1 ======================== 1 ========================
2 ftrace - Function Tracer 2 ftrace - Function Tracer
3 ======================== 3 ========================
4 4
5 Copyright 2008 Red Hat Inc. 5 Copyright 2008 Red Hat Inc.
6 6
7 :Author: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com> 7 :Author: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com>
8 :License: The GNU Free Documentation License, 8 :License: The GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
9 (dual licensed under the GPL v2) 9 (dual licensed under the GPL v2)
10 :Original Reviewers: Elias Oltmanns, Randy Du 10 :Original Reviewers: Elias Oltmanns, Randy Dunlap, Andrew Morton,
11 John Kacur, and David Te 11 John Kacur, and David Teigland.
12 12
13 - Written for: 2.6.28-rc2 13 - Written for: 2.6.28-rc2
14 - Updated for: 3.10 14 - Updated for: 3.10
15 - Updated for: 4.13 - Copyright 2017 VMware In 15 - Updated for: 4.13 - Copyright 2017 VMware Inc. Steven Rostedt
16 - Converted to rst format - Changbin Du <changb 16 - Converted to rst format - Changbin Du <changbin.du@intel.com>
17 17
18 Introduction 18 Introduction
19 ------------ 19 ------------
20 20
21 Ftrace is an internal tracer designed to help 21 Ftrace is an internal tracer designed to help out developers and
22 designers of systems to find what is going on 22 designers of systems to find what is going on inside the kernel.
23 It can be used for debugging or analyzing late 23 It can be used for debugging or analyzing latencies and
24 performance issues that take place outside of 24 performance issues that take place outside of user-space.
25 25
26 Although ftrace is typically considered the fu 26 Although ftrace is typically considered the function tracer, it
27 is really a framework of several assorted trac 27 is really a framework of several assorted tracing utilities.
28 There's latency tracing to examine what occurs 28 There's latency tracing to examine what occurs between interrupts
29 disabled and enabled, as well as for preemptio 29 disabled and enabled, as well as for preemption and from a time
30 a task is woken to the task is actually schedu 30 a task is woken to the task is actually scheduled in.
31 31
32 One of the most common uses of ftrace is the e 32 One of the most common uses of ftrace is the event tracing.
33 Throughout the kernel is hundreds of static ev 33 Throughout the kernel is hundreds of static event points that
34 can be enabled via the tracefs file system to 34 can be enabled via the tracefs file system to see what is
35 going on in certain parts of the kernel. 35 going on in certain parts of the kernel.
36 36
37 See events.rst for more information. 37 See events.rst for more information.
38 38
39 39
40 Implementation Details 40 Implementation Details
41 ---------------------- 41 ----------------------
42 42
43 See Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.rst for 43 See Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.rst for details for arch porters and such.
44 44
45 45
46 The File System 46 The File System
47 --------------- 47 ---------------
48 48
49 Ftrace uses the tracefs file system to hold th 49 Ftrace uses the tracefs file system to hold the control files as
50 well as the files to display output. 50 well as the files to display output.
51 51
52 When tracefs is configured into the kernel (wh 52 When tracefs is configured into the kernel (which selecting any ftrace
53 option will do) the directory /sys/kernel/trac 53 option will do) the directory /sys/kernel/tracing will be created. To mount
54 this directory, you can add to your /etc/fstab 54 this directory, you can add to your /etc/fstab file::
55 55
56 tracefs /sys/kernel/tracing trace 56 tracefs /sys/kernel/tracing tracefs defaults 0 0
57 57
58 Or you can mount it at run time with:: 58 Or you can mount it at run time with::
59 59
60 mount -t tracefs nodev /sys/kernel/tracing 60 mount -t tracefs nodev /sys/kernel/tracing
61 61
62 For quicker access to that directory you may w 62 For quicker access to that directory you may want to make a soft link to
63 it:: 63 it::
64 64
65 ln -s /sys/kernel/tracing /tracing 65 ln -s /sys/kernel/tracing /tracing
66 66
67 .. attention:: 67 .. attention::
68 68
69 Before 4.1, all ftrace tracing control files 69 Before 4.1, all ftrace tracing control files were within the debugfs
70 file system, which is typically located at / 70 file system, which is typically located at /sys/kernel/debug/tracing.
71 For backward compatibility, when mounting th 71 For backward compatibility, when mounting the debugfs file system,
72 the tracefs file system will be automaticall 72 the tracefs file system will be automatically mounted at:
73 73
74 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing 74 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
75 75
76 All files located in the tracefs file system 76 All files located in the tracefs file system will be located in that
77 debugfs file system directory as well. 77 debugfs file system directory as well.
78 78
79 .. attention:: 79 .. attention::
80 80
81 Any selected ftrace option will also create 81 Any selected ftrace option will also create the tracefs file system.
82 The rest of the document will assume that yo 82 The rest of the document will assume that you are in the ftrace directory
83 (cd /sys/kernel/tracing) and will only conce 83 (cd /sys/kernel/tracing) and will only concentrate on the files within that
84 directory and not distract from the content 84 directory and not distract from the content with the extended
85 "/sys/kernel/tracing" path name. 85 "/sys/kernel/tracing" path name.
86 86
87 That's it! (assuming that you have ftrace conf 87 That's it! (assuming that you have ftrace configured into your kernel)
88 88
89 After mounting tracefs you will have access to 89 After mounting tracefs you will have access to the control and output files
90 of ftrace. Here is a list of some of the key f 90 of ftrace. Here is a list of some of the key files:
91 91
92 92
93 Note: all time values are in microseconds. 93 Note: all time values are in microseconds.
94 94
95 current_tracer: 95 current_tracer:
96 96
97 This is used to set or display the cur 97 This is used to set or display the current tracer
98 that is configured. Changing the curre 98 that is configured. Changing the current tracer clears
99 the ring buffer content as well as the 99 the ring buffer content as well as the "snapshot" buffer.
100 100
101 available_tracers: 101 available_tracers:
102 102
103 This holds the different types of trac 103 This holds the different types of tracers that
104 have been compiled into the kernel. Th 104 have been compiled into the kernel. The
105 tracers listed here can be configured 105 tracers listed here can be configured by
106 echoing their name into current_tracer 106 echoing their name into current_tracer.
107 107
108 tracing_on: 108 tracing_on:
109 109
110 This sets or displays whether writing 110 This sets or displays whether writing to the trace
111 ring buffer is enabled. Echo 0 into th 111 ring buffer is enabled. Echo 0 into this file to disable
112 the tracer or 1 to enable it. Note, th 112 the tracer or 1 to enable it. Note, this only disables
113 writing to the ring buffer, the tracin 113 writing to the ring buffer, the tracing overhead may
114 still be occurring. 114 still be occurring.
115 115
116 The kernel function tracing_off() can 116 The kernel function tracing_off() can be used within the
117 kernel to disable writing to the ring 117 kernel to disable writing to the ring buffer, which will
118 set this file to "0". User space can r 118 set this file to "0". User space can re-enable tracing by
119 echoing "1" into the file. 119 echoing "1" into the file.
120 120
121 Note, the function and event trigger " 121 Note, the function and event trigger "traceoff" will also
122 set this file to zero and stop tracing 122 set this file to zero and stop tracing. Which can also
123 be re-enabled by user space using this 123 be re-enabled by user space using this file.
124 124
125 trace: 125 trace:
126 126
127 This file holds the output of the trac 127 This file holds the output of the trace in a human
128 readable format (described below). Ope 128 readable format (described below). Opening this file for
129 writing with the O_TRUNC flag clears t 129 writing with the O_TRUNC flag clears the ring buffer content.
130 Note, this file is not a consumer. If 130 Note, this file is not a consumer. If tracing is off
131 (no tracer running, or tracing_on is z 131 (no tracer running, or tracing_on is zero), it will produce
132 the same output each time it is read. 132 the same output each time it is read. When tracing is on,
133 it may produce inconsistent results as 133 it may produce inconsistent results as it tries to read
134 the entire buffer without consuming it 134 the entire buffer without consuming it.
135 135
136 trace_pipe: 136 trace_pipe:
137 137
138 The output is the same as the "trace" 138 The output is the same as the "trace" file but this
139 file is meant to be streamed with live 139 file is meant to be streamed with live tracing.
140 Reads from this file will block until 140 Reads from this file will block until new data is
141 retrieved. Unlike the "trace" file, t 141 retrieved. Unlike the "trace" file, this file is a
142 consumer. This means reading from this 142 consumer. This means reading from this file causes
143 sequential reads to display more curre 143 sequential reads to display more current data. Once
144 data is read from this file, it is con 144 data is read from this file, it is consumed, and
145 will not be read again with a sequenti 145 will not be read again with a sequential read. The
146 "trace" file is static, and if the tra 146 "trace" file is static, and if the tracer is not
147 adding more data, it will display the 147 adding more data, it will display the same
148 information every time it is read. 148 information every time it is read.
149 149
150 trace_options: 150 trace_options:
151 151
152 This file lets the user control the am 152 This file lets the user control the amount of data
153 that is displayed in one of the above 153 that is displayed in one of the above output
154 files. Options also exist to modify ho 154 files. Options also exist to modify how a tracer
155 or events work (stack traces, timestam 155 or events work (stack traces, timestamps, etc).
156 156
157 options: 157 options:
158 158
159 This is a directory that has a file fo 159 This is a directory that has a file for every available
160 trace option (also in trace_options). 160 trace option (also in trace_options). Options may also be set
161 or cleared by writing a "1" or "0" res 161 or cleared by writing a "1" or "0" respectively into the
162 corresponding file with the option nam 162 corresponding file with the option name.
163 163
164 tracing_max_latency: 164 tracing_max_latency:
165 165
166 Some of the tracers record the max lat 166 Some of the tracers record the max latency.
167 For example, the maximum time that int 167 For example, the maximum time that interrupts are disabled.
168 The maximum time is saved in this file 168 The maximum time is saved in this file. The max trace will also be
169 stored, and displayed by "trace". A ne 169 stored, and displayed by "trace". A new max trace will only be
170 recorded if the latency is greater tha 170 recorded if the latency is greater than the value in this file
171 (in microseconds). 171 (in microseconds).
172 172
173 By echoing in a time into this file, n 173 By echoing in a time into this file, no latency will be recorded
174 unless it is greater than the time in 174 unless it is greater than the time in this file.
175 175
176 tracing_thresh: 176 tracing_thresh:
177 177
178 Some latency tracers will record a tra 178 Some latency tracers will record a trace whenever the
179 latency is greater than the number in 179 latency is greater than the number in this file.
180 Only active when the file contains a n 180 Only active when the file contains a number greater than 0.
181 (in microseconds) 181 (in microseconds)
182 182
183 buffer_percent: <<
184 <<
185 This is the watermark for how much the <<
186 before a waiter is woken up. That is, <<
187 blocking read syscall on one of the pe <<
188 will block until the given amount of d <<
189 is in the ring buffer before it wakes <<
190 controls how the splice system calls a <<
191 <<
192 0 - means to wake up as soon as th <<
193 50 - means to wake up when roughly <<
194 are full. <<
195 100 - means to block until the ring <<
196 about to start overwriting the <<
197 <<
198 buffer_size_kb: 183 buffer_size_kb:
199 184
200 This sets or displays the number of ki 185 This sets or displays the number of kilobytes each CPU
201 buffer holds. By default, the trace bu 186 buffer holds. By default, the trace buffers are the same size
202 for each CPU. The displayed number is 187 for each CPU. The displayed number is the size of the
203 CPU buffer and not total size of all b 188 CPU buffer and not total size of all buffers. The
204 trace buffers are allocated in pages ( 189 trace buffers are allocated in pages (blocks of memory
205 that the kernel uses for allocation, u 190 that the kernel uses for allocation, usually 4 KB in size).
206 A few extra pages may be allocated to 191 A few extra pages may be allocated to accommodate buffer management
207 meta-data. If the last page allocated 192 meta-data. If the last page allocated has room for more bytes
208 than requested, the rest of the page w 193 than requested, the rest of the page will be used,
209 making the actual allocation bigger th 194 making the actual allocation bigger than requested or shown.
210 ( Note, the size may not be a multiple 195 ( Note, the size may not be a multiple of the page size
211 due to buffer management meta-data. ) 196 due to buffer management meta-data. )
212 197
213 Buffer sizes for individual CPUs may v 198 Buffer sizes for individual CPUs may vary
214 (see "per_cpu/cpu0/buffer_size_kb" bel 199 (see "per_cpu/cpu0/buffer_size_kb" below), and if they do
215 this file will show "X". 200 this file will show "X".
216 201
217 buffer_total_size_kb: 202 buffer_total_size_kb:
218 203
219 This displays the total combined size 204 This displays the total combined size of all the trace buffers.
220 205
221 buffer_subbuf_size_kb: <<
222 <<
223 This sets or displays the sub buffer s <<
224 into several same size "sub buffers". <<
225 the size of the sub buffer. Normally, <<
226 architecture's page (4K on x86). The s <<
227 at the start which also limits the siz <<
228 the sub buffer is a page size, no even <<
229 size minus the sub buffer meta data. <<
230 <<
231 Note, the buffer_subbuf_size_kb is a w <<
232 minimum size of the subbuffer. The ker <<
233 implementation details, or simply fail <<
234 not handle the request. <<
235 <<
236 Changing the sub buffer size allows fo <<
237 page size. <<
238 <<
239 Note: When changing the sub-buffer siz <<
240 data in the ring buffer and the snapsh <<
241 <<
242 free_buffer: 206 free_buffer:
243 207
244 If a process is performing tracing, an 208 If a process is performing tracing, and the ring buffer should be
245 shrunk "freed" when the process is fin 209 shrunk "freed" when the process is finished, even if it were to be
246 killed by a signal, this file can be u 210 killed by a signal, this file can be used for that purpose. On close
247 of this file, the ring buffer will be 211 of this file, the ring buffer will be resized to its minimum size.
248 Having a process that is tracing also 212 Having a process that is tracing also open this file, when the process
249 exits its file descriptor for this fil 213 exits its file descriptor for this file will be closed, and in doing so,
250 the ring buffer will be "freed". 214 the ring buffer will be "freed".
251 215
252 It may also stop tracing if disable_on 216 It may also stop tracing if disable_on_free option is set.
253 217
254 tracing_cpumask: 218 tracing_cpumask:
255 219
256 This is a mask that lets the user only 220 This is a mask that lets the user only trace on specified CPUs.
257 The format is a hex string representin 221 The format is a hex string representing the CPUs.
258 222
259 set_ftrace_filter: 223 set_ftrace_filter:
260 224
261 When dynamic ftrace is configured in ( 225 When dynamic ftrace is configured in (see the
262 section below "dynamic ftrace"), the c 226 section below "dynamic ftrace"), the code is dynamically
263 modified (code text rewrite) to disabl 227 modified (code text rewrite) to disable calling of the
264 function profiler (mcount). This lets 228 function profiler (mcount). This lets tracing be configured
265 in with practically no overhead in per 229 in with practically no overhead in performance. This also
266 has a side effect of enabling or disab 230 has a side effect of enabling or disabling specific functions
267 to be traced. Echoing names of functio 231 to be traced. Echoing names of functions into this file
268 will limit the trace to only those fun 232 will limit the trace to only those functions.
269 This influences the tracers "function" 233 This influences the tracers "function" and "function_graph"
270 and thus also function profiling (see 234 and thus also function profiling (see "function_profile_enabled").
271 235
272 The functions listed in "available_fil 236 The functions listed in "available_filter_functions" are what
273 can be written into this file. 237 can be written into this file.
274 238
275 This interface also allows for command 239 This interface also allows for commands to be used. See the
276 "Filter commands" section for more det 240 "Filter commands" section for more details.
277 241
278 As a speed up, since processing string 242 As a speed up, since processing strings can be quite expensive
279 and requires a check of all functions 243 and requires a check of all functions registered to tracing, instead
280 an index can be written into this file 244 an index can be written into this file. A number (starting with "1")
281 written will instead select the same c 245 written will instead select the same corresponding at the line position
282 of the "available_filter_functions" fi 246 of the "available_filter_functions" file.
283 247
284 set_ftrace_notrace: 248 set_ftrace_notrace:
285 249
286 This has an effect opposite to that of 250 This has an effect opposite to that of
287 set_ftrace_filter. Any function that i 251 set_ftrace_filter. Any function that is added here will not
288 be traced. If a function exists in bot 252 be traced. If a function exists in both set_ftrace_filter
289 and set_ftrace_notrace, the function w 253 and set_ftrace_notrace, the function will _not_ be traced.
290 254
291 set_ftrace_pid: 255 set_ftrace_pid:
292 256
293 Have the function tracer only trace th 257 Have the function tracer only trace the threads whose PID are
294 listed in this file. 258 listed in this file.
295 259
296 If the "function-fork" option is set, 260 If the "function-fork" option is set, then when a task whose
297 PID is listed in this file forks, the 261 PID is listed in this file forks, the child's PID will
298 automatically be added to this file, a 262 automatically be added to this file, and the child will be
299 traced by the function tracer as well. 263 traced by the function tracer as well. This option will also
300 cause PIDs of tasks that exit to be re 264 cause PIDs of tasks that exit to be removed from the file.
301 265
302 set_ftrace_notrace_pid: 266 set_ftrace_notrace_pid:
303 267
304 Have the function tracer ignore thread 268 Have the function tracer ignore threads whose PID are listed in
305 this file. 269 this file.
306 270
307 If the "function-fork" option is set, 271 If the "function-fork" option is set, then when a task whose
308 PID is listed in this file forks, the 272 PID is listed in this file forks, the child's PID will
309 automatically be added to this file, a 273 automatically be added to this file, and the child will not be
310 traced by the function tracer as well. 274 traced by the function tracer as well. This option will also
311 cause PIDs of tasks that exit to be re 275 cause PIDs of tasks that exit to be removed from the file.
312 276
313 If a PID is in both this file and "set 277 If a PID is in both this file and "set_ftrace_pid", then this
314 file takes precedence, and the thread 278 file takes precedence, and the thread will not be traced.
315 279
316 set_event_pid: 280 set_event_pid:
317 281
318 Have the events only trace a task with 282 Have the events only trace a task with a PID listed in this file.
319 Note, sched_switch and sched_wake_up w 283 Note, sched_switch and sched_wake_up will also trace events
320 listed in this file. 284 listed in this file.
321 285
322 To have the PIDs of children of tasks 286 To have the PIDs of children of tasks with their PID in this file
323 added on fork, enable the "event-fork" 287 added on fork, enable the "event-fork" option. That option will also
324 cause the PIDs of tasks to be removed 288 cause the PIDs of tasks to be removed from this file when the task
325 exits. 289 exits.
326 290
327 set_event_notrace_pid: 291 set_event_notrace_pid:
328 292
329 Have the events not trace a task with 293 Have the events not trace a task with a PID listed in this file.
330 Note, sched_switch and sched_wakeup wi 294 Note, sched_switch and sched_wakeup will trace threads not listed
331 in this file, even if a thread's PID i 295 in this file, even if a thread's PID is in the file if the
332 sched_switch or sched_wakeup events al 296 sched_switch or sched_wakeup events also trace a thread that should
333 be traced. 297 be traced.
334 298
335 To have the PIDs of children of tasks 299 To have the PIDs of children of tasks with their PID in this file
336 added on fork, enable the "event-fork" 300 added on fork, enable the "event-fork" option. That option will also
337 cause the PIDs of tasks to be removed 301 cause the PIDs of tasks to be removed from this file when the task
338 exits. 302 exits.
339 303
340 set_graph_function: 304 set_graph_function:
341 305
342 Functions listed in this file will cau 306 Functions listed in this file will cause the function graph
343 tracer to only trace these functions a 307 tracer to only trace these functions and the functions that
344 they call. (See the section "dynamic f 308 they call. (See the section "dynamic ftrace" for more details).
345 Note, set_ftrace_filter and set_ftrace 309 Note, set_ftrace_filter and set_ftrace_notrace still affects
346 what functions are being traced. 310 what functions are being traced.
347 311
348 set_graph_notrace: 312 set_graph_notrace:
349 313
350 Similar to set_graph_function, but wil 314 Similar to set_graph_function, but will disable function graph
351 tracing when the function is hit until 315 tracing when the function is hit until it exits the function.
352 This makes it possible to ignore traci 316 This makes it possible to ignore tracing functions that are called
353 by a specific function. 317 by a specific function.
354 318
355 available_filter_functions: 319 available_filter_functions:
356 320
357 This lists the functions that ftrace h 321 This lists the functions that ftrace has processed and can trace.
358 These are the function names that you 322 These are the function names that you can pass to
359 "set_ftrace_filter", "set_ftrace_notra 323 "set_ftrace_filter", "set_ftrace_notrace",
360 "set_graph_function", or "set_graph_no 324 "set_graph_function", or "set_graph_notrace".
361 (See the section "dynamic ftrace" belo 325 (See the section "dynamic ftrace" below for more details.)
362 326
363 available_filter_functions_addrs: 327 available_filter_functions_addrs:
364 328
365 Similar to available_filter_functions, 329 Similar to available_filter_functions, but with address displayed
366 for each function. The displayed addre 330 for each function. The displayed address is the patch-site address
367 and can differ from /proc/kallsyms add 331 and can differ from /proc/kallsyms address.
368 332
369 dyn_ftrace_total_info: 333 dyn_ftrace_total_info:
370 334
371 This file is for debugging purposes. T 335 This file is for debugging purposes. The number of functions that
372 have been converted to nops and are av 336 have been converted to nops and are available to be traced.
373 337
374 enabled_functions: 338 enabled_functions:
375 339
376 This file is more for debugging ftrace 340 This file is more for debugging ftrace, but can also be useful
377 in seeing if any function has a callba 341 in seeing if any function has a callback attached to it.
378 Not only does the trace infrastructure 342 Not only does the trace infrastructure use ftrace function
379 trace utility, but other subsystems mi 343 trace utility, but other subsystems might too. This file
380 displays all functions that have a cal 344 displays all functions that have a callback attached to them
381 as well as the number of callbacks tha 345 as well as the number of callbacks that have been attached.
382 Note, a callback may also call multipl 346 Note, a callback may also call multiple functions which will
383 not be listed in this count. 347 not be listed in this count.
384 348
385 If the callback registered to be trace 349 If the callback registered to be traced by a function with
386 the "save regs" attribute (thus even m 350 the "save regs" attribute (thus even more overhead), a 'R'
387 will be displayed on the same line as 351 will be displayed on the same line as the function that
388 is returning registers. 352 is returning registers.
389 353
390 If the callback registered to be trace 354 If the callback registered to be traced by a function with
391 the "ip modify" attribute (thus the re 355 the "ip modify" attribute (thus the regs->ip can be changed),
392 an 'I' will be displayed on the same l 356 an 'I' will be displayed on the same line as the function that
393 can be overridden. 357 can be overridden.
394 358
395 If a non ftrace trampoline is attached 359 If a non ftrace trampoline is attached (BPF) a 'D' will be displayed.
396 Note, normal ftrace trampolines can al 360 Note, normal ftrace trampolines can also be attached, but only one
397 "direct" trampoline can be attached to 361 "direct" trampoline can be attached to a given function at a time.
398 362
399 Some architectures can not call direct 363 Some architectures can not call direct trampolines, but instead have
400 the ftrace ops function located above 364 the ftrace ops function located above the function entry point. In
401 such cases an 'O' will be displayed. 365 such cases an 'O' will be displayed.
402 366
403 If a function had either the "ip modif 367 If a function had either the "ip modify" or a "direct" call attached to
404 it in the past, a 'M' will be shown. T 368 it in the past, a 'M' will be shown. This flag is never cleared. It is
405 used to know if a function was every m 369 used to know if a function was every modified by the ftrace infrastructure,
406 and can be used for debugging. 370 and can be used for debugging.
407 371
408 If the architecture supports it, it wi 372 If the architecture supports it, it will also show what callback
409 is being directly called by the functi 373 is being directly called by the function. If the count is greater
410 than 1 it most likely will be ftrace_o 374 than 1 it most likely will be ftrace_ops_list_func().
411 375
412 If the callback of a function jumps to 376 If the callback of a function jumps to a trampoline that is
413 specific to the callback and which is 377 specific to the callback and which is not the standard trampoline,
414 its address will be printed as well as 378 its address will be printed as well as the function that the
415 trampoline calls. 379 trampoline calls.
416 380
417 touched_functions: 381 touched_functions:
418 382
419 This file contains all the functions t 383 This file contains all the functions that ever had a function callback
420 to it via the ftrace infrastructure. I 384 to it via the ftrace infrastructure. It has the same format as
421 enabled_functions but shows all functi 385 enabled_functions but shows all functions that have every been
422 traced. 386 traced.
423 387
424 To see any function that has every bee 388 To see any function that has every been modified by "ip modify" or a
425 direct trampoline, one can perform the 389 direct trampoline, one can perform the following command:
426 390
427 grep ' M ' /sys/kernel/tracing/touched 391 grep ' M ' /sys/kernel/tracing/touched_functions
428 392
429 function_profile_enabled: 393 function_profile_enabled:
430 394
431 When set it will enable all functions 395 When set it will enable all functions with either the function
432 tracer, or if configured, the function 396 tracer, or if configured, the function graph tracer. It will
433 keep a histogram of the number of func 397 keep a histogram of the number of functions that were called
434 and if the function graph tracer was c 398 and if the function graph tracer was configured, it will also keep
435 track of the time spent in those funct 399 track of the time spent in those functions. The histogram
436 content can be displayed in the files: 400 content can be displayed in the files:
437 401
438 trace_stat/function<cpu> ( function0, 402 trace_stat/function<cpu> ( function0, function1, etc).
439 403
440 trace_stat: 404 trace_stat:
441 405
442 A directory that holds different traci 406 A directory that holds different tracing stats.
443 407
444 kprobe_events: 408 kprobe_events:
445 409
446 Enable dynamic trace points. See kprob 410 Enable dynamic trace points. See kprobetrace.rst.
447 411
448 kprobe_profile: 412 kprobe_profile:
449 413
450 Dynamic trace points stats. See kprobe 414 Dynamic trace points stats. See kprobetrace.rst.
451 415
452 max_graph_depth: 416 max_graph_depth:
453 417
454 Used with the function graph tracer. T 418 Used with the function graph tracer. This is the max depth
455 it will trace into a function. Setting 419 it will trace into a function. Setting this to a value of
456 one will show only the first kernel fu 420 one will show only the first kernel function that is called
457 from user space. 421 from user space.
