional) 1.73.0 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindge 35 bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 4.0 make - !! 36 GNU make 3.82 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash - 37 bash 4.2 bash --version
38 binutils 2.25 ld -v 38 binutils 2.25 ld -v
39 flex 2.5.35 flex - 39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison 40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole 41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o mount !! 42 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
43 kmod 13 depmod 43 kmod 13 depmod -V
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck 44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.j 45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiser 46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db 47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksqua 48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsc 49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccard 50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota 51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd - 52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmo 53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --v 54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd 55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub - 56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog 57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptabl 58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openss 59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --v 60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx !! 61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio - 62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar -- 63 GNU tar 1.28 tar --version
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags 64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 mkimage (optional) 2017.01 mkimag <<
66 Python (optional) 3.5.x python <<
67 ====================== =============== ====== 65 ====================== =============== ========================================
68 66
69 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Ke 67 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
70 68
71 Kernel compilation 69 Kernel compilation
72 ****************** 70 ******************
73 71
74 GCC 72 GCC
75 --- 73 ---
76 74
77 The gcc version requirements may vary dependin 75 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
78 computer. 76 computer.
79 77
80 Clang/LLVM (optional) 78 Clang/LLVM (optional)
81 --------------------- 79 ---------------------
82 80
83 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM ut 81 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
84 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org> 82 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
85 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to w 83 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
86 from the kernel that were used to support olde 84 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
87 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM < 85 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
88 86
89 Rust (optional) 87 Rust (optional)
90 --------------- 88 ---------------
91 89
92 A recent version of the Rust compiler is requi !! 90 A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
>> 91 may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
>> 92 the moment.
>> 93
>> 94 Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
>> 95 (like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
>> 96 is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
>> 97 useful for developing.
93 98
94 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst 99 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
95 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support 100 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
96 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check wh 101 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
97 be detected. 102 be detected.
98 103
99 bindgen (optional) 104 bindgen (optional)
100 ------------------ 105 ------------------
101 106
102 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindi 107 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
103 It depends on ``libclang``. 108 It depends on ``libclang``.
104 109
105 Make 110 Make
106 ---- 111 ----
107 112
108 You will need GNU make 4.0 or later to build t !! 113 You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
109 114
110 Bash 115 Bash
111 ---- 116 ----
112 117
113 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel buil 118 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
114 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed. 119 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
115 120
116 Binutils 121 Binutils
117 -------- 122 --------
118 123
119 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the 124 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
120 125
121 pkg-config 126 pkg-config
122 ---------- 127 ----------
123 128
124 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-con 129 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
125 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings 130 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
126 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was 131 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
127 verified or documented. 132 verified or documented.
128 133
129 Flex 134 Flex
130 ---- 135 ----
131 136
132 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates l 137 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
133 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or la 138 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
134 139
135 140
136 Bison 141 Bison
137 ----- 142 -----
138 143
139 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates p 144 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
140 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or late 145 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
141 146
142 pahole !! 147 pahole:
143 ------ !! 148 -------
144 149
145 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is s 150 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
146 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in 151 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
147 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 o 152 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
148 153
149 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distr 154 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
150 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/. 155 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
151 156
152 Perl 157 Perl
153 ---- 158 ----
154 159
155 You will need perl 5 and the following modules 160 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
156 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``Fil 161 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
157 162
158 BC 163 BC
159 -- 164 --
160 165
161 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and hig 166 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
162 167
163 168
164 OpenSSL 169 OpenSSL
165 ------- 170 -------
166 171
167 Module signing and external certificate handli 172 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
168 crypto library to do key creation and signatur 173 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
169 174
170 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and 175 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
171 enabled. You will also need openssl developme 176 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
172 and higher. 177 and higher.
173 178
174 Tar 179 Tar
175 --- 180 ---
176 181
177 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access 182 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs
178 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS). 183 (CONFIG_IKHEADERS).
179 184
180 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional) 185 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
181 ----------------------------- 186 -----------------------------
182 187
183 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6 188 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
184 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due 189 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
185 ``-C (--directory)`` flag. 190 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
186 191
187 mkimage <<
188 ------- <<
189 <<
190 This tool is used when building a Flat Image T <<
191 platforms. The tool is available via the ``u-b <<
192 built from the U-Boot source code. See the ins <<
193 https://docs.u-boot.org/en/latest/build/tools. <<
194 <<
195 System utilities 192 System utilities
196 **************** 193 ****************
197 194
198 Architectural changes 195 Architectural changes
199 --------------------- 196 ---------------------
200 197
201 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev 198 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
202 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel 199 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
203 200
204 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! 201 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
205 202
206 Linux documentation for functions is transitio 203 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
207 documentation via specially-formatted comments 204 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
208 definitions in the source. These comments can 205 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
209 files the Documentation/ directory to make enr 206 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
210 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, 207 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
211 In order to convert from ReST format to a form 208 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
212 Sphinx. 209 Sphinx.
213 210
214 Util-linux 211 Util-linux
215 ---------- 212 ----------
216 213
217 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` s 214 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
218 support new options to mount, recognize more s 215 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
219 types, and similar goodies. !! 216 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
220 You'll probably want to upgrade. 217 You'll probably want to upgrade.
221 218
222 Ksymoops 219 Ksymoops
223 -------- 220 --------
224 221
225 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oop 222 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
226 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases 223 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
227 It is generally preferred to build the kernel 224 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
228 that it produces readable dumps that can be us 225 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
229 produces better output than ksymoops). If for 226 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
230 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you 227 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
231 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you 228 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
232 with ksymoops. 229 with ksymoops.