458 422
459 printk_formats: 423 printk_formats:
460 424
461 This is for tools that read the raw fo 425 This is for tools that read the raw format files. If an event in
462 the ring buffer references a string, o 426 the ring buffer references a string, only a pointer to the string
463 is recorded into the buffer and not th 427 is recorded into the buffer and not the string itself. This prevents
464 tools from knowing what that string wa 428 tools from knowing what that string was. This file displays the string
465 and address for the string allowing to 429 and address for the string allowing tools to map the pointers to what
466 the strings were. 430 the strings were.
467 431
468 saved_cmdlines: 432 saved_cmdlines:
469 433
470 Only the pid of the task is recorded i 434 Only the pid of the task is recorded in a trace event unless
471 the event specifically saves the task 435 the event specifically saves the task comm as well. Ftrace
472 makes a cache of pid mappings to comms 436 makes a cache of pid mappings to comms to try to display
473 comms for events. If a pid for a comm 437 comms for events. If a pid for a comm is not listed, then
474 "<...>" is displayed in the output. 438 "<...>" is displayed in the output.
475 439
476 If the option "record-cmd" is set to " 440 If the option "record-cmd" is set to "0", then comms of tasks
477 will not be saved during recording. By 441 will not be saved during recording. By default, it is enabled.
478 442
479 saved_cmdlines_size: 443 saved_cmdlines_size:
480 444
481 By default, 128 comms are saved (see " 445 By default, 128 comms are saved (see "saved_cmdlines" above). To
482 increase or decrease the amount of com 446 increase or decrease the amount of comms that are cached, echo
483 the number of comms to cache into this 447 the number of comms to cache into this file.
484 448
485 saved_tgids: 449 saved_tgids:
486 450
487 If the option "record-tgid" is set, on 451 If the option "record-tgid" is set, on each scheduling context switch
488 the Task Group ID of a task is saved i 452 the Task Group ID of a task is saved in a table mapping the PID of
489 the thread to its TGID. By default, th 453 the thread to its TGID. By default, the "record-tgid" option is
490 disabled. 454 disabled.
491 455
492 snapshot: 456 snapshot:
493 457
494 This displays the "snapshot" buffer an 458 This displays the "snapshot" buffer and also lets the user
495 take a snapshot of the current running 459 take a snapshot of the current running trace.
496 See the "Snapshot" section below for m 460 See the "Snapshot" section below for more details.
497 461
498 stack_max_size: 462 stack_max_size:
499 463
500 When the stack tracer is activated, th 464 When the stack tracer is activated, this will display the
501 maximum stack size it has encountered. 465 maximum stack size it has encountered.
502 See the "Stack Trace" section below. 466 See the "Stack Trace" section below.
503 467
504 stack_trace: 468 stack_trace:
505 469
506 This displays the stack back trace of 470 This displays the stack back trace of the largest stack
507 that was encountered when the stack tr 471 that was encountered when the stack tracer is activated.
508 See the "Stack Trace" section below. 472 See the "Stack Trace" section below.
509 473
510 stack_trace_filter: 474 stack_trace_filter:
511 475
512 This is similar to "set_ftrace_filter" 476 This is similar to "set_ftrace_filter" but it limits what
513 functions the stack tracer will check. 477 functions the stack tracer will check.
514 478
515 trace_clock: 479 trace_clock:
516 480
517 Whenever an event is recorded into the 481 Whenever an event is recorded into the ring buffer, a
518 "timestamp" is added. This stamp comes 482 "timestamp" is added. This stamp comes from a specified
519 clock. By default, ftrace uses the "lo 483 clock. By default, ftrace uses the "local" clock. This
520 clock is very fast and strictly per cp 484 clock is very fast and strictly per cpu, but on some
521 systems it may not be monotonic with r 485 systems it may not be monotonic with respect to other
522 CPUs. In other words, the local clocks 486 CPUs. In other words, the local clocks may not be in sync
523 with local clocks on other CPUs. 487 with local clocks on other CPUs.
524 488
525 Usual clocks for tracing:: 489 Usual clocks for tracing::
526 490
527 # cat trace_clock 491 # cat trace_clock
528 [local] global counter x86-tsc 492 [local] global counter x86-tsc
529 493
530 The clock with the square brackets aro 494 The clock with the square brackets around it is the one in effect.
531 495
532 local: 496 local:
533 Default clock, but may not be 497 Default clock, but may not be in sync across CPUs
534 498
535 global: 499 global:
536 This clock is in sync with all 500 This clock is in sync with all CPUs but may
537 be a bit slower than the local 501 be a bit slower than the local clock.
538 502
539 counter: 503 counter:
540 This is not a clock at all, bu 504 This is not a clock at all, but literally an atomic
541 counter. It counts up one by o 505 counter. It counts up one by one, but is in sync
542 with all CPUs. This is useful 506 with all CPUs. This is useful when you need to
543 know exactly the order events 507 know exactly the order events occurred with respect to
544 each other on different CPUs. 508 each other on different CPUs.
545 509
546 uptime: 510 uptime:
547 This uses the jiffies counter 511 This uses the jiffies counter and the time stamp
548 is relative to the time since 512 is relative to the time since boot up.
549 513
550 perf: 514 perf:
551 This makes ftrace use the same 515 This makes ftrace use the same clock that perf uses.
552 Eventually perf will be able t 516 Eventually perf will be able to read ftrace buffers
553 and this will help out in inte 517 and this will help out in interleaving the data.
554 518
555 x86-tsc: 519 x86-tsc:
556 Architectures may define their 520 Architectures may define their own clocks. For
557 example, x86 uses its own TSC 521 example, x86 uses its own TSC cycle clock here.
558 522
559 ppc-tb: 523 ppc-tb:
560 This uses the powerpc timebase 524 This uses the powerpc timebase register value.
561 This is in sync across CPUs an 525 This is in sync across CPUs and can also be used
562 to correlate events across hyp 526 to correlate events across hypervisor/guest if
563 tb_offset is known. 527 tb_offset is known.
564 528
565 mono: 529 mono:
566 This uses the fast monotonic c 530 This uses the fast monotonic clock (CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
567 which is monotonic and is subj 531 which is monotonic and is subject to NTP rate adjustments.
568 532
569 mono_raw: 533 mono_raw:
570 This is the raw monotonic cloc 534 This is the raw monotonic clock (CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW)
571 which is monotonic but is not 535 which is monotonic but is not subject to any rate adjustments
572 and ticks at the same rate as 536 and ticks at the same rate as the hardware clocksource.
573 537
574 boot: 538 boot:
575 This is the boot clock (CLOCK_ 539 This is the boot clock (CLOCK_BOOTTIME) and is based on the
576 fast monotonic clock, but also 540 fast monotonic clock, but also accounts for time spent in
577 suspend. Since the clock acces 541 suspend. Since the clock access is designed for use in
578 tracing in the suspend path, s 542 tracing in the suspend path, some side effects are possible
579 if clock is accessed after the 543 if clock is accessed after the suspend time is accounted before
580 the fast mono clock is updated 544 the fast mono clock is updated. In this case, the clock update
581 appears to happen slightly soo 545 appears to happen slightly sooner than it normally would have.
582 Also on 32-bit systems, it's p 546 Also on 32-bit systems, it's possible that the 64-bit boot offset
583 sees a partial update. These e 547 sees a partial update. These effects are rare and post
584 processing should be able to h 548 processing should be able to handle them. See comments in the
585 ktime_get_boot_fast_ns() funct 549 ktime_get_boot_fast_ns() function for more information.
586 550
587 tai: 551 tai:
588 This is the tai clock (CLOCK_T 552 This is the tai clock (CLOCK_TAI) and is derived from the wall-
589 clock time. However, this cloc 553 clock time. However, this clock does not experience
590 discontinuities and backwards 554 discontinuities and backwards jumps caused by NTP inserting leap
591 seconds. Since the clock acces 555 seconds. Since the clock access is designed for use in tracing,
592 side effects are possible. The 556 side effects are possible. The clock access may yield wrong
593 readouts in case the internal 557 readouts in case the internal TAI offset is updated e.g., caused
594 by setting the system time or 558 by setting the system time or using adjtimex() with an offset.
595 These effects are rare and pos 559 These effects are rare and post processing should be able to
596 handle them. See comments in t 560 handle them. See comments in the ktime_get_tai_fast_ns()
597 function for more information. 561 function for more information.
598 562
599 To set a clock, simply echo the clock 563 To set a clock, simply echo the clock name into this file::
600 564
601 # echo global > trace_clock 565 # echo global > trace_clock
602 566
603 Setting a clock clears the ring buffer 567 Setting a clock clears the ring buffer content as well as the
604 "snapshot" buffer. 568 "snapshot" buffer.
605 569
606 trace_marker: 570 trace_marker:
607 571
608 This is a very useful file for synchro 572 This is a very useful file for synchronizing user space
609 with events happening in the kernel. W 573 with events happening in the kernel. Writing strings into
610 this file will be written into the ftr 574 this file will be written into the ftrace buffer.
611 575
612 It is useful in applications to open t 576 It is useful in applications to open this file at the start
613 of the application and just reference 577 of the application and just reference the file descriptor
614 for the file:: 578 for the file::
615 579
616 void trace_write(const char *f 580 void trace_write(const char *fmt, ...)
617 { 581 {
618 va_list ap; 582 va_list ap;
619 char buf[256]; 583 char buf[256];
620 int n; 584 int n;
621 585
622 if (trace_fd < 0) 586 if (trace_fd < 0)
623 return; 587 return;
624 588
625 va_start(ap, fmt); 589 va_start(ap, fmt);
626 n = vsnprintf(buf, 256 590 n = vsnprintf(buf, 256, fmt, ap);
627 va_end(ap); 591 va_end(ap);
628 592
629 write(trace_fd, buf, n 593 write(trace_fd, buf, n);
630 } 594 }
631 595
632 start:: 596 start::
633 597
634 trace_fd = open("trace_marker" 598 trace_fd = open("trace_marker", O_WRONLY);
635 599
636 Note: Writing into the trace_marker fi 600 Note: Writing into the trace_marker file can also initiate triggers
637 that are written into /sys/kerne 601 that are written into /sys/kernel/tracing/events/ftrace/print/trigger
638 See "Event triggers" in Document 602 See "Event triggers" in Documentation/trace/events.rst and an
639 example in Documentation/trace/h 603 example in Documentation/trace/histogram.rst (Section 3.)
640 604
641 trace_marker_raw: 605 trace_marker_raw:
642 606
643 This is similar to trace_marker above, 607 This is similar to trace_marker above, but is meant for binary data
644 to be written to it, where a tool can 608 to be written to it, where a tool can be used to parse the data
645 from trace_pipe_raw. 609 from trace_pipe_raw.
646 610
647 uprobe_events: 611 uprobe_events:
648 612
649 Add dynamic tracepoints in programs. 613 Add dynamic tracepoints in programs.
650 See uprobetracer.rst 614 See uprobetracer.rst
651 615
652 uprobe_profile: 616 uprobe_profile:
653 617
654 Uprobe statistics. See uprobetrace.txt 618 Uprobe statistics. See uprobetrace.txt
655 619
656 instances: 620 instances:
657 621
658 This is a way to make multiple trace b 622 This is a way to make multiple trace buffers where different
659 events can be recorded in different bu 623 events can be recorded in different buffers.
660 See "Instances" section below. 624 See "Instances" section below.
661 625
662 events: 626 events:
663 627
664 This is the trace event directory. It 628 This is the trace event directory. It holds event tracepoints
665 (also known as static tracepoints) tha 629 (also known as static tracepoints) that have been compiled
666 into the kernel. It shows what event t 630 into the kernel. It shows what event tracepoints exist
667 and how they are grouped by system. Th 631 and how they are grouped by system. There are "enable"
668 files at various levels that can enabl 632 files at various levels that can enable the tracepoints
669 when a "1" is written to them. 633 when a "1" is written to them.
670 634
671 See events.rst for more information. 635 See events.rst for more information.
672 636
673 set_event: 637 set_event:
674 638
675 By echoing in the event into this file 639 By echoing in the event into this file, will enable that event.
676 640
677 See events.rst for more information. 641 See events.rst for more information.
678 642
679 available_events: 643 available_events:
680 644
681 A list of events that can be enabled i 645 A list of events that can be enabled in tracing.
682 646
683 See events.rst for more information. 647 See events.rst for more information.
684 648
685 timestamp_mode: 649 timestamp_mode:
686 650
687 Certain tracers may change the timesta 651 Certain tracers may change the timestamp mode used when
688 logging trace events into the event bu 652 logging trace events into the event buffer. Events with
689 different modes can coexist within a b 653 different modes can coexist within a buffer but the mode in
690 effect when an event is logged determi 654 effect when an event is logged determines which timestamp mode
691 is used for that event. The default t 655 is used for that event. The default timestamp mode is
692 'delta'. 656 'delta'.
693 657
694 Usual timestamp modes for tracing: 658 Usual timestamp modes for tracing:
695 659
696 # cat timestamp_mode 660 # cat timestamp_mode
697 [delta] absolute 661 [delta] absolute
698 662
699 The timestamp mode with the square b 663 The timestamp mode with the square brackets around it is the
700 one in effect. 664 one in effect.
701 665
702 delta: Default timestamp mode - time 666 delta: Default timestamp mode - timestamp is a delta against
703 a per-buffer timestamp. 667 a per-buffer timestamp.
704 668
705 absolute: The timestamp is a full ti 669 absolute: The timestamp is a full timestamp, not a delta
706 against some other value. As 670 against some other value. As such it takes up more
707 space and is less efficient. 671 space and is less efficient.
708 672
709 hwlat_detector: 673 hwlat_detector:
710 674
711 Directory for the Hardware Latency Det 675 Directory for the Hardware Latency Detector.
712 See "Hardware Latency Detector" sectio 676 See "Hardware Latency Detector" section below.
713 677
714 per_cpu: 678 per_cpu:
715 679
716 This is a directory that contains the 680 This is a directory that contains the trace per_cpu information.
717 681
718 per_cpu/cpu0/buffer_size_kb: 682 per_cpu/cpu0/buffer_size_kb:
719 683
720 The ftrace buffer is defined per_cpu. 684 The ftrace buffer is defined per_cpu. That is, there's a separate
721 buffer for each CPU to allow writes to 685 buffer for each CPU to allow writes to be done atomically,
722 and free from cache bouncing. These bu 686 and free from cache bouncing. These buffers may have different
723 size buffers. This file is similar to 687 size buffers. This file is similar to the buffer_size_kb
724 file, but it only displays or sets the 688 file, but it only displays or sets the buffer size for the
725 specific CPU. (here cpu0). 689 specific CPU. (here cpu0).
726 690
727 per_cpu/cpu0/trace: 691 per_cpu/cpu0/trace:
728 692
729 This is similar to the "trace" file, b 693 This is similar to the "trace" file, but it will only display
730 the data specific for the CPU. If writ 694 the data specific for the CPU. If written to, it only clears
731 the specific CPU buffer. 695 the specific CPU buffer.
732 696
733 per_cpu/cpu0/trace_pipe 697 per_cpu/cpu0/trace_pipe
734 698
735 This is similar to the "trace_pipe" fi 699 This is similar to the "trace_pipe" file, and is a consuming
736 read, but it will only display (and co 700 read, but it will only display (and consume) the data specific
737 for the CPU. 701 for the CPU.
738 702
739 per_cpu/cpu0/trace_pipe_raw 703 per_cpu/cpu0/trace_pipe_raw
740 704
741 For tools that can parse the ftrace ri 705 For tools that can parse the ftrace ring buffer binary format,
742 the trace_pipe_raw file can be used to 706 the trace_pipe_raw file can be used to extract the data
743 from the ring buffer directly. With th 707 from the ring buffer directly. With the use of the splice()
744 system call, the buffer data can be qu 708 system call, the buffer data can be quickly transferred to
745 a file or to the network where a serve 709 a file or to the network where a server is collecting the
746 data. 710 data.
747 711
748 Like trace_pipe, this is a consuming r 712 Like trace_pipe, this is a consuming reader, where multiple
749 reads will always produce different da 713 reads will always produce different data.
750 714
751 per_cpu/cpu0/snapshot: 715 per_cpu/cpu0/snapshot:
752 716
753 This is similar to the main "snapshot" 717 This is similar to the main "snapshot" file, but will only
754 snapshot the current CPU (if supported 718 snapshot the current CPU (if supported). It only displays
755 the content of the snapshot for a give 719 the content of the snapshot for a given CPU, and if
756 written to, only clears this CPU buffe 720 written to, only clears this CPU buffer.
757 721
758 per_cpu/cpu0/snapshot_raw: 722 per_cpu/cpu0/snapshot_raw:
759 723
760 Similar to the trace_pipe_raw, but wil 724 Similar to the trace_pipe_raw, but will read the binary format
761 from the snapshot buffer for the given 725 from the snapshot buffer for the given CPU.
762 726
763 per_cpu/cpu0/stats: 727 per_cpu/cpu0/stats:
764 728
765 This displays certain stats about the 729 This displays certain stats about the ring buffer:
766 730
767 entries: 731 entries:
768 The number of events that are 732 The number of events that are still in the buffer.
769 733
770 overrun: 734 overrun:
771 The number of lost events due 735 The number of lost events due to overwriting when
772 the buffer was full. 736 the buffer was full.
773 737
774 commit overrun: 738 commit overrun:
775 Should always be zero. 739 Should always be zero.
776 This gets set if so many event 740 This gets set if so many events happened within a nested
777 event (ring buffer is re-entra 741 event (ring buffer is re-entrant), that it fills the
778 buffer and starts dropping eve 742 buffer and starts dropping events.
779 743
780 bytes: 744 bytes:
781 Bytes actually read (not overw 745 Bytes actually read (not overwritten).
782 746
783 oldest event ts: 747 oldest event ts:
784 The oldest timestamp in the bu 748 The oldest timestamp in the buffer
785 749
786 now ts: 750 now ts:
787 The current timestamp 751 The current timestamp
788 752
789 dropped events: 753 dropped events:
790 Events lost due to overwrite o 754 Events lost due to overwrite option being off.
791 755
792 read events: 756 read events:
793 The number of events read. 757 The number of events read.
794 758
795 The Tracers 759 The Tracers
796 ----------- 760 -----------
797 761
798 Here is the list of current tracers that may b 762 Here is the list of current tracers that may be configured.
799 763
800 "function" 764 "function"
801 765
802 Function call tracer to trace all kern 766 Function call tracer to trace all kernel functions.
803 767
804 "function_graph" 768 "function_graph"
805 769
806 Similar to the function tracer except 770 Similar to the function tracer except that the
807 function tracer probes the functions o 771 function tracer probes the functions on their entry
808 whereas the function graph tracer trac 772 whereas the function graph tracer traces on both entry
809 and exit of the functions. It then pro 773 and exit of the functions. It then provides the ability
810 to draw a graph of function calls simi 774 to draw a graph of function calls similar to C code
811 source. 775 source.
812 776
813 "blk" 777 "blk"
814 778
815 The block tracer. The tracer used by t 779 The block tracer. The tracer used by the blktrace user
816 application. 780 application.
817 781
818 "hwlat" 782 "hwlat"
819 783
820 The Hardware Latency tracer is used to 784 The Hardware Latency tracer is used to detect if the hardware
821 produces any latency. See "Hardware La 785 produces any latency. See "Hardware Latency Detector" section
822 below. 786 below.
823 787
824 "irqsoff" 788 "irqsoff"
825 789
826 Traces the areas that disable interrup 790 Traces the areas that disable interrupts and saves
827 the trace with the longest max latency 791 the trace with the longest max latency.
828 See tracing_max_latency. When a new ma 792 See tracing_max_latency. When a new max is recorded,
829 it replaces the old trace. It is best 793 it replaces the old trace. It is best to view this
830 trace with the latency-format option e 794 trace with the latency-format option enabled, which
831 happens automatically when the tracer 795 happens automatically when the tracer is selected.
832 796
833 "preemptoff" 797 "preemptoff"
834 798
835 Similar to irqsoff but traces and reco 799 Similar to irqsoff but traces and records the amount of
836 time for which preemption is disabled. 800 time for which preemption is disabled.
837 801
838 "preemptirqsoff" 802 "preemptirqsoff"
839 803
840 Similar to irqsoff and preemptoff, but 804 Similar to irqsoff and preemptoff, but traces and
841 records the largest time for which irq 805 records the largest time for which irqs and/or preemption
842 is disabled. 806 is disabled.
843 807
844 "wakeup" 808 "wakeup"
845 809
846 Traces and records the max latency tha 810 Traces and records the max latency that it takes for
847 the highest priority task to get sched 811 the highest priority task to get scheduled after
848 it has been woken up. 812 it has been woken up.
849 Traces all tasks as an average develop 813 Traces all tasks as an average developer would expect.
850 814
851 "wakeup_rt" 815 "wakeup_rt"
852 816
853 Traces and records the max latency tha 817 Traces and records the max latency that it takes for just
854 RT tasks (as the current "wakeup" does 818 RT tasks (as the current "wakeup" does). This is useful
855 for those interested in wake up timing 819 for those interested in wake up timings of RT tasks.
856 820
857 "wakeup_dl" 821 "wakeup_dl"
858 822
859 Traces and records the max latency tha 823 Traces and records the max latency that it takes for
860 a SCHED_DEADLINE task to be woken (as 824 a SCHED_DEADLINE task to be woken (as the "wakeup" and
861 "wakeup_rt" does). 825 "wakeup_rt" does).
862 826
863 "mmiotrace" 827 "mmiotrace"
864 828
865 A special tracer that is used to trace 829 A special tracer that is used to trace binary module.
866 It will trace all the calls that a mod 830 It will trace all the calls that a module makes to the
867 hardware. Everything it writes and rea 831 hardware. Everything it writes and reads from the I/O
868 as well. 832 as well.
869 833
870 "branch" 834 "branch"
871 835
872 This tracer can be configured when tra 836 This tracer can be configured when tracing likely/unlikely
873 calls within the kernel. It will trace 837 calls within the kernel. It will trace when a likely and
874 unlikely branch is hit and if it was c 838 unlikely branch is hit and if it was correct in its prediction
875 of being correct. 839 of being correct.
876 840
877 "nop" 841 "nop"
878 842
879 This is the "trace nothing" tracer. To 843 This is the "trace nothing" tracer. To remove all
880 tracers from tracing simply echo "nop" 844 tracers from tracing simply echo "nop" into
881 current_tracer. 845 current_tracer.
882 846
883 Error conditions 847 Error conditions
884 ---------------- 848 ----------------
885 849
886 For most ftrace commands, failure modes are 850 For most ftrace commands, failure modes are obvious and communicated
887 using standard return codes. 851 using standard return codes.
888 852
889 For other more involved commands, extended e 853 For other more involved commands, extended error information may be
890 available via the tracing/error_log file. F 854 available via the tracing/error_log file. For the commands that
891 support it, reading the tracing/error_log fi 855 support it, reading the tracing/error_log file after an error will
892 display more detailed information about what 856 display more detailed information about what went wrong, if
893 information is available. The tracing/error 857 information is available. The tracing/error_log file is a circular
894 error log displaying a small number (current 858 error log displaying a small number (currently, 8) of ftrace errors
895 for the last (8) failed commands. 859 for the last (8) failed commands.
896 860
897 The extended error information and usage tak 861 The extended error information and usage takes the form shown in
898 this example:: 862 this example::
899 863
900 # echo xxx > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/sc 864 # echo xxx > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/sched/sched_wakeup/trigger
901 echo: write error: Invalid argument 865 echo: write error: Invalid argument
902 866
903 # cat /sys/kernel/tracing/error_log 867 # cat /sys/kernel/tracing/error_log
904 [ 5348.887237] location: error: Couldn't y 868 [ 5348.887237] location: error: Couldn't yyy: zzz
905 Command: xxx 869 Command: xxx
906 ^ 870 ^
907 [ 7517.023364] location: error: Bad rrr: s 871 [ 7517.023364] location: error: Bad rrr: sss
908 Command: ppp qqq 872 Command: ppp qqq
909 ^ 873 ^
910 874
911 To clear the error log, echo the empty strin 875 To clear the error log, echo the empty string into it::
912 876
913 # echo > /sys/kernel/tracing/error_log 877 # echo > /sys/kernel/tracing/error_log
914 878
915 Examples of using the tracer 879 Examples of using the tracer
916 ---------------------------- 880 ----------------------------
917 881
918 Here are typical examples of using the tracers 882 Here are typical examples of using the tracers when controlling
919 them only with the tracefs interface (without 883 them only with the tracefs interface (without using any
920 user-land utilities). 884 user-land utilities).
921 885
922 Output format: 886 Output format:
923 -------------- 887 --------------
924 888
925 Here is an example of the output format of the 889 Here is an example of the output format of the file "trace"::
926 890
927 # tracer: function 891 # tracer: function
928 # 892 #
929 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 140080/ 893 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 140080/250280 #P:4
930 # 894 #
931 # _-----=> irqs 895 # _-----=> irqs-off
932 # / _----=> need 896 # / _----=> need-resched
933 # | / _---=> hard 897 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
934 # || / _--=> pree 898 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
935 # ||| / delay 899 # ||| / delay
936 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTA 900 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
937 # | | | |||| | 901 # | | | |||| | |
938 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.9936 902 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993652: sys_close <-system_call_fastpath
939 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.9936 903 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993653: __close_fd <-sys_close
940 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.9936 904 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993653: _raw_spin_lock <-__close_fd
941 sshd-1974 [003] .... 17284.9936 905 sshd-1974 [003] .... 17284.993653: __srcu_read_unlock <-fsnotify
942 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.9936 906 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993654: add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock
943 bash-1977 [000] ...1 17284.9936 907 bash-1977 [000] ...1 17284.993655: _raw_spin_unlock <-__close_fd
944 bash-1977 [000] ...1 17284.9936 908 bash-1977 [000] ...1 17284.993656: sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
945 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.9936 909 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993657: filp_close <-__close_fd
946 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.9936 910 bash-1977 [000] .... 17284.993657: dnotify_flush <-filp_close
947 sshd-1974 [003] .... 17284.9936 911 sshd-1974 [003] .... 17284.993658: sys_select <-system_call_fastpath
948 .... 912 ....
949 913
950 A header is printed with the tracer name that 914 A header is printed with the tracer name that is represented by
951 the trace. In this case the tracer is "functio 915 the trace. In this case the tracer is "function". Then it shows the
952 number of events in the buffer as well as the 916 number of events in the buffer as well as the total number of entries
953 that were written. The difference is the numbe 917 that were written. The difference is the number of entries that were
954 lost due to the buffer filling up (250280 - 14 918 lost due to the buffer filling up (250280 - 140080 = 110200 events
955 lost). 919 lost).
956 920
957 The header explains the content of the events. 921 The header explains the content of the events. Task name "bash", the task
958 PID "1977", the CPU that it was running on "00 922 PID "1977", the CPU that it was running on "000", the latency format
959 (explained below), the timestamp in <secs>.<us 923 (explained below), the timestamp in <secs>.<usecs> format, the
960 function name that was traced "sys_close" and 924 function name that was traced "sys_close" and the parent function that
961 called this function "system_call_fastpath". T 925 called this function "system_call_fastpath". The timestamp is the time
962 at which the function was entered. 926 at which the function was entered.
963 927
964 Latency trace format 928 Latency trace format
965 -------------------- 929 --------------------
966 930
967 When the latency-format option is enabled or w 931 When the latency-format option is enabled or when one of the latency
968 tracers is set, the trace file gives somewhat 932 tracers is set, the trace file gives somewhat more information to see
969 why a latency happened. Here is a typical trac 933 why a latency happened. Here is a typical trace::
970 934
971 # tracer: irqsoff 935 # tracer: irqsoff
972 # 936 #
973 # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test 937 # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
974 # ------------------------------------------ 938 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
975 # latency: 259 us, #4/4, CPU#2 | (M:preempt 939 # latency: 259 us, #4/4, CPU#2 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
976 # ----------------- 940 # -----------------
977 # | task: ps-6143 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 941 # | task: ps-6143 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
978 # ----------------- 942 # -----------------
979 # => started at: __lock_task_sighand 943 # => started at: __lock_task_sighand
980 # => ended at: _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestor 944 # => ended at: _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
981 # 945 #
982 # 946 #
983 # _------=> CPU# 947 # _------=> CPU#
984 # / _-----=> irqs-off 948 # / _-----=> irqs-off
985 # | / _----=> need-resched 949 # | / _----=> need-resched
986 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq 950 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
987 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 951 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
988 # |||| / delay 952 # |||| / delay
989 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 953 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
990 # \ / ||||| \ | / 954 # \ / ||||| \ | /
991 ps-6143 2d... 0us!: trace_hardir 955 ps-6143 2d... 0us!: trace_hardirqs_off <-__lock_task_sighand
992 ps-6143 2d..1 259us+: trace_hardir 956 ps-6143 2d..1 259us+: trace_hardirqs_on <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
993 ps-6143 2d..1 263us+: time_hardirq 957 ps-6143 2d..1 263us+: time_hardirqs_on <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
994 ps-6143 2d..1 306us : <stack trace 958 ps-6143 2d..1 306us : <stack trace>
995 => trace_hardirqs_on_caller 959 => trace_hardirqs_on_caller
996 => trace_hardirqs_on 960 => trace_hardirqs_on
997 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore 961 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
998 => do_task_stat 962 => do_task_stat
999 => proc_tgid_stat 963 => proc_tgid_stat
1000 => proc_single_show 964 => proc_single_show
1001 => seq_read 965 => seq_read
1002 => vfs_read 966 => vfs_read
1003 => sys_read 967 => sys_read
1004 => system_call_fastpath 968 => system_call_fastpath
1005 969
1006 970
1007 This shows that the current tracer is "irqsof 971 This shows that the current tracer is "irqsoff" tracing the time
1008 for which interrupts were disabled. It gives 972 for which interrupts were disabled. It gives the trace version (which
1009 never changes) and the version of the kernel 973 never changes) and the version of the kernel upon which this was executed on
1010 (3.8). Then it displays the max latency in mi 974 (3.8). Then it displays the max latency in microseconds (259 us). The number
1011 of trace entries displayed and the total numb 975 of trace entries displayed and the total number (both are four: #4/4).
1012 VP, KP, SP, and HP are always zero and are re 976 VP, KP, SP, and HP are always zero and are reserved for later use.
1013 #P is the number of online CPUs (#P:4). 977 #P is the number of online CPUs (#P:4).
1014 978
1015 The task is the process that was running when 979 The task is the process that was running when the latency
1016 occurred. (ps pid: 6143). 980 occurred. (ps pid: 6143).
1017 981
1018 The start and stop (the functions in which th 982 The start and stop (the functions in which the interrupts were
1019 disabled and enabled respectively) that cause 983 disabled and enabled respectively) that caused the latencies:
1020 984
1021 - __lock_task_sighand is where the interrup 985 - __lock_task_sighand is where the interrupts were disabled.
1022 - _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore is where they 986 - _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore is where they were enabled again.
1023 987
1024 The next lines after the header are the trace 988 The next lines after the header are the trace itself. The header
1025 explains which is which. 989 explains which is which.
1026 990
1027 cmd: The name of the process in the trace. 991 cmd: The name of the process in the trace.
1028 992
1029 pid: The PID of that process. 993 pid: The PID of that process.
1030 994
1031 CPU#: The CPU which the process was running 995 CPU#: The CPU which the process was running on.
1032 996
1033 irqs-off: 'd' interrupts are disabled. '.' 997 irqs-off: 'd' interrupts are disabled. '.' otherwise.
1034 .. caution:: If the architecture does 998 .. caution:: If the architecture does not support a way to
1035 read the irq flags variable, 999 read the irq flags variable, an 'X' will always
1036 be printed here. 1000 be printed here.
1037 1001
1038 need-resched: 1002 need-resched:
1039 - 'N' both TIF_NEED_RESCHED and PREEM 1003 - 'N' both TIF_NEED_RESCHED and PREEMPT_NEED_RESCHED is set,
1040 - 'n' only TIF_NEED_RESCHED is set, 1004 - 'n' only TIF_NEED_RESCHED is set,
1041 - 'p' only PREEMPT_NEED_RESCHED is se 1005 - 'p' only PREEMPT_NEED_RESCHED is set,
1042 - '.' otherwise. 1006 - '.' otherwise.
1043 1007
1044 hardirq/softirq: 1008 hardirq/softirq:
1045 - 'Z' - NMI occurred inside a hardirq 1009 - 'Z' - NMI occurred inside a hardirq
1046 - 'z' - NMI is running 1010 - 'z' - NMI is running
1047 - 'H' - hard irq occurred inside a so 1011 - 'H' - hard irq occurred inside a softirq.
1048 - 'h' - hard irq is running 1012 - 'h' - hard irq is running
1049 - 's' - soft irq is running 1013 - 's' - soft irq is running
1050 - '.' - normal context. 1014 - '.' - normal context.
1051 1015
1052 preempt-depth: The level of preempt_disable 1016 preempt-depth: The level of preempt_disabled
1053 1017
1054 The above is mostly meaningful for kernel dev 1018 The above is mostly meaningful for kernel developers.
1055 1019
1056 time: 1020 time:
1057 When the latency-format option is ena 1021 When the latency-format option is enabled, the trace file
1058 output includes a timestamp relative 1022 output includes a timestamp relative to the start of the
1059 trace. This differs from the output w 1023 trace. This differs from the output when latency-format
1060 is disabled, which includes an absolu 1024 is disabled, which includes an absolute timestamp.
1061 1025
1062 delay: 1026 delay:
1063 This is just to help catch your eye a 1027 This is just to help catch your eye a bit better. And
1064 needs to be fixed to be only relative 1028 needs to be fixed to be only relative to the same CPU.
1065 The marks are determined by the diffe 1029 The marks are determined by the difference between this
1066 current trace and the next trace. 1030 current trace and the next trace.
1067 1031
1068 - '$' - greater than 1 second 1032 - '$' - greater than 1 second
1069 - '@' - greater than 100 millisecon 1033 - '@' - greater than 100 millisecond
1070 - '*' - greater than 10 millisecond 1034 - '*' - greater than 10 millisecond
1071 - '#' - greater than 1000 microseco 1035 - '#' - greater than 1000 microsecond
1072 - '!' - greater than 100 microsecon 1036 - '!' - greater than 100 microsecond
1073 - '+' - greater than 10 microsecond 1037 - '+' - greater than 10 microsecond
1074 - ' ' - less than or equal to 10 mi 1038 - ' ' - less than or equal to 10 microsecond.
1075 1039
1076 The rest is the same as the 'trace' file. 1040 The rest is the same as the 'trace' file.
1077 1041
1078 Note, the latency tracers will usually end 1042 Note, the latency tracers will usually end with a back trace
1079 to easily find where the latency occurred. 1043 to easily find where the latency occurred.
1080 1044
1081 trace_options 1045 trace_options
1082 ------------- 1046 -------------
1083 1047
1084 The trace_options file (or the options direct 1048 The trace_options file (or the options directory) is used to control
1085 what gets printed in the trace output, or man 1049 what gets printed in the trace output, or manipulate the tracers.
1086 To see what is available, simply cat the file 1050 To see what is available, simply cat the file::
1087 1051
1088 cat trace_options 1052 cat trace_options
1089 print-parent 1053 print-parent
1090 nosym-offset 1054 nosym-offset
1091 nosym-addr 1055 nosym-addr
1092 noverbose 1056 noverbose
1093 noraw 1057 noraw
1094 nohex 1058 nohex
1095 nobin 1059 nobin
1096 noblock 1060 noblock
1097 nofields 1061 nofields
1098 trace_printk 1062 trace_printk
1099 annotate 1063 annotate
1100 nouserstacktrace 1064 nouserstacktrace
1101 nosym-userobj 1065 nosym-userobj
1102 noprintk-msg-only 1066 noprintk-msg-only
1103 context-info 1067 context-info
1104 nolatency-format 1068 nolatency-format
1105 record-cmd 1069 record-cmd
1106 norecord-tgid 1070 norecord-tgid
1107 overwrite 1071 overwrite
1108 nodisable_on_free 1072 nodisable_on_free
1109 irq-info 1073 irq-info
1110 markers 1074 markers
1111 noevent-fork 1075 noevent-fork
1112 function-trace 1076 function-trace
1113 nofunction-fork 1077 nofunction-fork
1114 nodisplay-graph 1078 nodisplay-graph
1115 nostacktrace 1079 nostacktrace
1116 nobranch 1080 nobranch
1117 1081
1118 To disable one of the options, echo in the op 1082 To disable one of the options, echo in the option prepended with
1119 "no":: 1083 "no"::
1120 1084
1121 echo noprint-parent > trace_options 1085 echo noprint-parent > trace_options
1122 1086
1123 To enable an option, leave off the "no":: 1087 To enable an option, leave off the "no"::
1124 1088
1125 echo sym-offset > trace_options 1089 echo sym-offset > trace_options
1126 1090
1127 Here are the available options: 1091 Here are the available options:
1128 1092
1129 print-parent 1093 print-parent
1130 On function traces, display the calli 1094 On function traces, display the calling (parent)
1131 function as well as the function bein 1095 function as well as the function being traced.
1132 :: 1096 ::
1133 1097
1134 print-parent: 1098 print-parent:
1135 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simp 1099 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <-kstrtoul
1136 1100
1137 noprint-parent: 1101 noprint-parent:
1138 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simp 1102 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul
1139 1103
1140 1104
1141 sym-offset 1105 sym-offset
1142 Display not only the function name, b 1106 Display not only the function name, but also the
1143 offset in the function. For example, 1107 offset in the function. For example, instead of
1144 seeing just "ktime_get", you will see 1108 seeing just "ktime_get", you will see
1145 "ktime_get+0xb/0x20". 1109 "ktime_get+0xb/0x20".
1146 :: 1110 ::
1147 1111
1148 sym-offset: 1112 sym-offset:
1149 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simp 1113 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul+0x6/0xa0
1150 1114
1151 sym-addr 1115 sym-addr
1152 This will also display the function a 1116 This will also display the function address as well
1153 as the function name. 1117 as the function name.
1154 :: 1118 ::
1155 1119
1156 sym-addr: 1120 sym-addr:
1157 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simp 1121 bash-4000 [01] 1477.606694: simple_strtoul <c0339346>
1158 1122
1159 verbose 1123 verbose
1160 This deals with the trace file when t 1124 This deals with the trace file when the
1161 latency-format option is enabled. 1125 latency-format option is enabled.
1162 :: 1126 ::
1163 1127
1164 bash 4000 1 0 00000000 00010a95 1128 bash 4000 1 0 00000000 00010a95 [58127d26] 1720.415ms \
1165 (+0.000ms): simple_strtoul (kstrt 1129 (+0.000ms): simple_strtoul (kstrtoul)
1166 1130
1167 raw 1131 raw
1168 This will display raw numbers. This o 1132 This will display raw numbers. This option is best for
1169 use with user applications that can t 1133 use with user applications that can translate the raw
1170 numbers better than having it done in 1134 numbers better than having it done in the kernel.
1171 1135
1172 hex 1136 hex
1173 Similar to raw, but the numbers will 1137 Similar to raw, but the numbers will be in a hexadecimal format.
1174 1138
1175 bin 1139 bin
1176 This will print out the formats in ra 1140 This will print out the formats in raw binary.
1177 1141
1178 block 1142 block
1179 When set, reading trace_pipe will not 1143 When set, reading trace_pipe will not block when polled.
1180 1144
1181 fields 1145 fields
1182 Print the fields as described by thei 1146 Print the fields as described by their types. This is a better
1183 option than using hex, bin or raw, as 1147 option than using hex, bin or raw, as it gives a better parsing
1184 of the content of the event. 1148 of the content of the event.
1185 1149
1186 trace_printk 1150 trace_printk
1187 Can disable trace_printk() from writi 1151 Can disable trace_printk() from writing into the buffer.
1188 1152
1189 trace_printk_dest <<
1190 Set to have trace_printk() and simila <<
1191 write into this instance. Note, only <<
1192 this set. By setting this flag, it cl <<
1193 of the instance that had it set previ <<
1194 level trace has this set, and will ge <<
1195 instance has it set then clears it. <<
1196 <<
1197 This flag cannot be cleared by the to <<
1198 default instance. The only way the to <<
1199 cleared, is by it being set in anothe <<
1200 <<
1201 annotate 1153 annotate
1202 It is sometimes confusing when the CP 1154 It is sometimes confusing when the CPU buffers are full
1203 and one CPU buffer had a lot of event 1155 and one CPU buffer had a lot of events recently, thus
1204 a shorter time frame, were another CP 1156 a shorter time frame, were another CPU may have only had
1205 a few events, which lets it have olde 1157 a few events, which lets it have older events. When
1206 the trace is reported, it shows the o 1158 the trace is reported, it shows the oldest events first,
1207 and it may look like only one CPU ran 1159 and it may look like only one CPU ran (the one with the
1208 oldest events). When the annotate opt 1160 oldest events). When the annotate option is set, it will
1209 display when a new CPU buffer started 1161 display when a new CPU buffer started::
1210 1162
1211 <idle>-0 [001] 1163 <idle>-0 [001] dNs4 21169.031481: wake_up_idle_cpu <-add_timer_on
1212 <idle>-0 [001] 1164 <idle>-0 [001] dNs4 21169.031482: _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-add_timer_on
1213 <idle>-0 [001] 1165 <idle>-0 [001] .Ns4 21169.031484: sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1214 ##### CPU 2 buffer started ## 1166 ##### CPU 2 buffer started ####
1215 <idle>-0 [002] 1167 <idle>-0 [002] .N.1 21169.031484: rcu_idle_exit <-cpu_idle
1216 <idle>-0 [001] 1168 <idle>-0 [001] .Ns3 21169.031484: _raw_spin_unlock <-clocksource_watchdog
1217 <idle>-0 [001] 1169 <idle>-0 [001] .Ns3 21169.031485: sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
1218 1170
1219 userstacktrace 1171 userstacktrace
1220 This option changes the trace. It rec 1172 This option changes the trace. It records a
1221 stacktrace of the current user space 1173 stacktrace of the current user space thread after
1222 each trace event. 1174 each trace event.
1223 1175
1224 sym-userobj 1176 sym-userobj
1225 when user stacktrace are enabled, loo 1177 when user stacktrace are enabled, look up which
1226 object the address belongs to, and pr 1178 object the address belongs to, and print a
1227 relative address. This is especially 1179 relative address. This is especially useful when
1228 ASLR is on, otherwise you don't get a 1180 ASLR is on, otherwise you don't get a chance to
1229 resolve the address to object/file/li 1181 resolve the address to object/file/line after
1230 the app is no longer running 1182 the app is no longer running
1231 1183
1232 The lookup is performed when you read 1184 The lookup is performed when you read
1233 trace,trace_pipe. Example:: 1185 trace,trace_pipe. Example::
1234 1186
1235 a.out-1623 [000] 40874.465 1187 a.out-1623 [000] 40874.465068: /root/a.out[+0x480] <-/root/a.out[+0
1236 x494] <- /root/a.out[+0x4a8 1188 x494] <- /root/a.out[+0x4a8] <- /lib/libc-2.7.so[+0x1e1a6]
1237 1189
1238 1190
1239 printk-msg-only 1191 printk-msg-only
1240 When set, trace_printk()s will only s 1192 When set, trace_printk()s will only show the format
1241 and not their parameters (if trace_bp 1193 and not their parameters (if trace_bprintk() or
1242 trace_bputs() was used to save the tr 1194 trace_bputs() was used to save the trace_printk()).
1243 1195
1244 context-info 1196 context-info
1245 Show only the event data. Hides the c 1197 Show only the event data. Hides the comm, PID,
1246 timestamp, CPU, and other useful data 1198 timestamp, CPU, and other useful data.
1247 1199
1248 latency-format 1200 latency-format
1249 This option changes the trace output. 1201 This option changes the trace output. When it is enabled,
1250 the trace displays additional informa 1202 the trace displays additional information about the
1251 latency, as described in "Latency tra 1203 latency, as described in "Latency trace format".
1252 1204
1253 pause-on-trace 1205 pause-on-trace
1254 When set, opening the trace file for 1206 When set, opening the trace file for read, will pause
1255 writing to the ring buffer (as if tra 1207 writing to the ring buffer (as if tracing_on was set to zero).
1256 This simulates the original behavior 1208 This simulates the original behavior of the trace file.
1257 When the file is closed, tracing will 1209 When the file is closed, tracing will be enabled again.
1258 1210
1259 hash-ptr 1211 hash-ptr
1260 When set, "%p" in the event printk fo 1212 When set, "%p" in the event printk format displays the
1261 hashed pointer value instead of real 1213 hashed pointer value instead of real address.
1262 This will be useful if you want to fi 1214 This will be useful if you want to find out which hashed
1263 value is corresponding to the real va 1215 value is corresponding to the real value in trace log.
1264 1216
1265 record-cmd 1217 record-cmd
1266 When any event or tracer is enabled, 1218 When any event or tracer is enabled, a hook is enabled
1267 in the sched_switch trace point to fi 1219 in the sched_switch trace point to fill comm cache
1268 with mapped pids and comms. But this 1220 with mapped pids and comms. But this may cause some
1269 overhead, and if you only care about 1221 overhead, and if you only care about pids, and not the
1270 name of the task, disabling this opti 1222 name of the task, disabling this option can lower the
1271 impact of tracing. See "saved_cmdline 1223 impact of tracing. See "saved_cmdlines".
1272 1224
1273 record-tgid 1225 record-tgid
1274 When any event or tracer is enabled, 1226 When any event or tracer is enabled, a hook is enabled
1275 in the sched_switch trace point to fi 1227 in the sched_switch trace point to fill the cache of
1276 mapped Thread Group IDs (TGID) mappin 1228 mapped Thread Group IDs (TGID) mapping to pids. See
1277 "saved_tgids". 1229 "saved_tgids".
1278 1230
1279 overwrite 1231 overwrite
1280 This controls what happens when the t 1232 This controls what happens when the trace buffer is
1281 full. If "1" (default), the oldest ev 1233 full. If "1" (default), the oldest events are
1282 discarded and overwritten. If "0", th 1234 discarded and overwritten. If "0", then the newest
1283 events are discarded. 1235 events are discarded.
1284 (see per_cpu/cpu0/stats for overrun a 1236 (see per_cpu/cpu0/stats for overrun and dropped)
1285 1237
1286 disable_on_free 1238 disable_on_free
1287 When the free_buffer is closed, traci 1239 When the free_buffer is closed, tracing will
1288 stop (tracing_on set to 0). 1240 stop (tracing_on set to 0).
1289 1241
1290 irq-info 1242 irq-info
1291 Shows the interrupt, preempt count, n 1243 Shows the interrupt, preempt count, need resched data.
1292 When disabled, the trace looks like:: 1244 When disabled, the trace looks like::
1293 1245
1294 # tracer: function 1246 # tracer: function
1295 # 1247 #
1296 # entries-in-buffer/entries-w 1248 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 144405/9452052 #P:4
1297 # 1249 #
1298 # TASK-PID CPU# 1250 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
1299 # | | | 1251 # | | | | |
1300 <idle>-0 [002] 1252 <idle>-0 [002] 23636.756054: ttwu_do_activate.constprop.89 <-try_to_wake_up
1301 <idle>-0 [002] 1253 <idle>-0 [002] 23636.756054: activate_task <-ttwu_do_activate.constprop.89
1302 <idle>-0 [002] 1254 <idle>-0 [002] 23636.756055: enqueue_task <-activate_task
1303 1255
1304 1256
1305 markers 1257 markers
1306 When set, the trace_marker is writabl 1258 When set, the trace_marker is writable (only by root).
1307 When disabled, the trace_marker will 1259 When disabled, the trace_marker will error with EINVAL
1308 on write. 1260 on write.
1309 1261
1310 event-fork 1262 event-fork
1311 When set, tasks with PIDs listed in s 1263 When set, tasks with PIDs listed in set_event_pid will have
1312 the PIDs of their children added to s 1264 the PIDs of their children added to set_event_pid when those
1313 tasks fork. Also, when tasks with PID 1265 tasks fork. Also, when tasks with PIDs in set_event_pid exit,
1314 their PIDs will be removed from the f 1266 their PIDs will be removed from the file.
1315 1267
1316 This affects PIDs listed in set_event 1268 This affects PIDs listed in set_event_notrace_pid as well.
1317 1269
1318 function-trace 1270 function-trace
1319 The latency tracers will enable funct 1271 The latency tracers will enable function tracing
1320 if this option is enabled (default it 1272 if this option is enabled (default it is). When
1321 it is disabled, the latency tracers d 1273 it is disabled, the latency tracers do not trace
1322 functions. This keeps the overhead of 1274 functions. This keeps the overhead of the tracer down
1323 when performing latency tests. 1275 when performing latency tests.
1324 1276
1325 function-fork 1277 function-fork
1326 When set, tasks with PIDs listed in s 1278 When set, tasks with PIDs listed in set_ftrace_pid will
1327 have the PIDs of their children added 1279 have the PIDs of their children added to set_ftrace_pid
1328 when those tasks fork. Also, when tas 1280 when those tasks fork. Also, when tasks with PIDs in
1329 set_ftrace_pid exit, their PIDs will 1281 set_ftrace_pid exit, their PIDs will be removed from the
1330 file. 1282 file.
1331 1283
1332 This affects PIDs in set_ftrace_notra 1284 This affects PIDs in set_ftrace_notrace_pid as well.
1333 1285
1334 display-graph 1286 display-graph
1335 When set, the latency tracers (irqsof 1287 When set, the latency tracers (irqsoff, wakeup, etc) will
1336 use function graph tracing instead of 1288 use function graph tracing instead of function tracing.
1337 1289
1338 stacktrace 1290 stacktrace
1339 When set, a stack trace is recorded a 1291 When set, a stack trace is recorded after any trace event
1340 is recorded. 1292 is recorded.
1341 1293
1342 branch 1294 branch
1343 Enable branch tracing with the tracer 1295 Enable branch tracing with the tracer. This enables branch
1344 tracer along with the currently set t 1296 tracer along with the currently set tracer. Enabling this
1345 with the "nop" tracer is the same as 1297 with the "nop" tracer is the same as just enabling the
1346 "branch" tracer. 1298 "branch" tracer.
1347 1299
1348 .. tip:: Some tracers have their own options. 1300 .. tip:: Some tracers have their own options. They only appear in this
1349 file when the tracer is active. They a 1301 file when the tracer is active. They always appear in the
1350 options directory. 1302 options directory.
1351 1303
1352 1304
1353 Here are the per tracer options: 1305 Here are the per tracer options:
1354 1306
1355 Options for function tracer: 1307 Options for function tracer:
1356 1308
1357 func_stack_trace 1309 func_stack_trace
1358 When set, a stack trace is recorded a 1310 When set, a stack trace is recorded after every
1359 function that is recorded. NOTE! Limi 1311 function that is recorded. NOTE! Limit the functions
1360 that are recorded before enabling thi 1312 that are recorded before enabling this, with
1361 "set_ftrace_filter" otherwise the sys 1313 "set_ftrace_filter" otherwise the system performance
1362 will be critically degraded. Remember 1314 will be critically degraded. Remember to disable
1363 this option before clearing the funct 1315 this option before clearing the function filter.
1364 1316
1365 Options for function_graph tracer: 1317 Options for function_graph tracer:
1366 1318
1367 Since the function_graph tracer has a slight 1319 Since the function_graph tracer has a slightly different output
1368 it has its own options to control what is di 1320 it has its own options to control what is displayed.
1369 1321
1370 funcgraph-overrun 1322 funcgraph-overrun
1371 When set, the "overrun" of the graph 1323 When set, the "overrun" of the graph stack is
1372 displayed after each function traced. 1324 displayed after each function traced. The
1373 overrun, is when the stack depth of t 1325 overrun, is when the stack depth of the calls
1374 is greater than what is reserved for 1326 is greater than what is reserved for each task.
1375 Each task has a fixed array of functi 1327 Each task has a fixed array of functions to
1376 trace in the call graph. If the depth 1328 trace in the call graph. If the depth of the
1377 calls exceeds that, the function is n 1329 calls exceeds that, the function is not traced.
1378 The overrun is the number of function 1330 The overrun is the number of functions missed
1379 due to exceeding this array. 1331 due to exceeding this array.
1380 1332
1381 funcgraph-cpu 1333 funcgraph-cpu
1382 When set, the CPU number of the CPU w 1334 When set, the CPU number of the CPU where the trace
1383 occurred is displayed. 1335 occurred is displayed.