233 230
234 Mkinitrd 231 Mkinitrd
235 -------- 232 --------
236 233
237 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tre 234 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
238 mkinitrd be upgraded. 235 mkinitrd be upgraded.
239 236
240 E2fsprogs 237 E2fsprogs
241 --------- 238 ---------
242 239
243 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes seve 240 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
244 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgra 241 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
245 242
246 JFSutils 243 JFSutils
247 -------- 244 --------
248 245
249 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilitie 246 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
250 The following utilities are available: 247 The following utilities are available:
251 248
252 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transa 249 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
253 and repair a JFS formatted partition. 250 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
254 251
255 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partit 252 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
256 253
257 - other file system utilities are also availab 254 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
258 255
259 Reiserfsprogs 256 Reiserfsprogs
260 ------------- 257 -------------
261 258
262 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for r 259 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
263 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined packag 260 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
264 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs` 261 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
265 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 262 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
266 263
267 Xfsprogs 264 Xfsprogs
268 -------- 265 --------
269 266
270 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains `` 267 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
271 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for th 268 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
272 architecture independent and any version from 269 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
273 work correctly with this version of the XFS ke 270 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
274 later is recommended, due to some significant 271 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
275 272
276 PCMCIAutils 273 PCMCIAutils
277 ----------- 274 -----------
278 275
279 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properl 276 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
280 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the 277 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
281 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is mod 278 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
282 subsystem is used. 279 subsystem is used.
283 280
284 Quota-tools 281 Quota-tools
285 ----------- 282 -----------
286 283
287 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required 284 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
288 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools 285 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
289 newer has this support. Use the recommended v 286 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
290 from the table above. 287 from the table above.
291 288
292 Intel IA32 microcode 289 Intel IA32 microcode
293 -------------------- 290 --------------------
294 291
295 A driver has been added to allow updating of I 292 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
296 accessible as a normal (misc) character device 293 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
297 udev you may need to:: 294 udev you may need to::
298 295
299 mkdir /dev/cpu 296 mkdir /dev/cpu
300 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 297 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
301 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode 298 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
302 299
303 as root before you can use this. You'll proba 300 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
304 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to us 301 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
305 302
306 udev 303 udev
307 ---- 304 ----
308 305
309 ``udev`` is a userspace application for popula 306 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
310 only entries for devices actually present. ``u 307 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
311 functionality of devfs, while allowing persist 308 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
312 devices. 309 devices.
313 310
314 FUSE 311 FUSE
315 ---- 312 ----
316 313
317 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimu 314 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
318 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won 315 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
319 316
320 Networking 317 Networking
321 ********** 318 **********
322 319
323 General changes 320 General changes
324 --------------- 321 ---------------
325 322
326 If you have advanced network configuration nee 323 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
327 consider using the network tools from ip-route 324 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
328 325
329 Packet Filter / NAT 326 Packet Filter / NAT
330 ------------------- 327 -------------------
331 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the sam 328 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
332 kernel series (iptables). It still includes b 329 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
333 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwa 330 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
334 331
335 PPP 332 PPP
336 --- 333 ---
337 334
338 The PPP driver has been restructured to suppor 335 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
339 enable it to operate over diverse media layers 336 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
340 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. 337 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
341 338
342 If you are not using udev, you must have the d 339 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
343 which can be made by:: 340 which can be made by::
344 341
345 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 342 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
346 343
347 as root. 344 as root.
348 345
349 NFS-utils 346 NFS-utils
350 --------- 347 ---------
351 348
352 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs 349 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
353 about any client that expected to be able to a 350 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
354 information would be given to the kernel by `` 351 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
355 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at 352 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
356 would take information about active clients fr 353 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
357 354
358 This approach is quite fragile as it depends o 355 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
359 which is not always easy, particularly when tr 356 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
360 fail-over. Even when the system is working we 357 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
361 getting lots of old entries that never get rem 358 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
362 359
363 With modern kernels we have the option of havi 360 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
364 when it gets a request from an unknown host, a 361 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
365 appropriate export information to the kernel. 362 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
366 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the ker 363 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
367 currently active clients. 364 currently active clients.