1384 1336
1385 funcgraph-overhead 1337 funcgraph-overhead
1386 When set, if the function takes longe 1338 When set, if the function takes longer than
1387 A certain amount, then a delay marker 1339 A certain amount, then a delay marker is
1388 displayed. See "delay" above, under t 1340 displayed. See "delay" above, under the
1389 header description. 1341 header description.
1390 1342
1391 funcgraph-proc 1343 funcgraph-proc
1392 Unlike other tracers, the process' co 1344 Unlike other tracers, the process' command line
1393 is not displayed by default, but inst 1345 is not displayed by default, but instead only
1394 when a task is traced in and out duri 1346 when a task is traced in and out during a context
1395 switch. Enabling this options has the 1347 switch. Enabling this options has the command
1396 of each process displayed at every li 1348 of each process displayed at every line.
1397 1349
1398 funcgraph-duration 1350 funcgraph-duration
1399 At the end of each function (the retu 1351 At the end of each function (the return)
1400 the duration of the amount of time in 1352 the duration of the amount of time in the
1401 function is displayed in microseconds 1353 function is displayed in microseconds.
1402 1354
1403 funcgraph-abstime 1355 funcgraph-abstime
1404 When set, the timestamp is displayed 1356 When set, the timestamp is displayed at each line.
1405 1357
1406 funcgraph-irqs 1358 funcgraph-irqs
1407 When disabled, functions that happen 1359 When disabled, functions that happen inside an
1408 interrupt will not be traced. 1360 interrupt will not be traced.
1409 1361
1410 funcgraph-tail 1362 funcgraph-tail
1411 When set, the return event will inclu 1363 When set, the return event will include the function
1412 that it represents. By default this i 1364 that it represents. By default this is off, and
1413 only a closing curly bracket "}" is d 1365 only a closing curly bracket "}" is displayed for
1414 the return of a function. 1366 the return of a function.
1415 1367
1416 funcgraph-retval 1368 funcgraph-retval
1417 When set, the return value of each tr 1369 When set, the return value of each traced function
1418 will be printed after an equal sign " 1370 will be printed after an equal sign "=". By default
1419 this is off. 1371 this is off.
1420 1372
1421 funcgraph-retval-hex 1373 funcgraph-retval-hex
1422 When set, the return value will alway 1374 When set, the return value will always be printed
1423 in hexadecimal format. If the option 1375 in hexadecimal format. If the option is not set and
1424 the return value is an error code, it 1376 the return value is an error code, it will be printed
1425 in signed decimal format; otherwise i 1377 in signed decimal format; otherwise it will also be
1426 printed in hexadecimal format. By def 1378 printed in hexadecimal format. By default, this option
1427 is off. 1379 is off.
1428 1380
1429 sleep-time 1381 sleep-time
1430 When running function graph tracer, t 1382 When running function graph tracer, to include
1431 the time a task schedules out in its 1383 the time a task schedules out in its function.
1432 When enabled, it will account time th 1384 When enabled, it will account time the task has been
1433 scheduled out as part of the function 1385 scheduled out as part of the function call.
1434 1386
1435 graph-time 1387 graph-time
1436 When running function profiler with f 1388 When running function profiler with function graph tracer,
1437 to include the time to call nested fu 1389 to include the time to call nested functions. When this is
1438 not set, the time reported for the fu 1390 not set, the time reported for the function will only
1439 include the time the function itself 1391 include the time the function itself executed for, not the
1440 time for functions that it called. 1392 time for functions that it called.
1441 1393
1442 Options for blk tracer: 1394 Options for blk tracer:
1443 1395
1444 blk_classic 1396 blk_classic
1445 Shows a more minimalistic output. 1397 Shows a more minimalistic output.
1446 1398
1447 1399
1448 irqsoff 1400 irqsoff
1449 ------- 1401 -------
1450 1402
1451 When interrupts are disabled, the CPU can not 1403 When interrupts are disabled, the CPU can not react to any other
1452 external event (besides NMIs and SMIs). This 1404 external event (besides NMIs and SMIs). This prevents the timer
1453 interrupt from triggering or the mouse interr 1405 interrupt from triggering or the mouse interrupt from letting
1454 the kernel know of a new mouse event. The res 1406 the kernel know of a new mouse event. The result is a latency
1455 with the reaction time. 1407 with the reaction time.
1456 1408
1457 The irqsoff tracer tracks the time for which 1409 The irqsoff tracer tracks the time for which interrupts are
1458 disabled. When a new maximum latency is hit, 1410 disabled. When a new maximum latency is hit, the tracer saves
1459 the trace leading up to that latency point so 1411 the trace leading up to that latency point so that every time a
1460 new maximum is reached, the old saved trace i 1412 new maximum is reached, the old saved trace is discarded and the
1461 new trace is saved. 1413 new trace is saved.
1462 1414
1463 To reset the maximum, echo 0 into tracing_max 1415 To reset the maximum, echo 0 into tracing_max_latency. Here is
1464 an example:: 1416 an example::
1465 1417
1466 # echo 0 > options/function-trace 1418 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
1467 # echo irqsoff > current_tracer 1419 # echo irqsoff > current_tracer
1468 # echo 1 > tracing_on 1420 # echo 1 > tracing_on
1469 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency 1421 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
1470 # ls -ltr 1422 # ls -ltr
1471 [...] 1423 [...]
1472 # echo 0 > tracing_on 1424 # echo 0 > tracing_on
1473 # cat trace 1425 # cat trace
1474 # tracer: irqsoff 1426 # tracer: irqsoff
1475 # 1427 #
1476 # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-tes 1428 # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1477 # ----------------------------------------- 1429 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
1478 # latency: 16 us, #4/4, CPU#0 | (M:preempt 1430 # latency: 16 us, #4/4, CPU#0 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1479 # ----------------- 1431 # -----------------
1480 # | task: swapper/0-0 (uid:0 nice:0 poli 1432 # | task: swapper/0-0 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1481 # ----------------- 1433 # -----------------
1482 # => started at: run_timer_softirq 1434 # => started at: run_timer_softirq
1483 # => ended at: run_timer_softirq 1435 # => ended at: run_timer_softirq
1484 # 1436 #
1485 # 1437 #
1486 # _------=> CPU# 1438 # _------=> CPU#
1487 # / _-----=> irqs-off 1439 # / _-----=> irqs-off
1488 # | / _----=> need-resched 1440 # | / _----=> need-resched
1489 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 1441 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1490 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 1442 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1491 # |||| / delay 1443 # |||| / delay
1492 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 1444 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1493 # \ / ||||| \ | / 1445 # \ / ||||| \ | /
1494 <idle>-0 0d.s2 0us+: _raw_spin_l 1446 <idle>-0 0d.s2 0us+: _raw_spin_lock_irq <-run_timer_softirq
1495 <idle>-0 0dNs3 17us : _raw_spin_u 1447 <idle>-0 0dNs3 17us : _raw_spin_unlock_irq <-run_timer_softirq
1496 <idle>-0 0dNs3 17us+: trace_hardi 1448 <idle>-0 0dNs3 17us+: trace_hardirqs_on <-run_timer_softirq
1497 <idle>-0 0dNs3 25us : <stack trac 1449 <idle>-0 0dNs3 25us : <stack trace>
1498 => _raw_spin_unlock_irq 1450 => _raw_spin_unlock_irq
1499 => run_timer_softirq 1451 => run_timer_softirq
1500 => __do_softirq 1452 => __do_softirq
1501 => call_softirq 1453 => call_softirq
1502 => do_softirq 1454 => do_softirq
1503 => irq_exit 1455 => irq_exit
1504 => smp_apic_timer_interrupt 1456 => smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1505 => apic_timer_interrupt 1457 => apic_timer_interrupt
1506 => rcu_idle_exit 1458 => rcu_idle_exit
1507 => cpu_idle 1459 => cpu_idle
1508 => rest_init 1460 => rest_init
1509 => start_kernel 1461 => start_kernel
1510 => x86_64_start_reservations 1462 => x86_64_start_reservations
1511 => x86_64_start_kernel 1463 => x86_64_start_kernel
1512 1464
1513 Here we see that we had a latency of 16 micro 1465 Here we see that we had a latency of 16 microseconds (which is
1514 very good). The _raw_spin_lock_irq in run_tim 1466 very good). The _raw_spin_lock_irq in run_timer_softirq disabled
1515 interrupts. The difference between the 16 and 1467 interrupts. The difference between the 16 and the displayed
1516 timestamp 25us occurred because the clock was 1468 timestamp 25us occurred because the clock was incremented
1517 between the time of recording the max latency 1469 between the time of recording the max latency and the time of
1518 recording the function that had that latency. 1470 recording the function that had that latency.
1519 1471
1520 Note the above example had function-trace not 1472 Note the above example had function-trace not set. If we set
1521 function-trace, we get a much larger output:: 1473 function-trace, we get a much larger output::
1522 1474
1523 with echo 1 > options/function-trace 1475 with echo 1 > options/function-trace
1524 1476
1525 # tracer: irqsoff 1477 # tracer: irqsoff
1526 # 1478 #
1527 # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-tes 1479 # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1528 # ----------------------------------------- 1480 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
1529 # latency: 71 us, #168/168, CPU#3 | (M:pree 1481 # latency: 71 us, #168/168, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1530 # ----------------- 1482 # -----------------
1531 # | task: bash-2042 (uid:0 nice:0 policy 1483 # | task: bash-2042 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1532 # ----------------- 1484 # -----------------
1533 # => started at: ata_scsi_queuecmd 1485 # => started at: ata_scsi_queuecmd
1534 # => ended at: ata_scsi_queuecmd 1486 # => ended at: ata_scsi_queuecmd
1535 # 1487 #
1536 # 1488 #
1537 # _------=> CPU# 1489 # _------=> CPU#
1538 # / _-----=> irqs-off 1490 # / _-----=> irqs-off
1539 # | / _----=> need-resched 1491 # | / _----=> need-resched
1540 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 1492 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1541 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 1493 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1542 # |||| / delay 1494 # |||| / delay
1543 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 1495 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1544 # \ / ||||| \ | / 1496 # \ / ||||| \ | /
1545 bash-2042 3d... 0us : _raw_spin_l 1497 bash-2042 3d... 0us : _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1546 bash-2042 3d... 0us : add_preempt 1498 bash-2042 3d... 0us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irqsave
1547 bash-2042 3d..1 1us : ata_scsi_fi 1499 bash-2042 3d..1 1us : ata_scsi_find_dev <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1548 bash-2042 3d..1 1us : __ata_scsi_ 1500 bash-2042 3d..1 1us : __ata_scsi_find_dev <-ata_scsi_find_dev
1549 bash-2042 3d..1 2us : ata_find_de 1501 bash-2042 3d..1 2us : ata_find_dev.part.14 <-__ata_scsi_find_dev
1550 bash-2042 3d..1 2us : ata_qc_new_ 1502 bash-2042 3d..1 2us : ata_qc_new_init <-__ata_scsi_queuecmd
1551 bash-2042 3d..1 3us : ata_sg_init 1503 bash-2042 3d..1 3us : ata_sg_init <-__ata_scsi_queuecmd
1552 bash-2042 3d..1 4us : ata_scsi_rw 1504 bash-2042 3d..1 4us : ata_scsi_rw_xlat <-__ata_scsi_queuecmd
1553 bash-2042 3d..1 4us : ata_build_r 1505 bash-2042 3d..1 4us : ata_build_rw_tf <-ata_scsi_rw_xlat
1554 [...] 1506 [...]
1555 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : delay_tsc < 1507 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : delay_tsc <-__delay
1556 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : add_preempt 1508 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : add_preempt_count <-delay_tsc
1557 bash-2042 3d..2 67us : sub_preempt 1509 bash-2042 3d..2 67us : sub_preempt_count <-delay_tsc
1558 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : add_preempt 1510 bash-2042 3d..1 67us : add_preempt_count <-delay_tsc
1559 bash-2042 3d..2 68us : sub_preempt 1511 bash-2042 3d..2 68us : sub_preempt_count <-delay_tsc
1560 bash-2042 3d..1 68us+: ata_bmdma_s 1512 bash-2042 3d..1 68us+: ata_bmdma_start <-ata_bmdma_qc_issue
1561 bash-2042 3d..1 71us : _raw_spin_u 1513 bash-2042 3d..1 71us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1562 bash-2042 3d..1 71us : _raw_spin_u 1514 bash-2042 3d..1 71us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1563 bash-2042 3d..1 72us+: trace_hardi 1515 bash-2042 3d..1 72us+: trace_hardirqs_on <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1564 bash-2042 3d..1 120us : <stack trac 1516 bash-2042 3d..1 120us : <stack trace>
1565 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore 1517 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1566 => ata_scsi_queuecmd 1518 => ata_scsi_queuecmd
1567 => scsi_dispatch_cmd 1519 => scsi_dispatch_cmd
1568 => scsi_request_fn 1520 => scsi_request_fn
1569 => __blk_run_queue_uncond 1521 => __blk_run_queue_uncond
1570 => __blk_run_queue 1522 => __blk_run_queue
1571 => blk_queue_bio 1523 => blk_queue_bio
1572 => submit_bio_noacct 1524 => submit_bio_noacct
1573 => submit_bio 1525 => submit_bio
1574 => submit_bh 1526 => submit_bh
1575 => __ext3_get_inode_loc 1527 => __ext3_get_inode_loc
1576 => ext3_iget 1528 => ext3_iget
1577 => ext3_lookup 1529 => ext3_lookup
1578 => lookup_real 1530 => lookup_real
1579 => __lookup_hash 1531 => __lookup_hash
1580 => walk_component 1532 => walk_component
1581 => lookup_last 1533 => lookup_last
1582 => path_lookupat 1534 => path_lookupat
1583 => filename_lookup 1535 => filename_lookup
1584 => user_path_at_empty 1536 => user_path_at_empty
1585 => user_path_at 1537 => user_path_at
1586 => vfs_fstatat 1538 => vfs_fstatat
1587 => vfs_stat 1539 => vfs_stat
1588 => sys_newstat 1540 => sys_newstat
1589 => system_call_fastpath 1541 => system_call_fastpath
1590 1542
1591 1543
1592 Here we traced a 71 microsecond latency. But 1544 Here we traced a 71 microsecond latency. But we also see all the
1593 functions that were called during that time. 1545 functions that were called during that time. Note that by
1594 enabling function tracing, we incur an added 1546 enabling function tracing, we incur an added overhead. This
1595 overhead may extend the latency times. But ne 1547 overhead may extend the latency times. But nevertheless, this
1596 trace has provided some very helpful debuggin 1548 trace has provided some very helpful debugging information.
1597 1549
1598 If we prefer function graph output instead of 1550 If we prefer function graph output instead of function, we can set
1599 display-graph option:: 1551 display-graph option::
1600 1552
1601 with echo 1 > options/display-graph 1553 with echo 1 > options/display-graph
1602 1554
1603 # tracer: irqsoff 1555 # tracer: irqsoff
1604 # 1556 #
1605 # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 4.20.0-rc 1557 # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 4.20.0-rc6+
1606 # ----------------------------------------- 1558 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
1607 # latency: 3751 us, #274/274, CPU#0 | (M:de 1559 # latency: 3751 us, #274/274, CPU#0 | (M:desktop VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1608 # ----------------- 1560 # -----------------
1609 # | task: bash-1507 (uid:0 nice:0 policy 1561 # | task: bash-1507 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1610 # ----------------- 1562 # -----------------
1611 # => started at: free_debug_processing 1563 # => started at: free_debug_processing
1612 # => ended at: return_to_handler 1564 # => ended at: return_to_handler
1613 # 1565 #
1614 # 1566 #
1615 # _-- 1567 # _-----=> irqs-off
1616 # / _- 1568 # / _----=> need-resched
1617 # | / _ 1569 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1618 # || / 1570 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
1619 # ||| / 1571 # ||| /
1620 # REL TIME CPU TASK/PID |||| 1572 # REL TIME CPU TASK/PID |||| DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
1621 # | | | | |||| 1573 # | | | | |||| | | | | | |
1622 0 us | 0) bash-1507 | d... 1574 0 us | 0) bash-1507 | d... | 0.000 us | _raw_spin_lock_irqsave();
1623 0 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..1 1575 0 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..1 | 0.378 us | do_raw_spin_trylock();
1624 1 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 1576 1 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 | | set_track() {
1625 2 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 1577 2 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 | | save_stack_trace() {
1626 2 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 1578 2 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 | | __save_stack_trace() {
1627 3 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 1579 3 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 | | __unwind_start() {
1628 3 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 1580 3 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 | | get_stack_info() {
1629 3 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 1581 3 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 | 0.351 us | in_task_stack();
1630 4 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 1582 4 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..2 | 1.107 us | }
1631 [...] 1583 [...]
1632 3750 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..1 1584 3750 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..1 | 0.516 us | do_raw_spin_unlock();
1633 3750 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..1 1585 3750 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..1 | 0.000 us | _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore();
1634 3764 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..1 1586 3764 us | 0) bash-1507 | d..1 | 0.000 us | tracer_hardirqs_on();
1635 bash-1507 0d..1 3792us : <stack trac 1587 bash-1507 0d..1 3792us : <stack trace>
1636 => free_debug_processing 1588 => free_debug_processing
1637 => __slab_free 1589 => __slab_free
1638 => kmem_cache_free 1590 => kmem_cache_free
1639 => vm_area_free 1591 => vm_area_free
1640 => remove_vma 1592 => remove_vma
1641 => exit_mmap 1593 => exit_mmap
1642 => mmput 1594 => mmput
1643 => begin_new_exec 1595 => begin_new_exec
1644 => load_elf_binary 1596 => load_elf_binary
1645 => search_binary_handler 1597 => search_binary_handler
1646 => __do_execve_file.isra.32 1598 => __do_execve_file.isra.32
1647 => __x64_sys_execve 1599 => __x64_sys_execve
1648 => do_syscall_64 1600 => do_syscall_64
1649 => entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe 1601 => entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe
1650 1602
1651 preemptoff 1603 preemptoff
1652 ---------- 1604 ----------
1653 1605
1654 When preemption is disabled, we may be able t 1606 When preemption is disabled, we may be able to receive
1655 interrupts but the task cannot be preempted a 1607 interrupts but the task cannot be preempted and a higher
1656 priority task must wait for preemption to be 1608 priority task must wait for preemption to be enabled again
1657 before it can preempt a lower priority task. 1609 before it can preempt a lower priority task.
1658 1610
1659 The preemptoff tracer traces the places that 1611 The preemptoff tracer traces the places that disable preemption.
1660 Like the irqsoff tracer, it records the maxim 1612 Like the irqsoff tracer, it records the maximum latency for
1661 which preemption was disabled. The control of 1613 which preemption was disabled. The control of preemptoff tracer
1662 is much like the irqsoff tracer. 1614 is much like the irqsoff tracer.
1663 :: 1615 ::
1664 1616
1665 # echo 0 > options/function-trace 1617 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
1666 # echo preemptoff > current_tracer 1618 # echo preemptoff > current_tracer
1667 # echo 1 > tracing_on 1619 # echo 1 > tracing_on
1668 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency 1620 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
1669 # ls -ltr 1621 # ls -ltr
1670 [...] 1622 [...]
1671 # echo 0 > tracing_on 1623 # echo 0 > tracing_on
1672 # cat trace 1624 # cat trace
1673 # tracer: preemptoff 1625 # tracer: preemptoff
1674 # 1626 #
1675 # preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0- 1627 # preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1676 # ----------------------------------------- 1628 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
1677 # latency: 46 us, #4/4, CPU#1 | (M:preempt 1629 # latency: 46 us, #4/4, CPU#1 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1678 # ----------------- 1630 # -----------------
1679 # | task: sshd-1991 (uid:0 nice:0 policy 1631 # | task: sshd-1991 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1680 # ----------------- 1632 # -----------------
1681 # => started at: do_IRQ 1633 # => started at: do_IRQ
1682 # => ended at: do_IRQ 1634 # => ended at: do_IRQ
1683 # 1635 #
1684 # 1636 #
1685 # _------=> CPU# 1637 # _------=> CPU#
1686 # / _-----=> irqs-off 1638 # / _-----=> irqs-off
1687 # | / _----=> need-resched 1639 # | / _----=> need-resched
1688 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 1640 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1689 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 1641 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1690 # |||| / delay 1642 # |||| / delay
1691 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 1643 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1692 # \ / ||||| \ | / 1644 # \ / ||||| \ | /
1693 sshd-1991 1d.h. 0us+: irq_enter < 1645 sshd-1991 1d.h. 0us+: irq_enter <-do_IRQ
1694 sshd-1991 1d..1 46us : irq_exit <- 1646 sshd-1991 1d..1 46us : irq_exit <-do_IRQ
1695 sshd-1991 1d..1 47us+: trace_preem 1647 sshd-1991 1d..1 47us+: trace_preempt_on <-do_IRQ
1696 sshd-1991 1d..1 52us : <stack trac 1648 sshd-1991 1d..1 52us : <stack trace>
1697 => sub_preempt_count 1649 => sub_preempt_count
1698 => irq_exit 1650 => irq_exit
1699 => do_IRQ 1651 => do_IRQ
1700 => ret_from_intr 1652 => ret_from_intr
1701 1653
1702 1654
1703 This has some more changes. Preemption was di 1655 This has some more changes. Preemption was disabled when an
1704 interrupt came in (notice the 'h'), and was e 1656 interrupt came in (notice the 'h'), and was enabled on exit.
1705 But we also see that interrupts have been dis 1657 But we also see that interrupts have been disabled when entering
1706 the preempt off section and leaving it (the ' 1658 the preempt off section and leaving it (the 'd'). We do not know if
1707 interrupts were enabled in the mean time or s 1659 interrupts were enabled in the mean time or shortly after this
1708 was over. 1660 was over.
1709 :: 1661 ::
1710 1662
1711 # tracer: preemptoff 1663 # tracer: preemptoff
1712 # 1664 #
1713 # preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0- 1665 # preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1714 # ----------------------------------------- 1666 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
1715 # latency: 83 us, #241/241, CPU#1 | (M:pree 1667 # latency: 83 us, #241/241, CPU#1 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1716 # ----------------- 1668 # -----------------
1717 # | task: bash-1994 (uid:0 nice:0 policy 1669 # | task: bash-1994 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1718 # ----------------- 1670 # -----------------
1719 # => started at: wake_up_new_task 1671 # => started at: wake_up_new_task
1720 # => ended at: task_rq_unlock 1672 # => ended at: task_rq_unlock
1721 # 1673 #
1722 # 1674 #
1723 # _------=> CPU# 1675 # _------=> CPU#
1724 # / _-----=> irqs-off 1676 # / _-----=> irqs-off
1725 # | / _----=> need-resched 1677 # | / _----=> need-resched
1726 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 1678 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1727 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 1679 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1728 # |||| / delay 1680 # |||| / delay
1729 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 1681 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1730 # \ / ||||| \ | / 1682 # \ / ||||| \ | /
1731 bash-1994 1d..1 0us : _raw_spin_l 1683 bash-1994 1d..1 0us : _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-wake_up_new_task
1732 bash-1994 1d..1 0us : select_task 1684 bash-1994 1d..1 0us : select_task_rq_fair <-select_task_rq
1733 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : __rcu_read_ 1685 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : __rcu_read_lock <-select_task_rq_fair
1734 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : source_load 1686 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : source_load <-select_task_rq_fair
1735 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : source_load 1687 bash-1994 1d..1 1us : source_load <-select_task_rq_fair
1736 [...] 1688 [...]
1737 bash-1994 1d..1 12us : irq_enter < 1689 bash-1994 1d..1 12us : irq_enter <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1738 bash-1994 1d..1 12us : rcu_irq_ent 1690 bash-1994 1d..1 12us : rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter
1739 bash-1994 1d..1 13us : add_preempt 1691 bash-1994 1d..1 13us : add_preempt_count <-irq_enter
1740 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : exit_idle < 1692 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : exit_idle <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1741 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : hrtimer_int 1693 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1742 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : _raw_spin_l 1694 bash-1994 1d.h1 13us : _raw_spin_lock <-hrtimer_interrupt
1743 bash-1994 1d.h1 14us : add_preempt 1695 bash-1994 1d.h1 14us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock
1744 bash-1994 1d.h2 14us : ktime_get_u 1696 bash-1994 1d.h2 14us : ktime_get_update_offsets <-hrtimer_interrupt
1745 [...] 1697 [...]
1746 bash-1994 1d.h1 35us : lapic_next_ 1698 bash-1994 1d.h1 35us : lapic_next_event <-clockevents_program_event
1747 bash-1994 1d.h1 35us : irq_exit <- 1699 bash-1994 1d.h1 35us : irq_exit <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
1748 bash-1994 1d.h1 36us : sub_preempt 1700 bash-1994 1d.h1 36us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1749 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : do_softirq 1701 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : do_softirq <-irq_exit
1750 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : __do_softir 1702 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : __do_softirq <-call_softirq
1751 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : __local_bh_ 1703 bash-1994 1d..2 36us : __local_bh_disable <-__do_softirq
1752 bash-1994 1d.s2 37us : add_preempt 1704 bash-1994 1d.s2 37us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irq
1753 bash-1994 1d.s3 38us : _raw_spin_u 1705 bash-1994 1d.s3 38us : _raw_spin_unlock <-run_timer_softirq
1754 bash-1994 1d.s3 39us : sub_preempt 1706 bash-1994 1d.s3 39us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
1755 bash-1994 1d.s2 39us : call_timer_ 1707 bash-1994 1d.s2 39us : call_timer_fn <-run_timer_softirq
1756 [...] 1708 [...]
1757 bash-1994 1dNs2 81us : cpu_needs_a 1709 bash-1994 1dNs2 81us : cpu_needs_another_gp <-rcu_process_callbacks
1758 bash-1994 1dNs2 82us : __local_bh_ 1710 bash-1994 1dNs2 82us : __local_bh_enable <-__do_softirq
1759 bash-1994 1dNs2 82us : sub_preempt 1711 bash-1994 1dNs2 82us : sub_preempt_count <-__local_bh_enable
1760 bash-1994 1dN.2 82us : idle_cpu <- 1712 bash-1994 1dN.2 82us : idle_cpu <-irq_exit
1761 bash-1994 1dN.2 83us : rcu_irq_exi 1713 bash-1994 1dN.2 83us : rcu_irq_exit <-irq_exit
1762 bash-1994 1dN.2 83us : sub_preempt 1714 bash-1994 1dN.2 83us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1763 bash-1994 1.N.1 84us : _raw_spin_u 1715 bash-1994 1.N.1 84us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-task_rq_unlock
1764 bash-1994 1.N.1 84us+: trace_preem 1716 bash-1994 1.N.1 84us+: trace_preempt_on <-task_rq_unlock
1765 bash-1994 1.N.1 104us : <stack trac 1717 bash-1994 1.N.1 104us : <stack trace>
1766 => sub_preempt_count 1718 => sub_preempt_count
1767 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore 1719 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1768 => task_rq_unlock 1720 => task_rq_unlock
1769 => wake_up_new_task 1721 => wake_up_new_task
1770 => do_fork 1722 => do_fork
1771 => sys_clone 1723 => sys_clone
1772 => stub_clone 1724 => stub_clone
1773 1725
1774 1726
1775 The above is an example of the preemptoff tra 1727 The above is an example of the preemptoff trace with
1776 function-trace set. Here we see that interrup 1728 function-trace set. Here we see that interrupts were not disabled
1777 the entire time. The irq_enter code lets us k 1729 the entire time. The irq_enter code lets us know that we entered
1778 an interrupt 'h'. Before that, the functions 1730 an interrupt 'h'. Before that, the functions being traced still
1779 show that it is not in an interrupt, but we c 1731 show that it is not in an interrupt, but we can see from the
1780 functions themselves that this is not the cas 1732 functions themselves that this is not the case.
1781 1733
1782 preemptirqsoff 1734 preemptirqsoff
1783 -------------- 1735 --------------
1784 1736
1785 Knowing the locations that have interrupts di 1737 Knowing the locations that have interrupts disabled or
1786 preemption disabled for the longest times is 1738 preemption disabled for the longest times is helpful. But
1787 sometimes we would like to know when either p 1739 sometimes we would like to know when either preemption and/or
1788 interrupts are disabled. 1740 interrupts are disabled.
1789 1741
1790 Consider the following code:: 1742 Consider the following code::
1791 1743
1792 local_irq_disable(); 1744 local_irq_disable();
1793 call_function_with_irqs_off(); 1745 call_function_with_irqs_off();
1794 preempt_disable(); 1746 preempt_disable();
1795 call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_of 1747 call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off();
1796 local_irq_enable(); 1748 local_irq_enable();
1797 call_function_with_preemption_off(); 1749 call_function_with_preemption_off();
1798 preempt_enable(); 1750 preempt_enable();
1799 1751
1800 The irqsoff tracer will record the total leng 1752 The irqsoff tracer will record the total length of
1801 call_function_with_irqs_off() and 1753 call_function_with_irqs_off() and
1802 call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off(). 1754 call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off().
1803 1755
1804 The preemptoff tracer will record the total l 1756 The preemptoff tracer will record the total length of
1805 call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off() 1757 call_function_with_irqs_and_preemption_off() and
1806 call_function_with_preemption_off(). 1758 call_function_with_preemption_off().
1807 1759
1808 But neither will trace the time that interrup 1760 But neither will trace the time that interrupts and/or
1809 preemption is disabled. This total time is th 1761 preemption is disabled. This total time is the time that we can
1810 not schedule. To record this time, use the pr 1762 not schedule. To record this time, use the preemptirqsoff
1811 tracer. 1763 tracer.
1812 1764
1813 Again, using this trace is much like the irqs 1765 Again, using this trace is much like the irqsoff and preemptoff
1814 tracers. 1766 tracers.
1815 :: 1767 ::
1816 1768
1817 # echo 0 > options/function-trace 1769 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
1818 # echo preemptirqsoff > current_tracer 1770 # echo preemptirqsoff > current_tracer
1819 # echo 1 > tracing_on 1771 # echo 1 > tracing_on
1820 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency 1772 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
1821 # ls -ltr 1773 # ls -ltr
1822 [...] 1774 [...]
1823 # echo 0 > tracing_on 1775 # echo 0 > tracing_on
1824 # cat trace 1776 # cat trace
1825 # tracer: preemptirqsoff 1777 # tracer: preemptirqsoff
1826 # 1778 #
1827 # preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3. 1779 # preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1828 # ----------------------------------------- 1780 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
1829 # latency: 100 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt 1781 # latency: 100 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1830 # ----------------- 1782 # -----------------
1831 # | task: ls-2230 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 1783 # | task: ls-2230 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1832 # ----------------- 1784 # -----------------
1833 # => started at: ata_scsi_queuecmd 1785 # => started at: ata_scsi_queuecmd
1834 # => ended at: ata_scsi_queuecmd 1786 # => ended at: ata_scsi_queuecmd
1835 # 1787 #
1836 # 1788 #
1837 # _------=> CPU# 1789 # _------=> CPU#
1838 # / _-----=> irqs-off 1790 # / _-----=> irqs-off
1839 # | / _----=> need-resched 1791 # | / _----=> need-resched
1840 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 1792 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1841 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 1793 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1842 # |||| / delay 1794 # |||| / delay
1843 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 1795 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1844 # \ / ||||| \ | / 1796 # \ / ||||| \ | /
1845 ls-2230 3d... 0us+: _raw_spin_l 1797 ls-2230 3d... 0us+: _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1846 ls-2230 3...1 100us : _raw_spin_u 1798 ls-2230 3...1 100us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1847 ls-2230 3...1 101us+: trace_preem 1799 ls-2230 3...1 101us+: trace_preempt_on <-ata_scsi_queuecmd
1848 ls-2230 3...1 111us : <stack trac 1800 ls-2230 3...1 111us : <stack trace>
1849 => sub_preempt_count 1801 => sub_preempt_count
1850 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore 1802 => _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
1851 => ata_scsi_queuecmd 1803 => ata_scsi_queuecmd
1852 => scsi_dispatch_cmd 1804 => scsi_dispatch_cmd
1853 => scsi_request_fn 1805 => scsi_request_fn
1854 => __blk_run_queue_uncond 1806 => __blk_run_queue_uncond
1855 => __blk_run_queue 1807 => __blk_run_queue
1856 => blk_queue_bio 1808 => blk_queue_bio
1857 => submit_bio_noacct 1809 => submit_bio_noacct
1858 => submit_bio 1810 => submit_bio
1859 => submit_bh 1811 => submit_bh
1860 => ext3_bread 1812 => ext3_bread
1861 => ext3_dir_bread 1813 => ext3_dir_bread
1862 => htree_dirblock_to_tree 1814 => htree_dirblock_to_tree
1863 => ext3_htree_fill_tree 1815 => ext3_htree_fill_tree
1864 => ext3_readdir 1816 => ext3_readdir
1865 => vfs_readdir 1817 => vfs_readdir
1866 => sys_getdents 1818 => sys_getdents
1867 => system_call_fastpath 1819 => system_call_fastpath
1868 1820
1869 1821
1870 The trace_hardirqs_off_thunk is called from a 1822 The trace_hardirqs_off_thunk is called from assembly on x86 when
1871 interrupts are disabled in the assembly code. 1823 interrupts are disabled in the assembly code. Without the
1872 function tracing, we do not know if interrupt 1824 function tracing, we do not know if interrupts were enabled
1873 within the preemption points. We do see that 1825 within the preemption points. We do see that it started with
1874 preemption enabled. 1826 preemption enabled.
1875 1827
1876 Here is a trace with function-trace set:: 1828 Here is a trace with function-trace set::
1877 1829
1878 # tracer: preemptirqsoff 1830 # tracer: preemptirqsoff
1879 # 1831 #
1880 # preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3. 1832 # preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1881 # ----------------------------------------- 1833 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
1882 # latency: 161 us, #339/339, CPU#3 | (M:pre 1834 # latency: 161 us, #339/339, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1883 # ----------------- 1835 # -----------------
1884 # | task: ls-2269 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 1836 # | task: ls-2269 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
1885 # ----------------- 1837 # -----------------
1886 # => started at: schedule 1838 # => started at: schedule
1887 # => ended at: mutex_unlock 1839 # => ended at: mutex_unlock
1888 # 1840 #
1889 # 1841 #
1890 # _------=> CPU# 1842 # _------=> CPU#
1891 # / _-----=> irqs-off 1843 # / _-----=> irqs-off
1892 # | / _----=> need-resched 1844 # | / _----=> need-resched
1893 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 1845 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
1894 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 1846 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
1895 # |||| / delay 1847 # |||| / delay
1896 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 1848 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
1897 # \ / ||||| \ | / 1849 # \ / ||||| \ | /
1898 kworker/-59 3...1 0us : __schedule 1850 kworker/-59 3...1 0us : __schedule <-schedule
1899 kworker/-59 3d..1 0us : rcu_preempt 1851 kworker/-59 3d..1 0us : rcu_preempt_qs <-rcu_note_context_switch
1900 kworker/-59 3d..1 1us : add_preempt 1852 kworker/-59 3d..1 1us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irq
1901 kworker/-59 3d..2 1us : deactivate_ 1853 kworker/-59 3d..2 1us : deactivate_task <-__schedule
1902 kworker/-59 3d..2 1us : dequeue_tas 1854 kworker/-59 3d..2 1us : dequeue_task <-deactivate_task
1903 kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_rq_c 1855 kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_rq_clock <-dequeue_task
1904 kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : dequeue_tas 1856 kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : dequeue_task_fair <-dequeue_task
1905 kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_curr 1857 kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_curr <-dequeue_task_fair
1906 kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_min_ 1858 kworker/-59 3d..2 2us : update_min_vruntime <-update_curr
1907 kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : cpuacct_cha 1859 kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : cpuacct_charge <-update_curr
1908 kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : __rcu_read_ 1860 kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : __rcu_read_lock <-cpuacct_charge
1909 kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : __rcu_read_ 1861 kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : __rcu_read_unlock <-cpuacct_charge
1910 kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : update_cfs_ 1862 kworker/-59 3d..2 3us : update_cfs_rq_blocked_load <-dequeue_task_fair
1911 kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : clear_buddi 1863 kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : clear_buddies <-dequeue_task_fair
1912 kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : account_ent 1864 kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : account_entity_dequeue <-dequeue_task_fair
1913 kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : update_min_ 1865 kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : update_min_vruntime <-dequeue_task_fair
1914 kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : update_cfs_ 1866 kworker/-59 3d..2 4us : update_cfs_shares <-dequeue_task_fair
1915 kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : hrtick_upda 1867 kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : hrtick_update <-dequeue_task_fair
1916 kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : wq_worker_s 1868 kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : wq_worker_sleeping <-__schedule
1917 kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : kthread_dat 1869 kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : kthread_data <-wq_worker_sleeping
1918 kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : put_prev_ta 1870 kworker/-59 3d..2 5us : put_prev_task_fair <-__schedule
1919 kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : pick_next_t 1871 kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : pick_next_task_fair <-pick_next_task
1920 kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : clear_buddi 1872 kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : clear_buddies <-pick_next_task_fair
1921 kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : set_next_en 1873 kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : set_next_entity <-pick_next_task_fair
1922 kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : update_stat 1874 kworker/-59 3d..2 6us : update_stats_wait_end <-set_next_entity
1923 ls-2269 3d..2 7us : finish_task 1875 ls-2269 3d..2 7us : finish_task_switch <-__schedule
1924 ls-2269 3d..2 7us : _raw_spin_u 1876 ls-2269 3d..2 7us : _raw_spin_unlock_irq <-finish_task_switch
1925 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : do_IRQ <-re 1877 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : do_IRQ <-ret_from_intr
1926 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : irq_enter < 1878 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : irq_enter <-do_IRQ
1927 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : rcu_irq_ent 1879 ls-2269 3d..2 8us : rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter
1928 ls-2269 3d..2 9us : add_preempt 1880 ls-2269 3d..2 9us : add_preempt_count <-irq_enter
1929 ls-2269 3d.h2 9us : exit_idle < 1881 ls-2269 3d.h2 9us : exit_idle <-do_IRQ
1930 [...] 1882 [...]
1931 ls-2269 3d.h3 20us : sub_preempt 1883 ls-2269 3d.h3 20us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
1932 ls-2269 3d.h2 20us : irq_exit <- 1884 ls-2269 3d.h2 20us : irq_exit <-do_IRQ
1933 ls-2269 3d.h2 21us : sub_preempt 1885 ls-2269 3d.h2 21us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1934 ls-2269 3d..3 21us : do_softirq 1886 ls-2269 3d..3 21us : do_softirq <-irq_exit
1935 ls-2269 3d..3 21us : __do_softir 1887 ls-2269 3d..3 21us : __do_softirq <-call_softirq
1936 ls-2269 3d..3 21us+: __local_bh_ 1888 ls-2269 3d..3 21us+: __local_bh_disable <-__do_softirq
1937 ls-2269 3d.s4 29us : sub_preempt 1889 ls-2269 3d.s4 29us : sub_preempt_count <-_local_bh_enable_ip
1938 ls-2269 3d.s5 29us : sub_preempt 1890 ls-2269 3d.s5 29us : sub_preempt_count <-_local_bh_enable_ip
1939 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : do_IRQ <-re 1891 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : do_IRQ <-ret_from_intr
1940 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : irq_enter < 1892 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : irq_enter <-do_IRQ
1941 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : rcu_irq_ent 1893 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter
1942 [...] 1894 [...]
1943 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : rcu_irq_ent 1895 ls-2269 3d.s5 31us : rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter
1944 ls-2269 3d.s5 32us : add_preempt 1896 ls-2269 3d.s5 32us : add_preempt_count <-irq_enter
1945 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : exit_idle < 1897 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : exit_idle <-do_IRQ
1946 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : handle_irq 1898 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : handle_irq <-do_IRQ
1947 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : irq_to_desc 1899 ls-2269 3d.H5 32us : irq_to_desc <-handle_irq
1948 ls-2269 3d.H5 33us : handle_fast 1900 ls-2269 3d.H5 33us : handle_fasteoi_irq <-handle_irq
1949 [...] 1901 [...]
1950 ls-2269 3d.s5 158us : _raw_spin_u 1902 ls-2269 3d.s5 158us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-rtl8139_poll
1951 ls-2269 3d.s3 158us : net_rps_act 1903 ls-2269 3d.s3 158us : net_rps_action_and_irq_enable.isra.65 <-net_rx_action
1952 ls-2269 3d.s3 159us : __local_bh_ 1904 ls-2269 3d.s3 159us : __local_bh_enable <-__do_softirq
1953 ls-2269 3d.s3 159us : sub_preempt 1905 ls-2269 3d.s3 159us : sub_preempt_count <-__local_bh_enable
1954 ls-2269 3d..3 159us : idle_cpu <- 1906 ls-2269 3d..3 159us : idle_cpu <-irq_exit
1955 ls-2269 3d..3 159us : rcu_irq_exi 1907 ls-2269 3d..3 159us : rcu_irq_exit <-irq_exit
1956 ls-2269 3d..3 160us : sub_preempt 1908 ls-2269 3d..3 160us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
1957 ls-2269 3d... 161us : __mutex_unl 1909 ls-2269 3d... 161us : __mutex_unlock_slowpath <-mutex_unlock
1958 ls-2269 3d... 162us+: trace_hardi 1910 ls-2269 3d... 162us+: trace_hardirqs_on <-mutex_unlock
1959 ls-2269 3d... 186us : <stack trac 1911 ls-2269 3d... 186us : <stack trace>
1960 => __mutex_unlock_slowpath 1912 => __mutex_unlock_slowpath
1961 => mutex_unlock 1913 => mutex_unlock
1962 => process_output 1914 => process_output
1963 => n_tty_write 1915 => n_tty_write
1964 => tty_write 1916 => tty_write
1965 => vfs_write 1917 => vfs_write
1966 => sys_write 1918 => sys_write
1967 => system_call_fastpath 1919 => system_call_fastpath
1968 1920
1969 This is an interesting trace. It started with 1921 This is an interesting trace. It started with kworker running and
1970 scheduling out and ls taking over. But as soo 1922 scheduling out and ls taking over. But as soon as ls released the
1971 rq lock and enabled interrupts (but not preem 1923 rq lock and enabled interrupts (but not preemption) an interrupt
1972 triggered. When the interrupt finished, it st 1924 triggered. When the interrupt finished, it started running softirqs.
1973 But while the softirq was running, another in 1925 But while the softirq was running, another interrupt triggered.
1974 When an interrupt is running inside a softirq 1926 When an interrupt is running inside a softirq, the annotation is 'H'.
1975 1927
1976 1928
1977 wakeup 1929 wakeup
1978 ------ 1930 ------
1979 1931
1980 One common case that people are interested in 1932 One common case that people are interested in tracing is the
1981 time it takes for a task that is woken to act 1933 time it takes for a task that is woken to actually wake up.
1982 Now for non Real-Time tasks, this can be arbi 1934 Now for non Real-Time tasks, this can be arbitrary. But tracing
1983 it nonetheless can be interesting. !! 1935 it none the less can be interesting.
1984 1936
1985 Without function tracing:: 1937 Without function tracing::
1986 1938
1987 # echo 0 > options/function-trace 1939 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
1988 # echo wakeup > current_tracer 1940 # echo wakeup > current_tracer
1989 # echo 1 > tracing_on 1941 # echo 1 > tracing_on
1990 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency 1942 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
1991 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1 1943 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1
1992 # echo 0 > tracing_on 1944 # echo 0 > tracing_on
1993 # cat trace 1945 # cat trace
1994 # tracer: wakeup 1946 # tracer: wakeup
1995 # 1947 #
1996 # wakeup latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test 1948 # wakeup latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
1997 # ----------------------------------------- 1949 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
1998 # latency: 15 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt 1950 # latency: 15 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
1999 # ----------------- 1951 # -----------------
2000 # | task: kworker/3:1H-312 (uid:0 nice:- 1952 # | task: kworker/3:1H-312 (uid:0 nice:-20 policy:0 rt_prio:0)
2001 # ----------------- 1953 # -----------------
2002 # 1954 #
2003 # _------=> CPU# 1955 # _------=> CPU#
2004 # / _-----=> irqs-off 1956 # / _-----=> irqs-off
2005 # | / _----=> need-resched 1957 # | / _----=> need-resched
2006 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 1958 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2007 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 1959 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
2008 # |||| / delay 1960 # |||| / delay
2009 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 1961 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
2010 # \ / ||||| \ | / 1962 # \ / ||||| \ | /
2011 <idle>-0 3dNs7 0us : 0:120: 1963 <idle>-0 3dNs7 0us : 0:120:R + [003] 312:100:R kworker/3:1H
2012 <idle>-0 3dNs7 1us+: ttwu_do_act 1964 <idle>-0 3dNs7 1us+: ttwu_do_activate.constprop.87 <-try_to_wake_up
2013 <idle>-0 3d..3 15us : __schedule 1965 <idle>-0 3d..3 15us : __schedule <-schedule
2014 <idle>-0 3d..3 15us : 0:120: 1966 <idle>-0 3d..3 15us : 0:120:R ==> [003] 312:100:R kworker/3:1H
2015 1967
2016 The tracer only traces the highest priority t 1968 The tracer only traces the highest priority task in the system
2017 to avoid tracing the normal circumstances. He 1969 to avoid tracing the normal circumstances. Here we see that
2018 the kworker with a nice priority of -20 (not 1970 the kworker with a nice priority of -20 (not very nice), took
2019 just 15 microseconds from the time it woke up 1971 just 15 microseconds from the time it woke up, to the time it
2020 ran. 1972 ran.
2021 1973
2022 Non Real-Time tasks are not that interesting. 1974 Non Real-Time tasks are not that interesting. A more interesting
2023 trace is to concentrate only on Real-Time tas 1975 trace is to concentrate only on Real-Time tasks.
2024 1976
2025 wakeup_rt 1977 wakeup_rt
2026 --------- 1978 ---------
2027 1979
2028 In a Real-Time environment it is very importa 1980 In a Real-Time environment it is very important to know the
2029 wakeup time it takes for the highest priority 1981 wakeup time it takes for the highest priority task that is woken
2030 up to the time that it executes. This is also 1982 up to the time that it executes. This is also known as "schedule
2031 latency". I stress the point that this is abo 1983 latency". I stress the point that this is about RT tasks. It is
2032 also important to know the scheduling latency 1984 also important to know the scheduling latency of non-RT tasks,
2033 but the average schedule latency is better fo 1985 but the average schedule latency is better for non-RT tasks.
2034 Tools like LatencyTop are more appropriate fo 1986 Tools like LatencyTop are more appropriate for such
2035 measurements. 1987 measurements.
2036 1988
2037 Real-Time environments are interested in the 1989 Real-Time environments are interested in the worst case latency.
2038 That is the longest latency it takes for some 1990 That is the longest latency it takes for something to happen,
2039 and not the average. We can have a very fast 1991 and not the average. We can have a very fast scheduler that may
2040 only have a large latency once in a while, bu 1992 only have a large latency once in a while, but that would not
2041 work well with Real-Time tasks. The wakeup_r 1993 work well with Real-Time tasks. The wakeup_rt tracer was designed
2042 to record the worst case wakeups of RT tasks. 1994 to record the worst case wakeups of RT tasks. Non-RT tasks are
2043 not recorded because the tracer only records 1995 not recorded because the tracer only records one worst case and
2044 tracing non-RT tasks that are unpredictable w 1996 tracing non-RT tasks that are unpredictable will overwrite the
2045 worst case latency of RT tasks (just run the 1997 worst case latency of RT tasks (just run the normal wakeup
2046 tracer for a while to see that effect). 1998 tracer for a while to see that effect).
2047 1999
2048 Since this tracer only deals with RT tasks, w 2000 Since this tracer only deals with RT tasks, we will run this
2049 slightly differently than we did with the pre 2001 slightly differently than we did with the previous tracers.
2050 Instead of performing an 'ls', we will run 's 2002 Instead of performing an 'ls', we will run 'sleep 1' under
2051 'chrt' which changes the priority of the task 2003 'chrt' which changes the priority of the task.
2052 :: 2004 ::
2053 2005
2054 # echo 0 > options/function-trace 2006 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
2055 # echo wakeup_rt > current_tracer 2007 # echo wakeup_rt > current_tracer
2056 # echo 1 > tracing_on 2008 # echo 1 > tracing_on
2057 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency 2009 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
2058 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1 2010 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1
2059 # echo 0 > tracing_on 2011 # echo 0 > tracing_on
2060 # cat trace 2012 # cat trace
2061 # tracer: wakeup 2013 # tracer: wakeup
2062 # 2014 #
2063 # tracer: wakeup_rt 2015 # tracer: wakeup_rt
2064 # 2016 #
2065 # wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-t 2017 # wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
2066 # ----------------------------------------- 2018 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
2067 # latency: 5 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt V 2019 # latency: 5 us, #4/4, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
2068 # ----------------- 2020 # -----------------
2069 # | task: sleep-2389 (uid:0 nice:0 polic 2021 # | task: sleep-2389 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:1 rt_prio:5)
2070 # ----------------- 2022 # -----------------
2071 # 2023 #
2072 # _------=> CPU# 2024 # _------=> CPU#
2073 # / _-----=> irqs-off 2025 # / _-----=> irqs-off
2074 # | / _----=> need-resched 2026 # | / _----=> need-resched
2075 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 2027 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2076 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 2028 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
2077 # |||| / delay 2029 # |||| / delay
2078 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 2030 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
2079 # \ / ||||| \ | / 2031 # \ / ||||| \ | /
2080 <idle>-0 3d.h4 0us : 0:120: 2032 <idle>-0 3d.h4 0us : 0:120:R + [003] 2389: 94:R sleep
2081 <idle>-0 3d.h4 1us+: ttwu_do_act 2033 <idle>-0 3d.h4 1us+: ttwu_do_activate.constprop.87 <-try_to_wake_up
2082 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : __schedule 2034 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : __schedule <-schedule
2083 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : 0:120: 2035 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : 0:120:R ==> [003] 2389: 94:R sleep
2084 2036
2085 2037
2086 Running this on an idle system, we see that i 2038 Running this on an idle system, we see that it only took 5 microseconds
2087 to perform the task switch. Note, since the 2039 to perform the task switch. Note, since the trace point in the schedule
2088 is before the actual "switch", we stop the tr 2040 is before the actual "switch", we stop the tracing when the recorded task
2089 is about to schedule in. This may change if w 2041 is about to schedule in. This may change if we add a new marker at the
2090 end of the scheduler. 2042 end of the scheduler.
2091 2043
2092 Notice that the recorded task is 'sleep' with 2044 Notice that the recorded task is 'sleep' with the PID of 2389
2093 and it has an rt_prio of 5. This priority is 2045 and it has an rt_prio of 5. This priority is user-space priority
2094 and not the internal kernel priority. The pol 2046 and not the internal kernel priority. The policy is 1 for
2095 SCHED_FIFO and 2 for SCHED_RR. 2047 SCHED_FIFO and 2 for SCHED_RR.
2096 2048
2097 Note, that the trace data shows the internal 2049 Note, that the trace data shows the internal priority (99 - rtprio).
2098 :: 2050 ::
2099 2051
2100 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : 0:120:R 2052 <idle>-0 3d..3 5us : 0:120:R ==> [003] 2389: 94:R sleep
2101 2053
2102 The 0:120:R means idle was running with a nic 2054 The 0:120:R means idle was running with a nice priority of 0 (120 - 120)
2103 and in the running state 'R'. The sleep task 2055 and in the running state 'R'. The sleep task was scheduled in with
2104 2389: 94:R. That is the priority is the kerne 2056 2389: 94:R. That is the priority is the kernel rtprio (99 - 5 = 94)
2105 and it too is in the running state. 2057 and it too is in the running state.