368 365
369 To enable this new functionality, you need to: 366 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
370 367
371 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd 368 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
372 369
373 before running exportfs or mountd. It is reco 370 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
374 services be protected from the internet-at-lar 371 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
375 that is possible. 372 that is possible.
376 373
377 mcelog 374 mcelog
378 ------ 375 ------
379 376
380 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to 377 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
381 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Mac 378 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
382 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strong 379 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
383 380
384 Kernel documentation 381 Kernel documentation
385 ******************** 382 ********************
386 383
387 Sphinx 384 Sphinx
388 ------ 385 ------
389 386
390 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Docu 387 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
391 for details about Sphinx requirements. 388 for details about Sphinx requirements.
392 389
393 rustdoc 390 rustdoc
394 ------- 391 -------
395 392
396 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentat 393 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
397 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for 394 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
398 395
399 Getting updated software 396 Getting updated software
400 ======================== 397 ========================
401 398
402 Kernel compilation 399 Kernel compilation
403 ****************** 400 ******************
404 401
405 gcc 402 gcc
406 --- 403 ---
407 404
408 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> 405 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
409 406
410 Clang/LLVM 407 Clang/LLVM
411 ---------- 408 ----------
412 409
413 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`. 410 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
414 411
415 Rust 412 Rust
416 ---- 413 ----
417 414
418 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 415 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
419 416
420 bindgen 417 bindgen
421 ------- 418 -------
422 419
423 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst. 420 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
424 421
425 Make 422 Make
426 ---- 423 ----
427 424
428 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> 425 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
429 426
430 Bash 427 Bash
431 ---- 428 ----
432 429
433 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/> 430 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
434 431
435 Binutils 432 Binutils
436 -------- 433 --------
437 434
438 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binu 435 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
439 436
440 Flex 437 Flex
441 ---- 438 ----
442 439
443 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> 440 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
444 441
445 Bison 442 Bison
446 ----- 443 -----
447 444
448 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> 445 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
449 446
450 OpenSSL 447 OpenSSL
451 ------- 448 -------
452 449
453 - <https://www.openssl.org/> 450 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
454 451
455 System utilities 452 System utilities
456 **************** 453 ****************
457 454
458 Util-linux 455 Util-linux
459 ---------- 456 ----------
460 457
461 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util 458 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
462 459
463 Kmod 460 Kmod
464 ---- 461 ----
465 462
466 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 463 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
467 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel 464 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
468 465
469 Ksymoops 466 Ksymoops
470 -------- 467 --------
471 468
472 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 469 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
473 470
474 Mkinitrd 471 Mkinitrd
475 -------- 472 --------
476 473
477 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/mai 474 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
478 475
479 E2fsprogs 476 E2fsprogs
480 --------- 477 ---------
481 478
482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/peo 479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
483 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fs 480 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
484 481
485 JFSutils 482 JFSutils
486 -------- 483 --------
487 484
488 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/> 485 - <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
489 486
490 Reiserfsprogs 487 Reiserfsprogs
491 ------------- 488 -------------
492 489
493 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel 490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
494 491
495 Xfsprogs 492 Xfsprogs
496 -------- 493 --------
497 494
498 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfspr 495 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
499 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/x 496 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
500 497
501 Pcmciautils 498 Pcmciautils
502 ----------- 499 -----------
503 500
504 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kern 501 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
505 502
506 Quota-tools 503 Quota-tools
507 ----------- 504 -----------
508 505
509 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota 506 - <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
510 507
511 508
512 Intel P6 microcode 509 Intel P6 microcode
513 ------------------ 510 ------------------
514 511
515 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> 512 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
516 513
517 udev 514 udev
518 ---- 515 ----
519 516
520 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/system 517 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
521 518
522 FUSE 519 FUSE
523 ---- 520 ----
524 521
525 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases 522 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
526 523
527 mcelog 524 mcelog
528 ------ 525 ------
529 526
530 - <https://www.mcelog.org/> 527 - <https://www.mcelog.org/>
531 528
532 cpio 529 cpio
533 ---- 530 ----
534 531
535 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/> 532 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
536 533
537 Networking 534 Networking
538 ********** 535 **********
539 536
540 PPP 537 PPP
541 --- 538 ---
542 539
543 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/> 540 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
544 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git> 541 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
545 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/> 542 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
546 543
547 NFS-utils 544 NFS-utils
548 --------- 545 ---------
549 546
550 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.p 547 - <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
551 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/> 548 - <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
552 549
553 Iptables 550 Iptables
554 -------- 551 --------
555 552
556 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/ind 553 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
557 554
558 Ip-route2 555 Ip-route2
559 --------- 556 ---------
560 557
561 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/ 558 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
562 559
563 OProfile 560 OProfile
564 -------- 561 --------
565 562
566 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/> 563 - <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
567 564
568 Kernel documentation 565 Kernel documentation
569 ******************** 566 ********************
570 567
571 Sphinx 568 Sphinx
572 ------ 569 ------
573 570
574 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/> 571 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
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