2106 2058
2107 Doing the same with chrt -r 5 and function-tr 2059 Doing the same with chrt -r 5 and function-trace set.
2108 :: 2060 ::
2109 2061
2110 echo 1 > options/function-trace 2062 echo 1 > options/function-trace
2111 2063
2112 # tracer: wakeup_rt 2064 # tracer: wakeup_rt
2113 # 2065 #
2114 # wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-t 2066 # wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
2115 # ----------------------------------------- 2067 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
2116 # latency: 29 us, #85/85, CPU#3 | (M:preemp 2068 # latency: 29 us, #85/85, CPU#3 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
2117 # ----------------- 2069 # -----------------
2118 # | task: sleep-2448 (uid:0 nice:0 polic 2070 # | task: sleep-2448 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:1 rt_prio:5)
2119 # ----------------- 2071 # -----------------
2120 # 2072 #
2121 # _------=> CPU# 2073 # _------=> CPU#
2122 # / _-----=> irqs-off 2074 # / _-----=> irqs-off
2123 # | / _----=> need-resched 2075 # | / _----=> need-resched
2124 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 2076 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2125 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 2077 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
2126 # |||| / delay 2078 # |||| / delay
2127 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 2079 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
2128 # \ / ||||| \ | / 2080 # \ / ||||| \ | /
2129 <idle>-0 3d.h4 1us+: 0:120: 2081 <idle>-0 3d.h4 1us+: 0:120:R + [003] 2448: 94:R sleep
2130 <idle>-0 3d.h4 2us : ttwu_do_act 2082 <idle>-0 3d.h4 2us : ttwu_do_activate.constprop.87 <-try_to_wake_up
2131 <idle>-0 3d.h3 3us : check_preem 2083 <idle>-0 3d.h3 3us : check_preempt_curr <-ttwu_do_wakeup
2132 <idle>-0 3d.h3 3us : resched_cur 2084 <idle>-0 3d.h3 3us : resched_curr <-check_preempt_curr
2133 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : task_woken_ 2085 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : task_woken_rt <-ttwu_do_wakeup
2134 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : _raw_spin_u 2086 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : _raw_spin_unlock <-try_to_wake_up
2135 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : sub_preempt 2087 <idle>-0 3dNh3 4us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
2136 <idle>-0 3dNh2 5us : ttwu_stat < 2088 <idle>-0 3dNh2 5us : ttwu_stat <-try_to_wake_up
2137 <idle>-0 3dNh2 5us : _raw_spin_u 2089 <idle>-0 3dNh2 5us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-try_to_wake_up
2138 <idle>-0 3dNh2 6us : sub_preempt 2090 <idle>-0 3dNh2 6us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
2139 <idle>-0 3dNh1 6us : _raw_spin_l 2091 <idle>-0 3dNh1 6us : _raw_spin_lock <-__run_hrtimer
2140 <idle>-0 3dNh1 6us : add_preempt 2092 <idle>-0 3dNh1 6us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock
2141 <idle>-0 3dNh2 7us : _raw_spin_u 2093 <idle>-0 3dNh2 7us : _raw_spin_unlock <-hrtimer_interrupt
2142 <idle>-0 3dNh2 7us : sub_preempt 2094 <idle>-0 3dNh2 7us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
2143 <idle>-0 3dNh1 7us : tick_progra 2095 <idle>-0 3dNh1 7us : tick_program_event <-hrtimer_interrupt
2144 <idle>-0 3dNh1 7us : clockevents 2096 <idle>-0 3dNh1 7us : clockevents_program_event <-tick_program_event
2145 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : ktime_get < 2097 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : ktime_get <-clockevents_program_event
2146 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : lapic_next_ 2098 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : lapic_next_event <-clockevents_program_event
2147 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : irq_exit <- 2099 <idle>-0 3dNh1 8us : irq_exit <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
2148 <idle>-0 3dNh1 9us : sub_preempt 2100 <idle>-0 3dNh1 9us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
2149 <idle>-0 3dN.2 9us : idle_cpu <- 2101 <idle>-0 3dN.2 9us : idle_cpu <-irq_exit
2150 <idle>-0 3dN.2 9us : rcu_irq_exi 2102 <idle>-0 3dN.2 9us : rcu_irq_exit <-irq_exit
2151 <idle>-0 3dN.2 10us : rcu_eqs_ent 2103 <idle>-0 3dN.2 10us : rcu_eqs_enter_common.isra.45 <-rcu_irq_exit
2152 <idle>-0 3dN.2 10us : sub_preempt 2104 <idle>-0 3dN.2 10us : sub_preempt_count <-irq_exit
2153 <idle>-0 3.N.1 11us : rcu_idle_ex 2105 <idle>-0 3.N.1 11us : rcu_idle_exit <-cpu_idle
2154 <idle>-0 3dN.1 11us : rcu_eqs_exi 2106 <idle>-0 3dN.1 11us : rcu_eqs_exit_common.isra.43 <-rcu_idle_exit
2155 <idle>-0 3.N.1 11us : tick_nohz_i 2107 <idle>-0 3.N.1 11us : tick_nohz_idle_exit <-cpu_idle
2156 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : menu_hrtime 2108 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : menu_hrtimer_cancel <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2157 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : ktime_get < 2109 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : ktime_get <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2158 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : tick_do_upd 2110 <idle>-0 3dN.1 12us : tick_do_update_jiffies64 <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2159 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : cpu_load_up 2111 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : cpu_load_update_nohz <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2160 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : _raw_spin_l 2112 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : _raw_spin_lock <-cpu_load_update_nohz
2161 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : add_preempt 2113 <idle>-0 3dN.1 13us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock
2162 <idle>-0 3dN.2 13us : __cpu_load_ 2114 <idle>-0 3dN.2 13us : __cpu_load_update <-cpu_load_update_nohz
2163 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : sched_avg_u 2115 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : sched_avg_update <-__cpu_load_update
2164 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : _raw_spin_u 2116 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : _raw_spin_unlock <-cpu_load_update_nohz
2165 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : sub_preempt 2117 <idle>-0 3dN.2 14us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
2166 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : calc_load_n 2118 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : calc_load_nohz_stop <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2167 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : touch_softl 2119 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : touch_softlockup_watchdog <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2168 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : hrtimer_can 2120 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : hrtimer_cancel <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2169 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : hrtimer_try 2121 <idle>-0 3dN.1 15us : hrtimer_try_to_cancel <-hrtimer_cancel
2170 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : lock_hrtime 2122 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : lock_hrtimer_base.isra.18 <-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
2171 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : _raw_spin_l 2123 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-lock_hrtimer_base.isra.18
2172 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : add_preempt 2124 <idle>-0 3dN.1 16us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irqsave
2173 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : __remove_hr 2125 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : __remove_hrtimer <-remove_hrtimer.part.16
2174 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : hrtimer_for 2126 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : hrtimer_force_reprogram <-__remove_hrtimer
2175 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : tick_progra 2127 <idle>-0 3dN.2 17us : tick_program_event <-hrtimer_force_reprogram
2176 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : clockevents 2128 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : clockevents_program_event <-tick_program_event
2177 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : ktime_get < 2129 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : ktime_get <-clockevents_program_event
2178 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : lapic_next_ 2130 <idle>-0 3dN.2 18us : lapic_next_event <-clockevents_program_event
2179 <idle>-0 3dN.2 19us : _raw_spin_u 2131 <idle>-0 3dN.2 19us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
2180 <idle>-0 3dN.2 19us : sub_preempt 2132 <idle>-0 3dN.2 19us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
2181 <idle>-0 3dN.1 19us : hrtimer_for 2133 <idle>-0 3dN.1 19us : hrtimer_forward <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2182 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : ktime_add_s 2134 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : ktime_add_safe <-hrtimer_forward
2183 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : ktime_add_s 2135 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : ktime_add_safe <-hrtimer_forward
2184 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : hrtimer_sta 2136 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : hrtimer_start_range_ns <-hrtimer_start_expires.constprop.11
2185 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : __hrtimer_s 2137 <idle>-0 3dN.1 20us : __hrtimer_start_range_ns <-hrtimer_start_range_ns
2186 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : lock_hrtime 2138 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : lock_hrtimer_base.isra.18 <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
2187 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : _raw_spin_l 2139 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-lock_hrtimer_base.isra.18
2188 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : add_preempt 2140 <idle>-0 3dN.1 21us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irqsave
2189 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : ktime_add_s 2141 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : ktime_add_safe <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
2190 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : enqueue_hrt 2142 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : enqueue_hrtimer <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
2191 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : tick_progra 2143 <idle>-0 3dN.2 22us : tick_program_event <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
2192 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : clockevents 2144 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : clockevents_program_event <-tick_program_event
2193 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : ktime_get < 2145 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : ktime_get <-clockevents_program_event
2194 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : lapic_next_ 2146 <idle>-0 3dN.2 23us : lapic_next_event <-clockevents_program_event
2195 <idle>-0 3dN.2 24us : _raw_spin_u 2147 <idle>-0 3dN.2 24us : _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore <-__hrtimer_start_range_ns
2196 <idle>-0 3dN.2 24us : sub_preempt 2148 <idle>-0 3dN.2 24us : sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
2197 <idle>-0 3dN.1 24us : account_idl 2149 <idle>-0 3dN.1 24us : account_idle_ticks <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
2198 <idle>-0 3dN.1 24us : account_idl 2150 <idle>-0 3dN.1 24us : account_idle_time <-account_idle_ticks
2199 <idle>-0 3.N.1 25us : sub_preempt 2151 <idle>-0 3.N.1 25us : sub_preempt_count <-cpu_idle
2200 <idle>-0 3.N.. 25us : schedule <- 2152 <idle>-0 3.N.. 25us : schedule <-cpu_idle
2201 <idle>-0 3.N.. 25us : __schedule 2153 <idle>-0 3.N.. 25us : __schedule <-preempt_schedule
2202 <idle>-0 3.N.. 26us : add_preempt 2154 <idle>-0 3.N.. 26us : add_preempt_count <-__schedule
2203 <idle>-0 3.N.1 26us : rcu_note_co 2155 <idle>-0 3.N.1 26us : rcu_note_context_switch <-__schedule
2204 <idle>-0 3.N.1 26us : rcu_sched_q 2156 <idle>-0 3.N.1 26us : rcu_sched_qs <-rcu_note_context_switch
2205 <idle>-0 3dN.1 27us : rcu_preempt 2157 <idle>-0 3dN.1 27us : rcu_preempt_qs <-rcu_note_context_switch
2206 <idle>-0 3.N.1 27us : _raw_spin_l 2158 <idle>-0 3.N.1 27us : _raw_spin_lock_irq <-__schedule
2207 <idle>-0 3dN.1 27us : add_preempt 2159 <idle>-0 3dN.1 27us : add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irq
2208 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : put_prev_ta 2160 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : put_prev_task_idle <-__schedule
2209 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : pick_next_t 2161 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : pick_next_task_stop <-pick_next_task
2210 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : pick_next_t 2162 <idle>-0 3dN.2 28us : pick_next_task_rt <-pick_next_task
2211 <idle>-0 3dN.2 29us : dequeue_pus 2163 <idle>-0 3dN.2 29us : dequeue_pushable_task <-pick_next_task_rt
2212 <idle>-0 3d..3 29us : __schedule 2164 <idle>-0 3d..3 29us : __schedule <-preempt_schedule
2213 <idle>-0 3d..3 30us : 0:120: 2165 <idle>-0 3d..3 30us : 0:120:R ==> [003] 2448: 94:R sleep
2214 2166
2215 This isn't that big of a trace, even with fun 2167 This isn't that big of a trace, even with function tracing enabled,
2216 so I included the entire trace. 2168 so I included the entire trace.
2217 2169
2218 The interrupt went off while when the system 2170 The interrupt went off while when the system was idle. Somewhere
2219 before task_woken_rt() was called, the NEED_R 2171 before task_woken_rt() was called, the NEED_RESCHED flag was set,
2220 this is indicated by the first occurrence of 2172 this is indicated by the first occurrence of the 'N' flag.
2221 2173
2222 Latency tracing and events 2174 Latency tracing and events
2223 -------------------------- 2175 --------------------------
2224 As function tracing can induce a much larger 2176 As function tracing can induce a much larger latency, but without
2225 seeing what happens within the latency it is 2177 seeing what happens within the latency it is hard to know what
2226 caused it. There is a middle ground, and that 2178 caused it. There is a middle ground, and that is with enabling
2227 events. 2179 events.
2228 :: 2180 ::
2229 2181
2230 # echo 0 > options/function-trace 2182 # echo 0 > options/function-trace
2231 # echo wakeup_rt > current_tracer 2183 # echo wakeup_rt > current_tracer
2232 # echo 1 > events/enable 2184 # echo 1 > events/enable
2233 # echo 1 > tracing_on 2185 # echo 1 > tracing_on
2234 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency 2186 # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency
2235 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1 2187 # chrt -f 5 sleep 1
2236 # echo 0 > tracing_on 2188 # echo 0 > tracing_on
2237 # cat trace 2189 # cat trace
2238 # tracer: wakeup_rt 2190 # tracer: wakeup_rt
2239 # 2191 #
2240 # wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-t 2192 # wakeup_rt latency trace v1.1.5 on 3.8.0-test+
2241 # ----------------------------------------- 2193 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
2242 # latency: 6 us, #12/12, CPU#2 | (M:preempt 2194 # latency: 6 us, #12/12, CPU#2 | (M:preempt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:4)
2243 # ----------------- 2195 # -----------------
2244 # | task: sleep-5882 (uid:0 nice:0 polic 2196 # | task: sleep-5882 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:1 rt_prio:5)
2245 # ----------------- 2197 # -----------------
2246 # 2198 #
2247 # _------=> CPU# 2199 # _------=> CPU#
2248 # / _-----=> irqs-off 2200 # / _-----=> irqs-off
2249 # | / _----=> need-resched 2201 # | / _----=> need-resched
2250 # || / _---=> hardirq/softir 2202 # || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2251 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth 2203 # ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
2252 # |||| / delay 2204 # |||| / delay
2253 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller 2205 # cmd pid ||||| time | caller
2254 # \ / ||||| \ | / 2206 # \ / ||||| \ | /
2255 <idle>-0 2d.h4 0us : 0:120: 2207 <idle>-0 2d.h4 0us : 0:120:R + [002] 5882: 94:R sleep
2256 <idle>-0 2d.h4 0us : ttwu_do_act 2208 <idle>-0 2d.h4 0us : ttwu_do_activate.constprop.87 <-try_to_wake_up
2257 <idle>-0 2d.h4 1us : sched_wakeu 2209 <idle>-0 2d.h4 1us : sched_wakeup: comm=sleep pid=5882 prio=94 success=1 target_cpu=002
2258 <idle>-0 2dNh2 1us : hrtimer_exp 2210 <idle>-0 2dNh2 1us : hrtimer_expire_exit: hrtimer=ffff88007796feb8
2259 <idle>-0 2.N.2 2us : power_end: 2211 <idle>-0 2.N.2 2us : power_end: cpu_id=2
2260 <idle>-0 2.N.2 3us : cpu_idle: s 2212 <idle>-0 2.N.2 3us : cpu_idle: state=4294967295 cpu_id=2
2261 <idle>-0 2dN.3 4us : hrtimer_can 2213 <idle>-0 2dN.3 4us : hrtimer_cancel: hrtimer=ffff88007d50d5e0
2262 <idle>-0 2dN.3 4us : hrtimer_sta 2214 <idle>-0 2dN.3 4us : hrtimer_start: hrtimer=ffff88007d50d5e0 function=tick_sched_timer expires=34311211000000 softexpires=34311211000000
2263 <idle>-0 2.N.2 5us : rcu_utiliza 2215 <idle>-0 2.N.2 5us : rcu_utilization: Start context switch
2264 <idle>-0 2.N.2 5us : rcu_utiliza 2216 <idle>-0 2.N.2 5us : rcu_utilization: End context switch
2265 <idle>-0 2d..3 6us : __schedule 2217 <idle>-0 2d..3 6us : __schedule <-schedule
2266 <idle>-0 2d..3 6us : 0:120: 2218 <idle>-0 2d..3 6us : 0:120:R ==> [002] 5882: 94:R sleep
2267 2219
2268 2220
2269 Hardware Latency Detector 2221 Hardware Latency Detector
2270 ------------------------- 2222 -------------------------
2271 2223
2272 The hardware latency detector is executed by 2224 The hardware latency detector is executed by enabling the "hwlat" tracer.
2273 2225
2274 NOTE, this tracer will affect the performance 2226 NOTE, this tracer will affect the performance of the system as it will
2275 periodically make a CPU constantly busy with 2227 periodically make a CPU constantly busy with interrupts disabled.
2276 :: 2228 ::
2277 2229
2278 # echo hwlat > current_tracer 2230 # echo hwlat > current_tracer
2279 # sleep 100 2231 # sleep 100
2280 # cat trace 2232 # cat trace
2281 # tracer: hwlat 2233 # tracer: hwlat
2282 # 2234 #
2283 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 13/13 2235 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 13/13 #P:8
2284 # 2236 #
2285 # _-----=> irq 2237 # _-----=> irqs-off
2286 # / _----=> nee 2238 # / _----=> need-resched
2287 # | / _---=> har 2239 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2288 # || / _--=> pre 2240 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
2289 # ||| / dela 2241 # ||| / delay
2290 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 2242 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2291 # | | | |||| | 2243 # | | | |||| | |
2292 <...>-1729 [001] d... 678.473 2244 <...>-1729 [001] d... 678.473449: #1 inner/outer(us): 11/12 ts:1581527483.343962693 count:6
2293 <...>-1729 [004] d... 689.556 2245 <...>-1729 [004] d... 689.556542: #2 inner/outer(us): 16/9 ts:1581527494.889008092 count:1
2294 <...>-1729 [005] d... 714.756 2246 <...>-1729 [005] d... 714.756290: #3 inner/outer(us): 16/16 ts:1581527519.678961629 count:5
2295 <...>-1729 [001] d... 718.788 2247 <...>-1729 [001] d... 718.788247: #4 inner/outer(us): 9/17 ts:1581527523.889012713 count:1
2296 <...>-1729 [002] d... 719.796 2248 <...>-1729 [002] d... 719.796341: #5 inner/outer(us): 13/9 ts:1581527524.912872606 count:1
2297 <...>-1729 [006] d... 844.787 2249 <...>-1729 [006] d... 844.787091: #6 inner/outer(us): 9/12 ts:1581527649.889048502 count:2
2298 <...>-1729 [003] d... 849.827 2250 <...>-1729 [003] d... 849.827033: #7 inner/outer(us): 18/9 ts:1581527654.889013793 count:1
2299 <...>-1729 [007] d... 853.859 2251 <...>-1729 [007] d... 853.859002: #8 inner/outer(us): 9/12 ts:1581527658.889065736 count:1
2300 <...>-1729 [001] d... 855.874 2252 <...>-1729 [001] d... 855.874978: #9 inner/outer(us): 9/11 ts:1581527660.861991877 count:1
2301 <...>-1729 [001] d... 863.938 2253 <...>-1729 [001] d... 863.938932: #10 inner/outer(us): 9/11 ts:1581527668.970010500 count:1 nmi-total:7 nmi-count:1
2302 <...>-1729 [007] d... 878.050 2254 <...>-1729 [007] d... 878.050780: #11 inner/outer(us): 9/12 ts:1581527683.385002600 count:1 nmi-total:5 nmi-count:1
2303 <...>-1729 [007] d... 886.114 2255 <...>-1729 [007] d... 886.114702: #12 inner/outer(us): 9/12 ts:1581527691.385001600 count:1
2304 2256
2305 2257
2306 The above output is somewhat the same in the 2258 The above output is somewhat the same in the header. All events will have
2307 interrupts disabled 'd'. Under the FUNCTION t 2259 interrupts disabled 'd'. Under the FUNCTION title there is:
2308 2260
2309 #1 2261 #1
2310 This is the count of events recorded 2262 This is the count of events recorded that were greater than the
2311 tracing_threshold (See below). 2263 tracing_threshold (See below).
2312 2264
2313 inner/outer(us): 11/11 2265 inner/outer(us): 11/11
2314 2266
2315 This shows two numbers as "inner latenc 2267 This shows two numbers as "inner latency" and "outer latency". The test
2316 runs in a loop checking a timestamp twi 2268 runs in a loop checking a timestamp twice. The latency detected within
2317 the two timestamps is the "inner latenc 2269 the two timestamps is the "inner latency" and the latency detected
2318 after the previous timestamp and the ne 2270 after the previous timestamp and the next timestamp in the loop is
2319 the "outer latency". 2271 the "outer latency".
2320 2272
2321 ts:1581527483.343962693 2273 ts:1581527483.343962693
2322 2274
2323 The absolute timestamp that the first l 2275 The absolute timestamp that the first latency was recorded in the window.
2324 2276
2325 count:6 2277 count:6
2326 2278
2327 The number of times a latency was detec 2279 The number of times a latency was detected during the window.
2328 2280
2329 nmi-total:7 nmi-count:1 2281 nmi-total:7 nmi-count:1
2330 2282
2331 On architectures that support it, if an 2283 On architectures that support it, if an NMI comes in during the
2332 test, the time spent in NMI is reported 2284 test, the time spent in NMI is reported in "nmi-total" (in
2333 microseconds). 2285 microseconds).
2334 2286
2335 All architectures that have NMIs will s 2287 All architectures that have NMIs will show the "nmi-count" if an
2336 NMI comes in during the test. 2288 NMI comes in during the test.
2337 2289
2338 hwlat files: 2290 hwlat files:
2339 2291
2340 tracing_threshold 2292 tracing_threshold
2341 This gets automatically set to "10" t 2293 This gets automatically set to "10" to represent 10
2342 microseconds. This is the threshold o 2294 microseconds. This is the threshold of latency that
2343 needs to be detected before the trace 2295 needs to be detected before the trace will be recorded.
2344 2296
2345 Note, when hwlat tracer is finished ( 2297 Note, when hwlat tracer is finished (another tracer is
2346 written into "current_tracer"), the o 2298 written into "current_tracer"), the original value for
2347 tracing_threshold is placed back into 2299 tracing_threshold is placed back into this file.
2348 2300
2349 hwlat_detector/width 2301 hwlat_detector/width
2350 The length of time the test runs with 2302 The length of time the test runs with interrupts disabled.
2351 2303
2352 hwlat_detector/window 2304 hwlat_detector/window
2353 The length of time of the window whic 2305 The length of time of the window which the test
2354 runs. That is, the test will run for 2306 runs. That is, the test will run for "width"
2355 microseconds per "window" microsecond 2307 microseconds per "window" microseconds
2356 2308
2357 tracing_cpumask 2309 tracing_cpumask
2358 When the test is started. A kernel th 2310 When the test is started. A kernel thread is created that
2359 runs the test. This thread will alter 2311 runs the test. This thread will alternate between CPUs
2360 listed in the tracing_cpumask between 2312 listed in the tracing_cpumask between each period
2361 (one "window"). To limit the test to 2313 (one "window"). To limit the test to specific CPUs
2362 set the mask in this file to only the 2314 set the mask in this file to only the CPUs that the test
2363 should run on. 2315 should run on.
2364 2316
2365 function 2317 function
2366 -------- 2318 --------
2367 2319
2368 This tracer is the function tracer. Enabling 2320 This tracer is the function tracer. Enabling the function tracer
2369 can be done from the debug file system. Make 2321 can be done from the debug file system. Make sure the
2370 ftrace_enabled is set; otherwise this tracer 2322 ftrace_enabled is set; otherwise this tracer is a nop.
2371 See the "ftrace_enabled" section below. 2323 See the "ftrace_enabled" section below.
2372 :: 2324 ::
2373 2325
2374 # sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1 2326 # sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1
2375 # echo function > current_tracer 2327 # echo function > current_tracer
2376 # echo 1 > tracing_on 2328 # echo 1 > tracing_on
2377 # usleep 1 2329 # usleep 1
2378 # echo 0 > tracing_on 2330 # echo 0 > tracing_on
2379 # cat trace 2331 # cat trace
2380 # tracer: function 2332 # tracer: function
2381 # 2333 #
2382 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 24799/ 2334 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 24799/24799 #P:4
2383 # 2335 #
2384 # _-----=> irq 2336 # _-----=> irqs-off
2385 # / _----=> nee 2337 # / _----=> need-resched
2386 # | / _---=> har 2338 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
2387 # || / _--=> pre 2339 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
2388 # ||| / dela 2340 # ||| / delay
2389 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 2341 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2390 # | | | |||| | 2342 # | | | |||| | |
2391 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063 2343 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063030: mutex_unlock <-rb_simple_write
2392 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063 2344 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063031: __mutex_unlock_slowpath <-mutex_unlock
2393 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063 2345 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063031: __fsnotify_parent <-fsnotify_modify
2394 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063 2346 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063032: fsnotify <-fsnotify_modify
2395 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063 2347 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063032: __srcu_read_lock <-fsnotify
2396 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063 2348 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063032: add_preempt_count <-__srcu_read_lock
2397 bash-1994 [002] ...1 3082.063 2349 bash-1994 [002] ...1 3082.063032: sub_preempt_count <-__srcu_read_lock
2398 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063 2350 bash-1994 [002] .... 3082.063033: __srcu_read_unlock <-fsnotify
2399 [...] 2351 [...]
2400 2352
2401 2353
2402 Note: function tracer uses ring buffers to st 2354 Note: function tracer uses ring buffers to store the above
2403 entries. The newest data may overwrite the ol 2355 entries. The newest data may overwrite the oldest data.
2404 Sometimes using echo to stop the trace is not 2356 Sometimes using echo to stop the trace is not sufficient because
2405 the tracing could have overwritten the data t 2357 the tracing could have overwritten the data that you wanted to
2406 record. For this reason, it is sometimes bett 2358 record. For this reason, it is sometimes better to disable
2407 tracing directly from a program. This allows 2359 tracing directly from a program. This allows you to stop the
2408 tracing at the point that you hit the part th 2360 tracing at the point that you hit the part that you are
2409 interested in. To disable the tracing directl 2361 interested in. To disable the tracing directly from a C program,
2410 something like following code snippet can be 2362 something like following code snippet can be used::
2411 2363
2412 int trace_fd; 2364 int trace_fd;
2413 [...] 2365 [...]
2414 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { 2366 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
2415 [...] 2367 [...]
2416 trace_fd = open(tracing_file( 2368 trace_fd = open(tracing_file("tracing_on"), O_WRONLY);
2417 [...] 2369 [...]
2418 if (condition_hit()) { 2370 if (condition_hit()) {
2419 write(trace_fd, "0", 2371 write(trace_fd, "0", 1);
2420 } 2372 }
2421 [...] 2373 [...]
2422 } 2374 }
2423 2375
2424 2376
2425 Single thread tracing 2377 Single thread tracing
2426 --------------------- 2378 ---------------------
2427 2379
2428 By writing into set_ftrace_pid you can trace 2380 By writing into set_ftrace_pid you can trace a
2429 single thread. For example:: 2381 single thread. For example::
2430 2382
2431 # cat set_ftrace_pid 2383 # cat set_ftrace_pid
2432 no pid 2384 no pid
2433 # echo 3111 > set_ftrace_pid 2385 # echo 3111 > set_ftrace_pid
2434 # cat set_ftrace_pid 2386 # cat set_ftrace_pid
2435 3111 2387 3111
2436 # echo function > current_tracer 2388 # echo function > current_tracer
2437 # cat trace | head 2389 # cat trace | head
2438 # tracer: function 2390 # tracer: function
2439 # 2391 #
2440 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP 2392 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2441 # | | | | 2393 # | | | | |
2442 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254676: 2394 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254676: finish_task_switch <-thread_return
2443 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254681: 2395 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254681: hrtimer_cancel <-schedule_hrtimeout_range
2444 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254682: 2396 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254682: hrtimer_try_to_cancel <-hrtimer_cancel
2445 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254683: 2397 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254683: lock_hrtimer_base <-hrtimer_try_to_cancel
2446 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254685: 2398 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254685: fget_light <-do_sys_poll
2447 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254686: 2399 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254686: pipe_poll <-do_sys_poll
2448 # echo > set_ftrace_pid 2400 # echo > set_ftrace_pid
2449 # cat trace |head 2401 # cat trace |head
2450 # tracer: function 2402 # tracer: function
2451 # 2403 #
2452 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP 2404 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
2453 # | | | | 2405 # | | | | |
2454 ##### CPU 3 buffer started #### 2406 ##### CPU 3 buffer started ####
2455 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957688: 2407 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957688: free_poll_entry <-poll_freewait
2456 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957689: 2408 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957689: remove_wait_queue <-free_poll_entry
2457 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957691: 2409 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957691: fput <-free_poll_entry
2458 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957692: 2410 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957692: audit_syscall_exit <-sysret_audit
2459 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957693: 2411 yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1701.957693: path_put <-audit_syscall_exit
2460 2412
2461 If you want to trace a function when executin 2413 If you want to trace a function when executing, you could use
2462 something like this simple program. 2414 something like this simple program.
2463 :: 2415 ::
2464 2416
2465 #include <stdio.h> 2417 #include <stdio.h>
2466 #include <stdlib.h> 2418 #include <stdlib.h>
2467 #include <sys/types.h> 2419 #include <sys/types.h>
2468 #include <sys/stat.h> 2420 #include <sys/stat.h>
2469 #include <fcntl.h> 2421 #include <fcntl.h>
2470 #include <unistd.h> 2422 #include <unistd.h>
2471 #include <string.h> 2423 #include <string.h>
2472 2424
2473 #define _STR(x) #x 2425 #define _STR(x) #x
2474 #define STR(x) _STR(x) 2426 #define STR(x) _STR(x)
2475 #define MAX_PATH 256 2427 #define MAX_PATH 256
2476 2428
2477 const char *find_tracefs(void) 2429 const char *find_tracefs(void)
2478 { 2430 {
2479 static char tracefs[MAX_PATH+1 2431 static char tracefs[MAX_PATH+1];
2480 static int tracefs_found; 2432 static int tracefs_found;
2481 char type[100]; 2433 char type[100];
2482 FILE *fp; 2434 FILE *fp;
2483 2435
2484 if (tracefs_found) 2436 if (tracefs_found)
2485 return tracefs; 2437 return tracefs;
2486 2438
2487 if ((fp = fopen("/proc/mounts" 2439 if ((fp = fopen("/proc/mounts","r")) == NULL) {
2488 perror("/proc/mounts") 2440 perror("/proc/mounts");
2489 return NULL; 2441 return NULL;
2490 } 2442 }
2491 2443
2492 while (fscanf(fp, "%*s %" 2444 while (fscanf(fp, "%*s %"
2493 STR(MAX_PATH) 2445 STR(MAX_PATH)
2494 "s %99s %*s %*d 2446 "s %99s %*s %*d %*d\n",
2495 tracefs, type) = 2447 tracefs, type) == 2) {
2496 if (strcmp(type, "trac 2448 if (strcmp(type, "tracefs") == 0)
2497 break; 2449 break;
2498 } 2450 }
2499 fclose(fp); 2451 fclose(fp);
2500 2452
2501 if (strcmp(type, "tracefs") != 2453 if (strcmp(type, "tracefs") != 0) {
2502 fprintf(stderr, "trace 2454 fprintf(stderr, "tracefs not mounted");
2503 return NULL; 2455 return NULL;
2504 } 2456 }
2505 2457
2506 strcat(tracefs, "/tracing/"); 2458 strcat(tracefs, "/tracing/");
2507 tracefs_found = 1; 2459 tracefs_found = 1;
2508 2460
2509 return tracefs; 2461 return tracefs;
2510 } 2462 }
2511 2463
2512 const char *tracing_file(const char * 2464 const char *tracing_file(const char *file_name)
2513 { 2465 {
2514 static char trace_file[MAX_PAT 2466 static char trace_file[MAX_PATH+1];
2515 snprintf(trace_file, MAX_PATH, 2467 snprintf(trace_file, MAX_PATH, "%s/%s", find_tracefs(), file_name);
2516 return trace_file; 2468 return trace_file;
2517 } 2469 }
2518 2470
2519 int main (int argc, char **argv) 2471 int main (int argc, char **argv)
2520 { 2472 {
2521 if (argc < 1) 2473 if (argc < 1)
2522 exit(-1); 2474 exit(-1);
2523 2475
2524 if (fork() > 0) { 2476 if (fork() > 0) {
2525 int fd, ffd; 2477 int fd, ffd;
2526 char line[64]; 2478 char line[64];
2527 int s; 2479 int s;
2528 2480
2529 ffd = open(tracing_fi 2481 ffd = open(tracing_file("current_tracer"), O_WRONLY);
2530 if (ffd < 0) 2482 if (ffd < 0)
2531 exit(-1); 2483 exit(-1);
2532 write(ffd, "nop", 3); 2484 write(ffd, "nop", 3);
2533 2485
2534 fd = open(tracing_fil 2486 fd = open(tracing_file("set_ftrace_pid"), O_WRONLY);
2535 s = sprintf(line, "%d 2487 s = sprintf(line, "%d\n", getpid());
2536 write(fd, line, s); 2488 write(fd, line, s);
2537 2489
2538 write(ffd, "function" 2490 write(ffd, "function", 8);
2539 2491
2540 close(fd); 2492 close(fd);
2541 close(ffd); 2493 close(ffd);
2542 2494
2543 execvp(argv[1], argv+ 2495 execvp(argv[1], argv+1);
2544 } 2496 }
2545 2497
2546 return 0; 2498 return 0;
2547 } 2499 }
2548 2500
2549 Or this simple script! 2501 Or this simple script!
2550 :: 2502 ::
2551 2503
2552 #!/bin/bash 2504 #!/bin/bash
2553 2505
2554 tracefs=`sed -ne 's/^tracefs \(.*\) tracefs 2506 tracefs=`sed -ne 's/^tracefs \(.*\) tracefs.*/\1/p' /proc/mounts`
2555 echo 0 > $tracefs/tracing_on 2507 echo 0 > $tracefs/tracing_on
2556 echo $$ > $tracefs/set_ftrace_pid 2508 echo $$ > $tracefs/set_ftrace_pid
2557 echo function > $tracefs/current_tracer 2509 echo function > $tracefs/current_tracer
2558 echo 1 > $tracefs/tracing_on 2510 echo 1 > $tracefs/tracing_on
2559 exec "$@" 2511 exec "$@"
2560 2512
2561 2513
2562 function graph tracer 2514 function graph tracer
2563 --------------------------- 2515 ---------------------------
2564 2516
2565 This tracer is similar to the function tracer 2517 This tracer is similar to the function tracer except that it
2566 probes a function on its entry and its exit. 2518 probes a function on its entry and its exit. This is done by
2567 using a dynamically allocated stack of return 2519 using a dynamically allocated stack of return addresses in each
2568 task_struct. On function entry the tracer ove 2520 task_struct. On function entry the tracer overwrites the return
2569 address of each function traced to set a cust 2521 address of each function traced to set a custom probe. Thus the
2570 original return address is stored on the stac 2522 original return address is stored on the stack of return address
2571 in the task_struct. 2523 in the task_struct.
2572 2524
2573 Probing on both ends of a function leads to s 2525 Probing on both ends of a function leads to special features
2574 such as: 2526 such as:
2575 2527
2576 - measure of a function's time execution 2528 - measure of a function's time execution
2577 - having a reliable call stack to draw functi 2529 - having a reliable call stack to draw function calls graph
2578 2530
2579 This tracer is useful in several situations: 2531 This tracer is useful in several situations:
2580 2532
2581 - you want to find the reason of a strange ke 2533 - you want to find the reason of a strange kernel behavior and
2582 need to see what happens in detail on any a 2534 need to see what happens in detail on any areas (or specific
2583 ones). 2535 ones).
2584 2536
2585 - you are experiencing weird latencies but it 2537 - you are experiencing weird latencies but it's difficult to
2586 find its origin. 2538 find its origin.
2587 2539
2588 - you want to find quickly which path is take 2540 - you want to find quickly which path is taken by a specific
2589 function 2541 function
2590 2542
2591 - you just want to peek inside a working kern 2543 - you just want to peek inside a working kernel and want to see
2592 what happens there. 2544 what happens there.
2593 2545
2594 :: 2546 ::
2595 2547
2596 # tracer: function_graph 2548 # tracer: function_graph
2597 # 2549 #
2598 # CPU DURATION FUNCTION C 2550 # CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
2599 # | | | | | | 2551 # | | | | | | |
2600 2552
2601 0) | sys_open() { 2553 0) | sys_open() {
2602 0) | do_sys_open() { 2554 0) | do_sys_open() {
2603 0) | getname() { 2555 0) | getname() {
2604 0) | kmem_cache_alloc 2556 0) | kmem_cache_alloc() {
2605 0) 1.382 us | __might_sleep( 2557 0) 1.382 us | __might_sleep();
2606 0) 2.478 us | } 2558 0) 2.478 us | }
2607 0) | strncpy_from_use 2559 0) | strncpy_from_user() {
2608 0) | might_fault() 2560 0) | might_fault() {
2609 0) 1.389 us | __might_slee 2561 0) 1.389 us | __might_sleep();
2610 0) 2.553 us | } 2562 0) 2.553 us | }
2611 0) 3.807 us | } 2563 0) 3.807 us | }
2612 0) 7.876 us | } 2564 0) 7.876 us | }
2613 0) | alloc_fd() { 2565 0) | alloc_fd() {
2614 0) 0.668 us | _spin_lock(); 2566 0) 0.668 us | _spin_lock();
2615 0) 0.570 us | expand_files(); 2567 0) 0.570 us | expand_files();
2616 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock(); 2568 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock();
2617 2569
2618 2570
2619 There are several columns that can be dynamic 2571 There are several columns that can be dynamically
2620 enabled/disabled. You can use every combinati 2572 enabled/disabled. You can use every combination of options you
2621 want, depending on your needs. 2573 want, depending on your needs.
2622 2574
2623 - The cpu number on which the function execut 2575 - The cpu number on which the function executed is default
2624 enabled. It is sometimes better to only tr 2576 enabled. It is sometimes better to only trace one cpu (see
2625 tracing_cpumask file) or you might sometime !! 2577 tracing_cpu_mask file) or you might sometimes see unordered
2626 function calls while cpu tracing switch. 2578 function calls while cpu tracing switch.
2627 2579
2628 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-cpu > trace_ 2580 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-cpu > trace_options
2629 - show: echo funcgraph-cpu > trace_op 2581 - show: echo funcgraph-cpu > trace_options
2630 2582
2631 - The duration (function's time of execution) 2583 - The duration (function's time of execution) is displayed on
2632 the closing bracket line of a function or o 2584 the closing bracket line of a function or on the same line
2633 than the current function in case of a leaf 2585 than the current function in case of a leaf one. It is default
2634 enabled. 2586 enabled.
2635 2587
2636 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-duration > t 2588 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-duration > trace_options
2637 - show: echo funcgraph-duration > tra 2589 - show: echo funcgraph-duration > trace_options
2638 2590
2639 - The overhead field precedes the duration fi 2591 - The overhead field precedes the duration field in case of
2640 reached duration thresholds. 2592 reached duration thresholds.
2641 2593
2642 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-overhead > t 2594 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-overhead > trace_options
2643 - show: echo funcgraph-overhead > tra 2595 - show: echo funcgraph-overhead > trace_options
2644 - depends on: funcgraph-duration 2596 - depends on: funcgraph-duration
2645 2597
2646 ie:: 2598 ie::
2647 2599
2648 3) # 1837.709 us | } /* __switch 2600 3) # 1837.709 us | } /* __switch_to */
2649 3) | finish_task_s 2601 3) | finish_task_switch() {
2650 3) 0.313 us | _raw_spin_u 2602 3) 0.313 us | _raw_spin_unlock_irq();
2651 3) 3.177 us | } 2603 3) 3.177 us | }
2652 3) # 1889.063 us | } /* __schedule 2604 3) # 1889.063 us | } /* __schedule */
2653 3) ! 140.417 us | } /* __schedule * 2605 3) ! 140.417 us | } /* __schedule */
2654 3) # 2034.948 us | } /* schedule */ 2606 3) # 2034.948 us | } /* schedule */
2655 3) * 33998.59 us | } /* schedule_preempt 2607 3) * 33998.59 us | } /* schedule_preempt_disabled */
2656 2608
2657 [...] 2609 [...]
2658 2610
2659 1) 0.260 us | msecs_to_ 2611 1) 0.260 us | msecs_to_jiffies();
2660 1) 0.313 us | __rcu_rea 2612 1) 0.313 us | __rcu_read_unlock();
2661 1) + 61.770 us | } 2613 1) + 61.770 us | }
2662 1) + 64.479 us | } 2614 1) + 64.479 us | }
2663 1) 0.313 us | rcu_bh_qs(); 2615 1) 0.313 us | rcu_bh_qs();
2664 1) 0.313 us | __local_bh_en 2616 1) 0.313 us | __local_bh_enable();
2665 1) ! 217.240 us | } 2617 1) ! 217.240 us | }
2666 1) 0.365 us | idle_cpu(); 2618 1) 0.365 us | idle_cpu();
2667 1) | rcu_irq_exit() 2619 1) | rcu_irq_exit() {
2668 1) 0.417 us | rcu_eqs_enter 2620 1) 0.417 us | rcu_eqs_enter_common.isra.47();
2669 1) 3.125 us | } 2621 1) 3.125 us | }
2670 1) ! 227.812 us | } 2622 1) ! 227.812 us | }
2671 1) ! 457.395 us | } 2623 1) ! 457.395 us | }
2672 1) @ 119760.2 us | } 2624 1) @ 119760.2 us | }
2673 2625
2674 [...] 2626 [...]
2675 2627
2676 2) | handle_IPI() { 2628 2) | handle_IPI() {
2677 1) 6.979 us | } 2629 1) 6.979 us | }
2678 2) 0.417 us | scheduler_ipi(); 2630 2) 0.417 us | scheduler_ipi();
2679 1) 9.791 us | } 2631 1) 9.791 us | }
2680 1) + 12.917 us | } 2632 1) + 12.917 us | }
2681 2) 3.490 us | } 2633 2) 3.490 us | }
2682 1) + 15.729 us | } 2634 1) + 15.729 us | }
2683 1) + 18.542 us | } 2635 1) + 18.542 us | }
2684 2) $ 3594274 us | } 2636 2) $ 3594274 us | }
2685 2637
2686 Flags:: 2638 Flags::
2687 2639
2688 + means that the function exceeded 10 usecs 2640 + means that the function exceeded 10 usecs.
2689 ! means that the function exceeded 100 usec 2641 ! means that the function exceeded 100 usecs.
2690 # means that the function exceeded 1000 use 2642 # means that the function exceeded 1000 usecs.
2691 * means that the function exceeded 10 msecs 2643 * means that the function exceeded 10 msecs.
2692 @ means that the function exceeded 100 msec 2644 @ means that the function exceeded 100 msecs.
2693 $ means that the function exceeded 1 sec. 2645 $ means that the function exceeded 1 sec.
2694 2646
2695 2647
2696 - The task/pid field displays the thread cmdl 2648 - The task/pid field displays the thread cmdline and pid which
2697 executed the function. It is default disabl 2649 executed the function. It is default disabled.
2698 2650
2699 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-proc > trace 2651 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-proc > trace_options
2700 - show: echo funcgraph-proc > trace_o 2652 - show: echo funcgraph-proc > trace_options
2701 2653
2702 ie:: 2654 ie::
2703 2655
2704 # tracer: function_graph 2656 # tracer: function_graph
2705 # 2657 #
2706 # CPU TASK/PID DURATION 2658 # CPU TASK/PID DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
2707 # | | | | | 2659 # | | | | | | | | |
2708 0) sh-4802 | | 2660 0) sh-4802 | | d_free() {
2709 0) sh-4802 | | 2661 0) sh-4802 | | call_rcu() {
2710 0) sh-4802 | | 2662 0) sh-4802 | | __call_rcu() {
2711 0) sh-4802 | 0.616 us | 2663 0) sh-4802 | 0.616 us | rcu_process_gp_end();
2712 0) sh-4802 | 0.586 us | 2664 0) sh-4802 | 0.586 us | check_for_new_grace_period();
2713 0) sh-4802 | 2.899 us | 2665 0) sh-4802 | 2.899 us | }
2714 0) sh-4802 | 4.040 us | 2666 0) sh-4802 | 4.040 us | }
2715 0) sh-4802 | 5.151 us | 2667 0) sh-4802 | 5.151 us | }
2716 0) sh-4802 | + 49.370 us | 2668 0) sh-4802 | + 49.370 us | }
2717 2669
2718 2670
2719 - The absolute time field is an absolute time 2671 - The absolute time field is an absolute timestamp given by the
2720 system clock since it started. A snapshot o 2672 system clock since it started. A snapshot of this time is
2721 given on each entry/exit of functions 2673 given on each entry/exit of functions
2722 2674
2723 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-abstime > tr 2675 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-abstime > trace_options
2724 - show: echo funcgraph-abstime > trac 2676 - show: echo funcgraph-abstime > trace_options
2725 2677
2726 ie:: 2678 ie::
2727 2679
2728 # 2680 #
2729 # TIME CPU DURATION 2681 # TIME CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
2730 # | | | | 2682 # | | | | | | | |
2731 360.774522 | 1) 0.541 us | 2683 360.774522 | 1) 0.541 us | }
2732 360.774522 | 1) 4.663 us | 2684 360.774522 | 1) 4.663 us | }
2733 360.774523 | 1) 0.541 us | 2685 360.774523 | 1) 0.541 us | __wake_up_bit();
2734 360.774524 | 1) 6.796 us | 2686 360.774524 | 1) 6.796 us | }
2735 360.774524 | 1) 7.952 us | 2687 360.774524 | 1) 7.952 us | }
2736 360.774525 | 1) 9.063 us | 2688 360.774525 | 1) 9.063 us | }
2737 360.774525 | 1) 0.615 us | 2689 360.774525 | 1) 0.615 us | journal_mark_dirty();
2738 360.774527 | 1) 0.578 us | 2690 360.774527 | 1) 0.578 us | __brelse();
2739 360.774528 | 1) | 2691 360.774528 | 1) | reiserfs_prepare_for_journal() {
2740 360.774528 | 1) | 2692 360.774528 | 1) | unlock_buffer() {
2741 360.774529 | 1) | 2693 360.774529 | 1) | wake_up_bit() {
2742 360.774529 | 1) | 2694 360.774529 | 1) | bit_waitqueue() {
2743 360.774530 | 1) 0.594 us | 2695 360.774530 | 1) 0.594 us | __phys_addr();
2744 2696
2745 2697
2746 The function name is always displayed after t 2698 The function name is always displayed after the closing bracket
2747 for a function if the start of that function 2699 for a function if the start of that function is not in the
2748 trace buffer. 2700 trace buffer.
2749 2701
2750 Display of the function name after the closin 2702 Display of the function name after the closing bracket may be
2751 enabled for functions whose start is in the t 2703 enabled for functions whose start is in the trace buffer,
2752 allowing easier searching with grep for funct 2704 allowing easier searching with grep for function durations.
2753 It is default disabled. 2705 It is default disabled.
2754 2706
2755 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-tail > trace 2707 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-tail > trace_options
2756 - show: echo funcgraph-tail > trace_o 2708 - show: echo funcgraph-tail > trace_options
2757 2709
2758 Example with nofuncgraph-tail (default):: 2710 Example with nofuncgraph-tail (default)::
2759 2711
2760 0) | putname() { 2712 0) | putname() {
2761 0) | kmem_cache_free 2713 0) | kmem_cache_free() {
2762 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr() 2714 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr();
2763 0) 1.757 us | } 2715 0) 1.757 us | }
2764 0) 2.861 us | } 2716 0) 2.861 us | }
2765 2717
2766 Example with funcgraph-tail:: 2718 Example with funcgraph-tail::
2767 2719
2768 0) | putname() { 2720 0) | putname() {
2769 0) | kmem_cache_free 2721 0) | kmem_cache_free() {
2770 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr() 2722 0) 0.518 us | __phys_addr();
2771 0) 1.757 us | } /* kmem_cache 2723 0) 1.757 us | } /* kmem_cache_free() */
2772 0) 2.861 us | } /* putname() */ 2724 0) 2.861 us | } /* putname() */
2773 2725
2774 The return value of each traced function can 2726 The return value of each traced function can be displayed after
2775 an equal sign "=". When encountering system c 2727 an equal sign "=". When encountering system call failures, it
2776 can be very helpful to quickly locate the fun !! 2728 can be verfy helpful to quickly locate the function that first
2777 returns an error code. 2729 returns an error code.
2778 2730
2779 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-retval > tra 2731 - hide: echo nofuncgraph-retval > trace_options
2780 - show: echo funcgraph-retval > trace 2732 - show: echo funcgraph-retval > trace_options
2781 2733
2782 Example with funcgraph-retval:: 2734 Example with funcgraph-retval::
2783 2735
2784 1) | cgroup_migrate() { 2736 1) | cgroup_migrate() {
2785 1) 0.651 us | cgroup_migrate_ad 2737 1) 0.651 us | cgroup_migrate_add_task(); /* = 0xffff93fcfd346c00 */
2786 1) | cgroup_migrate_ex 2738 1) | cgroup_migrate_execute() {
2787 1) | cpu_cgroup_can_ 2739 1) | cpu_cgroup_can_attach() {
2788 1) | cgroup_taskse 2740 1) | cgroup_taskset_first() {
2789 1) 0.732 us | cgroup_task 2741 1) 0.732 us | cgroup_taskset_next(); /* = 0xffff93fc8fb20000 */
2790 1) 1.232 us | } /* cgroup_t 2742 1) 1.232 us | } /* cgroup_taskset_first = 0xffff93fc8fb20000 */
2791 1) 0.380 us | sched_rt_can_ 2743 1) 0.380 us | sched_rt_can_attach(); /* = 0x0 */
2792 1) 2.335 us | } /* cpu_cgroup 2744 1) 2.335 us | } /* cpu_cgroup_can_attach = -22 */
2793 1) 4.369 us | } /* cgroup_migra 2745 1) 4.369 us | } /* cgroup_migrate_execute = -22 */
2794 1) 7.143 us | } /* cgroup_migrate 2746 1) 7.143 us | } /* cgroup_migrate = -22 */
2795 2747
2796 The above example shows that the function cpu 2748 The above example shows that the function cpu_cgroup_can_attach
2797 returned the error code -22 firstly, then we 2749 returned the error code -22 firstly, then we can read the code
2798 of this function to get the root cause. 2750 of this function to get the root cause.
2799 2751
2800 When the option funcgraph-retval-hex is not s 2752 When the option funcgraph-retval-hex is not set, the return value can
2801 be displayed in a smart way. Specifically, if 2753 be displayed in a smart way. Specifically, if it is an error code,
2802 it will be printed in signed decimal format, 2754 it will be printed in signed decimal format, otherwise it will
2803 printed in hexadecimal format. 2755 printed in hexadecimal format.
2804 2756
2805 - smart: echo nofuncgraph-retval-hex 2757 - smart: echo nofuncgraph-retval-hex > trace_options
2806 - hexadecimal: echo funcgraph-retval- 2758 - hexadecimal: echo funcgraph-retval-hex > trace_options
2807 2759
2808 Example with funcgraph-retval-hex:: 2760 Example with funcgraph-retval-hex::
2809 2761
2810 1) | cgroup_migrate() 2762 1) | cgroup_migrate() {
2811 1) 0.651 us | cgroup_migrate_ 2763 1) 0.651 us | cgroup_migrate_add_task(); /* = 0xffff93fcfd346c00 */
2812 1) | cgroup_migrate_ 2764 1) | cgroup_migrate_execute() {
2813 1) | cpu_cgroup_ca 2765 1) | cpu_cgroup_can_attach() {
2814 1) | cgroup_task 2766 1) | cgroup_taskset_first() {
2815 1) 0.732 us | cgroup_ta 2767 1) 0.732 us | cgroup_taskset_next(); /* = 0xffff93fc8fb20000 */
2816 1) 1.232 us | } /* cgroup 2768 1) 1.232 us | } /* cgroup_taskset_first = 0xffff93fc8fb20000 */
2817 1) 0.380 us | sched_rt_ca 2769 1) 0.380 us | sched_rt_can_attach(); /* = 0x0 */
2818 1) 2.335 us | } /* cpu_cgro 2770 1) 2.335 us | } /* cpu_cgroup_can_attach = 0xffffffea */
2819 1) 4.369 us | } /* cgroup_mig 2771 1) 4.369 us | } /* cgroup_migrate_execute = 0xffffffea */
2820 1) 7.143 us | } /* cgroup_migra 2772 1) 7.143 us | } /* cgroup_migrate = 0xffffffea */
2821 2773
2822 At present, there are some limitations when u 2774 At present, there are some limitations when using the funcgraph-retval
2823 option, and these limitations will be elimina 2775 option, and these limitations will be eliminated in the future:
2824 2776
2825 - Even if the function return type is void, a 2777 - Even if the function return type is void, a return value will still
2826 be printed, and you can just ignore it. 2778 be printed, and you can just ignore it.
2827 2779
2828 - Even if return values are stored in multipl 2780 - Even if return values are stored in multiple registers, only the
2829 value contained in the first register will 2781 value contained in the first register will be recorded and printed.
2830 To illustrate, in the x86 architecture, eax 2782 To illustrate, in the x86 architecture, eax and edx are used to store
2831 a 64-bit return value, with the lower 32 bi 2783 a 64-bit return value, with the lower 32 bits saved in eax and the
2832 upper 32 bits saved in edx. However, only t 2784 upper 32 bits saved in edx. However, only the value stored in eax
2833 will be recorded and printed. 2785 will be recorded and printed.
2834 2786
2835 - In certain procedure call standards, such a 2787 - In certain procedure call standards, such as arm64's AAPCS64, when a
2836 type is smaller than a GPR, it is the respo 2788 type is smaller than a GPR, it is the responsibility of the consumer
2837 to perform the narrowing, and the upper bit 2789 to perform the narrowing, and the upper bits may contain UNKNOWN values.
2838 Therefore, it is advisable to check the cod 2790 Therefore, it is advisable to check the code for such cases. For instance,
2839 when using a u8 in a 64-bit GPR, bits [63:8 2791 when using a u8 in a 64-bit GPR, bits [63:8] may contain arbitrary values,
2840 especially when larger types are truncated, 2792 especially when larger types are truncated, whether explicitly or implicitly.
2841 Here are some specific cases to illustrate 2793 Here are some specific cases to illustrate this point:
2842 2794
2843 **Case One**: 2795 **Case One**:
2844 2796
2845 The function narrow_to_u8 is defined as fol 2797 The function narrow_to_u8 is defined as follows::
2846 2798
2847 u8 narrow_to_u8(u64 val) 2799 u8 narrow_to_u8(u64 val)
2848 { 2800 {
2849 // implicitly truncated 2801 // implicitly truncated
2850 return val; 2802 return val;
2851 } 2803 }
2852 2804
2853 It may be compiled to:: 2805 It may be compiled to::
2854 2806
2855 narrow_to_u8: 2807 narrow_to_u8:
2856 < ... ftrace instrumentation 2808 < ... ftrace instrumentation ... >
2857 RET 2809 RET
2858 2810
2859 If you pass 0x123456789abcdef to this funct 2811 If you pass 0x123456789abcdef to this function and want to narrow it,
2860 it may be recorded as 0x123456789abcdef ins 2812 it may be recorded as 0x123456789abcdef instead of 0xef.
2861 2813
2862 **Case Two**: 2814 **Case Two**:
2863 2815
2864 The function error_if_not_4g_aligned is def 2816 The function error_if_not_4g_aligned is defined as follows::
2865 2817
2866 int error_if_not_4g_aligned(u64 val) 2818 int error_if_not_4g_aligned(u64 val)
2867 { 2819 {
2868 if (val & GENMASK(31, 0)) 2820 if (val & GENMASK(31, 0))
2869 return -EINVAL; 2821 return -EINVAL;
2870 2822
2871 return 0; 2823 return 0;
2872 } 2824 }
2873 2825
2874 It could be compiled to:: 2826 It could be compiled to::
2875 2827
2876 error_if_not_4g_aligned: 2828 error_if_not_4g_aligned:
2877 CBNZ w0, .Lnot_aligned 2829 CBNZ w0, .Lnot_aligned
2878 RET // bi 2830 RET // bits [31:0] are zero, bits
2879 // [6 2831 // [63:32] are UNKNOWN
2880 .Lnot_aligned: 2832 .Lnot_aligned:
2881 MOV x0, #-EINVAL 2833 MOV x0, #-EINVAL
2882 RET 2834 RET
2883 2835
2884 When passing 0x2_0000_0000 to it, the retur 2836 When passing 0x2_0000_0000 to it, the return value may be recorded as
2885 0x2_0000_0000 instead of 0. 2837 0x2_0000_0000 instead of 0.
2886 2838
2887 You can put some comments on specific functio 2839 You can put some comments on specific functions by using
2888 trace_printk() For example, if you want to pu 2840 trace_printk() For example, if you want to put a comment inside
2889 the __might_sleep() function, you just have t 2841 the __might_sleep() function, you just have to include
2890 <linux/ftrace.h> and call trace_printk() insi 2842 <linux/ftrace.h> and call trace_printk() inside __might_sleep()::
2891 2843
2892 trace_printk("I'm a comment!\n") 2844 trace_printk("I'm a comment!\n")
2893 2845
2894 will produce:: 2846 will produce::
2895 2847
2896 1) | __might_sle 2848 1) | __might_sleep() {
2897 1) | /* I'm a 2849 1) | /* I'm a comment! */
2898 1) 1.449 us | } 2850 1) 1.449 us | }
2899 2851
2900 2852
2901 You might find other useful features for this 2853 You might find other useful features for this tracer in the
2902 following "dynamic ftrace" section such as tr 2854 following "dynamic ftrace" section such as tracing only specific
2903 functions or tasks. 2855 functions or tasks.
2904 2856
2905 dynamic ftrace 2857 dynamic ftrace
2906 -------------- 2858 --------------
2907 2859
2908 If CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE is set, the system w 2860 If CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE is set, the system will run with
2909 virtually no overhead when function tracing i 2861 virtually no overhead when function tracing is disabled. The way
2910 this works is the mcount function call (place 2862 this works is the mcount function call (placed at the start of
2911 every kernel function, produced by the -pg sw 2863 every kernel function, produced by the -pg switch in gcc),
2912 starts of pointing to a simple return. (Enabl 2864 starts of pointing to a simple return. (Enabling FTRACE will
2913 include the -pg switch in the compiling of th 2865 include the -pg switch in the compiling of the kernel.)
2914 2866
2915 At compile time every C file object is run th 2867 At compile time every C file object is run through the
2916 recordmcount program (located in the scripts 2868 recordmcount program (located in the scripts directory). This
2917 program will parse the ELF headers in the C o 2869 program will parse the ELF headers in the C object to find all
2918 the locations in the .text section that call 2870 the locations in the .text section that call mcount. Starting
2919 with gcc version 4.6, the -mfentry has been a 2871 with gcc version 4.6, the -mfentry has been added for x86, which
2920 calls "__fentry__" instead of "mcount". Which 2872 calls "__fentry__" instead of "mcount". Which is called before
2921 the creation of the stack frame. 2873 the creation of the stack frame.
2922 2874
2923 Note, not all sections are traced. They may b 2875 Note, not all sections are traced. They may be prevented by either
2924 a notrace, or blocked another way and all inl 2876 a notrace, or blocked another way and all inline functions are not
2925 traced. Check the "available_filter_functions 2877 traced. Check the "available_filter_functions" file to see what functions
2926 can be traced. 2878 can be traced.
2927 2879
2928 A section called "__mcount_loc" is created th 2880 A section called "__mcount_loc" is created that holds
2929 references to all the mcount/fentry call site 2881 references to all the mcount/fentry call sites in the .text section.
2930 The recordmcount program re-links this sectio 2882 The recordmcount program re-links this section back into the
2931 original object. The final linking stage of t 2883 original object. The final linking stage of the kernel will add all these
2932 references into a single table. 2884 references into a single table.
2933 2885
2934 On boot up, before SMP is initialized, the dy 2886 On boot up, before SMP is initialized, the dynamic ftrace code
2935 scans this table and updates all the location 2887 scans this table and updates all the locations into nops. It
2936 also records the locations, which are added t 2888 also records the locations, which are added to the
2937 available_filter_functions list. Modules are 2889 available_filter_functions list. Modules are processed as they
2938 are loaded and before they are executed. Whe 2890 are loaded and before they are executed. When a module is
2939 unloaded, it also removes its functions from 2891 unloaded, it also removes its functions from the ftrace function
2940 list. This is automatic in the module unload 2892 list. This is automatic in the module unload code, and the
2941 module author does not need to worry about it 2893 module author does not need to worry about it.
2942 2894
2943 When tracing is enabled, the process of modif 2895 When tracing is enabled, the process of modifying the function
2944 tracepoints is dependent on architecture. The 2896 tracepoints is dependent on architecture. The old method is to use
2945 kstop_machine to prevent races with the CPUs 2897 kstop_machine to prevent races with the CPUs executing code being
2946 modified (which can cause the CPU to do undes 2898 modified (which can cause the CPU to do undesirable things, especially
2947 if the modified code crosses cache (or page) 2899 if the modified code crosses cache (or page) boundaries), and the nops are
2948 patched back to calls. But this time, they do 2900 patched back to calls. But this time, they do not call mcount
2949 (which is just a function stub). They now cal 2901 (which is just a function stub). They now call into the ftrace
2950 infrastructure. 2902 infrastructure.
2951 2903
2952 The new method of modifying the function trac 2904 The new method of modifying the function tracepoints is to place
2953 a breakpoint at the location to be modified, 2905 a breakpoint at the location to be modified, sync all CPUs, modify
2954 the rest of the instruction not covered by th 2906 the rest of the instruction not covered by the breakpoint. Sync
2955 all CPUs again, and then remove the breakpoin 2907 all CPUs again, and then remove the breakpoint with the finished
2956 version to the ftrace call site. 2908 version to the ftrace call site.
2957 2909
2958 Some archs do not even need to monkey around 2910 Some archs do not even need to monkey around with the synchronization,
2959 and can just slap the new code on top of the 2911 and can just slap the new code on top of the old without any
2960 problems with other CPUs executing it at the 2912 problems with other CPUs executing it at the same time.
2961 2913
2962 One special side-effect to the recording of t 2914 One special side-effect to the recording of the functions being
2963 traced is that we can now selectively choose 2915 traced is that we can now selectively choose which functions we
2964 wish to trace and which ones we want the mcou 2916 wish to trace and which ones we want the mcount calls to remain
2965 as nops. 2917 as nops.
2966 2918
2967 Two files are used, one for enabling and one 2919 Two files are used, one for enabling and one for disabling the
2968 tracing of specified functions. They are: 2920 tracing of specified functions. They are:
2969 2921
2970 set_ftrace_filter 2922 set_ftrace_filter
2971 2923
2972 and 2924 and
2973 2925
2974 set_ftrace_notrace 2926 set_ftrace_notrace
2975 2927
2976 A list of available functions that you can ad 2928 A list of available functions that you can add to these files is
2977 listed in: 2929 listed in:
2978 2930
2979 available_filter_functions 2931 available_filter_functions
2980 2932
2981 :: 2933 ::
2982 2934
2983 # cat available_filter_functions 2935 # cat available_filter_functions
2984 put_prev_task_idle 2936 put_prev_task_idle
2985 kmem_cache_create 2937 kmem_cache_create
2986 pick_next_task_rt 2938 pick_next_task_rt
2987 cpus_read_lock 2939 cpus_read_lock
2988 pick_next_task_fair 2940 pick_next_task_fair
2989 mutex_lock 2941 mutex_lock
2990 [...] 2942 [...]
2991 2943
2992 If I am only interested in sys_nanosleep and 2944 If I am only interested in sys_nanosleep and hrtimer_interrupt::
2993 2945
2994 # echo sys_nanosleep hrtimer_interrupt > se 2946 # echo sys_nanosleep hrtimer_interrupt > set_ftrace_filter
2995 # echo function > current_tracer 2947 # echo function > current_tracer
2996 # echo 1 > tracing_on 2948 # echo 1 > tracing_on
2997 # usleep 1 2949 # usleep 1
2998 # echo 0 > tracing_on 2950 # echo 0 > tracing_on
2999 # cat trace 2951 # cat trace
3000 # tracer: function 2952 # tracer: function
3001 # 2953 #
3002 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 5/5 2954 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 5/5 #P:4
3003 # 2955 #
3004 # _-----=> irq 2956 # _-----=> irqs-off
3005 # / _----=> nee 2957 # / _----=> need-resched
3006 # | / _---=> har 2958 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
3007 # || / _--=> pre 2959 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
3008 # ||| / dela 2960 # ||| / delay
3009 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 2961 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
3010 # | | | |||| | 2962 # | | | |||| | |
3011 usleep-2665 [001] .... 4186.475 2963 usleep-2665 [001] .... 4186.475355: sys_nanosleep <-system_call_fastpath
3012 <idle>-0 [001] d.h1 4186.475 2964 <idle>-0 [001] d.h1 4186.475409: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
3013 usleep-2665 [001] d.h1 4186.475 2965 usleep-2665 [001] d.h1 4186.475426: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
3014 <idle>-0 [003] d.h1 4186.475 2966 <idle>-0 [003] d.h1 4186.475426: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
3015 <idle>-0 [002] d.h1 4186.475 2967 <idle>-0 [002] d.h1 4186.475427: hrtimer_interrupt <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt
3016 2968
3017 To see which functions are being traced, you 2969 To see which functions are being traced, you can cat the file:
3018 :: 2970 ::
3019 2971
3020 # cat set_ftrace_filter 2972 # cat set_ftrace_filter
3021 hrtimer_interrupt 2973 hrtimer_interrupt
3022 sys_nanosleep 2974 sys_nanosleep
3023 2975
3024 2976
3025 Perhaps this is not enough. The filters also 2977 Perhaps this is not enough. The filters also allow glob(7) matching.
3026 2978
3027 ``<match>*`` 2979 ``<match>*``
3028 will match functions that begin with 2980 will match functions that begin with <match>
3029 ``*<match>`` 2981 ``*<match>``
3030 will match functions that end with <m 2982 will match functions that end with <match>
3031 ``*<match>*`` 2983 ``*<match>*``
3032 will match functions that have <match 2984 will match functions that have <match> in it
3033 ``<match1>*<match2>`` 2985 ``<match1>*<match2>``
3034 will match functions that begin with 2986 will match functions that begin with <match1> and end with <match2>
3035 2987
3036 .. note:: 2988 .. note::
3037 It is better to use quotes to enclose t 2989 It is better to use quotes to enclose the wild cards,
3038 otherwise the shell may expand the para 2990 otherwise the shell may expand the parameters into names
3039 of files in the local directory. 2991 of files in the local directory.
3040 2992
3041 :: 2993 ::
3042 2994
3043 # echo 'hrtimer_*' > set_ftrace_filter 2995 # echo 'hrtimer_*' > set_ftrace_filter
3044 2996
3045 Produces:: 2997 Produces::
3046 2998
3047 # tracer: function 2999 # tracer: function
3048 # 3000 #
3049 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 897/89 3001 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 897/897 #P:4
3050 # 3002 #
3051 # _-----=> irq 3003 # _-----=> irqs-off
3052 # / _----=> nee 3004 # / _----=> need-resched
3053 # | / _---=> har 3005 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
3054 # || / _--=> pre 3006 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
3055 # ||| / dela 3007 # ||| / delay
3056 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 3008 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
3057 # | | | |||| | 3009 # | | | |||| | |
3058 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547 3010 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547803: hrtimer_cancel <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
3059 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547 3011 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547804: hrtimer_try_to_cancel <-hrtimer_cancel
3060 <idle>-0 [003] dN.2 4228.547 3012 <idle>-0 [003] dN.2 4228.547805: hrtimer_force_reprogram <-__remove_hrtimer
3061 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547 3013 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547805: hrtimer_forward <-tick_nohz_idle_exit
3062 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547 3014 <idle>-0 [003] dN.1 4228.547805: hrtimer_start_range_ns <-hrtimer_start_expires.constprop.11
3063 <idle>-0 [003] d..1 4228.547 3015 <idle>-0 [003] d..1 4228.547858: hrtimer_get_next_event <-get_next_timer_interrupt
3064 <idle>-0 [003] d..1 4228.547 3016 <idle>-0 [003] d..1 4228.547859: hrtimer_start <-__tick_nohz_idle_enter
3065 <idle>-0 [003] d..2 4228.547 3017 <idle>-0 [003] d..2 4228.547860: hrtimer_force_reprogram <-__rem
3066 3018
3067 Notice that we lost the sys_nanosleep. 3019 Notice that we lost the sys_nanosleep.
3068 :: 3020 ::
3069 3021
3070 # cat set_ftrace_filter 3022 # cat set_ftrace_filter
3071 hrtimer_run_queues 3023 hrtimer_run_queues
3072 hrtimer_run_pending 3024 hrtimer_run_pending
3073 hrtimer_init 3025 hrtimer_init
3074 hrtimer_cancel 3026 hrtimer_cancel
3075 hrtimer_try_to_cancel 3027 hrtimer_try_to_cancel
3076 hrtimer_forward 3028 hrtimer_forward
3077 hrtimer_start 3029 hrtimer_start
3078 hrtimer_reprogram 3030 hrtimer_reprogram
3079 hrtimer_force_reprogram 3031 hrtimer_force_reprogram
3080 hrtimer_get_next_event 3032 hrtimer_get_next_event
3081 hrtimer_interrupt 3033 hrtimer_interrupt
3082 hrtimer_nanosleep 3034 hrtimer_nanosleep
3083 hrtimer_wakeup 3035 hrtimer_wakeup
3084 hrtimer_get_remaining 3036 hrtimer_get_remaining
3085 hrtimer_get_res 3037 hrtimer_get_res
3086 hrtimer_init_sleeper 3038 hrtimer_init_sleeper
3087 3039
3088 3040
3089 This is because the '>' and '>>' act just lik 3041 This is because the '>' and '>>' act just like they do in bash.
3090 To rewrite the filters, use '>' 3042 To rewrite the filters, use '>'
3091 To append to the filters, use '>>' 3043 To append to the filters, use '>>'
3092 3044
3093 To clear out a filter so that all functions w 3045 To clear out a filter so that all functions will be recorded
3094 again:: 3046 again::
3095 3047
3096 # echo > set_ftrace_filter 3048 # echo > set_ftrace_filter
3097 # cat set_ftrace_filter 3049 # cat set_ftrace_filter
3098 # 3050 #
3099 3051
3100 Again, now we want to append. 3052 Again, now we want to append.
3101 3053
3102 :: 3054 ::
3103 3055
3104 # echo sys_nanosleep > set_ftrace_filter 3056 # echo sys_nanosleep > set_ftrace_filter
3105 # cat set_ftrace_filter 3057 # cat set_ftrace_filter
3106 sys_nanosleep 3058 sys_nanosleep
3107 # echo 'hrtimer_*' >> set_ftrace_filter 3059 # echo 'hrtimer_*' >> set_ftrace_filter
3108 # cat set_ftrace_filter 3060 # cat set_ftrace_filter
3109 hrtimer_run_queues 3061 hrtimer_run_queues
3110 hrtimer_run_pending 3062 hrtimer_run_pending
3111 hrtimer_init 3063 hrtimer_init
3112 hrtimer_cancel 3064 hrtimer_cancel
3113 hrtimer_try_to_cancel 3065 hrtimer_try_to_cancel
3114 hrtimer_forward 3066 hrtimer_forward
3115 hrtimer_start 3067 hrtimer_start
3116 hrtimer_reprogram 3068 hrtimer_reprogram
3117 hrtimer_force_reprogram 3069 hrtimer_force_reprogram
3118 hrtimer_get_next_event 3070 hrtimer_get_next_event
3119 hrtimer_interrupt 3071 hrtimer_interrupt
3120 sys_nanosleep 3072 sys_nanosleep
3121 hrtimer_nanosleep 3073 hrtimer_nanosleep
3122 hrtimer_wakeup 3074 hrtimer_wakeup
3123 hrtimer_get_remaining 3075 hrtimer_get_remaining
3124 hrtimer_get_res 3076 hrtimer_get_res
3125 hrtimer_init_sleeper 3077 hrtimer_init_sleeper
3126 3078
3127 3079
3128 The set_ftrace_notrace prevents those functio 3080 The set_ftrace_notrace prevents those functions from being
3129 traced. 3081 traced.
3130 :: 3082 ::
3131 3083
3132 # echo '*preempt*' '*lock*' > set_ftrace_no 3084 # echo '*preempt*' '*lock*' > set_ftrace_notrace
3133 3085
3134 Produces:: 3086 Produces::
3135 3087
3136 # tracer: function 3088 # tracer: function
3137 # 3089 #
3138 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 39608/ 3090 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 39608/39608 #P:4
3139 # 3091 #
3140 # _-----=> irq 3092 # _-----=> irqs-off
3141 # / _----=> nee 3093 # / _----=> need-resched
3142 # | / _---=> har 3094 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
3143 # || / _--=> pre 3095 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
3144 # ||| / dela 3096 # ||| / delay
3145 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 3097 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
3146 # | | | |||| | 3098 # | | | |||| | |
3147 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3099 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324896: file_ra_state_init <-do_dentry_open
3148 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3100 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324897: open_check_o_direct <-do_last
3149 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3101 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324897: ima_file_check <-do_last
3150 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3102 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324898: process_measurement <-ima_file_check
3151 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3103 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324898: ima_get_action <-process_measurement
3152 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3104 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324898: ima_match_policy <-ima_get_action
3153 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3105 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324899: do_truncate <-do_last
3154 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3106 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324899: setattr_should_drop_suidgid <-do_truncate
3155 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3107 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324899: notify_change <-do_truncate
3156 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3108 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324900: current_fs_time <-notify_change
3157 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3109 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324900: current_kernel_time <-current_fs_time
3158 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324 3110 bash-1994 [000] .... 4342.324900: timespec_trunc <-current_fs_time
3159 3111
3160 We can see that there's no more lock or preem 3112 We can see that there's no more lock or preempt tracing.
3161 3113
3162 Selecting function filters via index 3114 Selecting function filters via index
3163 ------------------------------------ 3115 ------------------------------------
3164 3116
3165 Because processing of strings is expensive (t 3117 Because processing of strings is expensive (the address of the function
3166 needs to be looked up before comparing to the 3118 needs to be looked up before comparing to the string being passed in),
3167 an index can be used as well to enable functi 3119 an index can be used as well to enable functions. This is useful in the
3168 case of setting thousands of specific functio 3120 case of setting thousands of specific functions at a time. By passing
3169 in a list of numbers, no string processing wi 3121 in a list of numbers, no string processing will occur. Instead, the function
3170 at the specific location in the internal arra 3122 at the specific location in the internal array (which corresponds to the
3171 functions in the "available_filter_functions" 3123 functions in the "available_filter_functions" file), is selected.
3172 3124
3173 :: 3125 ::
3174 3126
3175 # echo 1 > set_ftrace_filter 3127 # echo 1 > set_ftrace_filter
3176 3128
3177 Will select the first function listed in "ava 3129 Will select the first function listed in "available_filter_functions"
3178 3130
3179 :: 3131 ::
3180 3132
3181 # head -1 available_filter_functions 3133 # head -1 available_filter_functions
3182 trace_initcall_finish_cb 3134 trace_initcall_finish_cb
3183 3135
3184 # cat set_ftrace_filter 3136 # cat set_ftrace_filter
3185 trace_initcall_finish_cb 3137 trace_initcall_finish_cb
3186 3138
3187 # head -50 available_filter_functions | tai 3139 # head -50 available_filter_functions | tail -1
3188 x86_pmu_commit_txn 3140 x86_pmu_commit_txn
3189 3141
3190 # echo 1 50 > set_ftrace_filter 3142 # echo 1 50 > set_ftrace_filter
3191 # cat set_ftrace_filter 3143 # cat set_ftrace_filter
3192 trace_initcall_finish_cb 3144 trace_initcall_finish_cb
3193 x86_pmu_commit_txn 3145 x86_pmu_commit_txn
3194 3146
3195 Dynamic ftrace with the function graph tracer 3147 Dynamic ftrace with the function graph tracer
3196 --------------------------------------------- 3148 ---------------------------------------------
3197 3149
3198 Although what has been explained above concer 3150 Although what has been explained above concerns both the
3199 function tracer and the function-graph-tracer 3151 function tracer and the function-graph-tracer, there are some
3200 special features only available in the functi 3152 special features only available in the function-graph tracer.
3201 3153
3202 If you want to trace only one function and al 3154 If you want to trace only one function and all of its children,
3203 you just have to echo its name into set_graph 3155 you just have to echo its name into set_graph_function::
3204 3156
3205 echo __do_fault > set_graph_function 3157 echo __do_fault > set_graph_function
3206 3158
3207 will produce the following "expanded" trace o 3159 will produce the following "expanded" trace of the __do_fault()
3208 function:: 3160 function::
3209 3161
3210 0) | __do_fault() { 3162 0) | __do_fault() {
3211 0) | filemap_fault() { 3163 0) | filemap_fault() {
3212 0) | find_lock_page() { 3164 0) | find_lock_page() {
3213 0) 0.804 us | find_get_page(); 3165 0) 0.804 us | find_get_page();
3214 0) | __might_sleep() 3166 0) | __might_sleep() {
3215 0) 1.329 us | } 3167 0) 1.329 us | }
3216 0) 3.904 us | } 3168 0) 3.904 us | }
3217 0) 4.979 us | } 3169 0) 4.979 us | }
3218 0) 0.653 us | _spin_lock(); 3170 0) 0.653 us | _spin_lock();
3219 0) 0.578 us | page_add_file_rmap() 3171 0) 0.578 us | page_add_file_rmap();
3220 0) 0.525 us | native_set_pte_at(); 3172 0) 0.525 us | native_set_pte_at();
3221 0) 0.585 us | _spin_unlock(); 3173 0) 0.585 us | _spin_unlock();
3222 0) | unlock_page() { 3174 0) | unlock_page() {
3223 0) 0.541 us | page_waitqueue(); 3175 0) 0.541 us | page_waitqueue();
3224 0) 0.639 us | __wake_up_bit(); 3176 0) 0.639 us | __wake_up_bit();
3225 0) 2.786 us | } 3177 0) 2.786 us | }
3226 0) + 14.237 us | } 3178 0) + 14.237 us | }
3227 0) | __do_fault() { 3179 0) | __do_fault() {
3228 0) | filemap_fault() { 3180 0) | filemap_fault() {
3229 0) | find_lock_page() { 3181 0) | find_lock_page() {
3230 0) 0.698 us | find_get_page(); 3182 0) 0.698 us | find_get_page();
3231 0) | __might_sleep() 3183 0) | __might_sleep() {
3232 0) 1.412 us | } 3184 0) 1.412 us | }
3233 0) 3.950 us | } 3185 0) 3.950 us | }
3234 0) 5.098 us | } 3186 0) 5.098 us | }
3235 0) 0.631 us | _spin_lock(); 3187 0) 0.631 us | _spin_lock();
3236 0) 0.571 us | page_add_file_rmap() 3188 0) 0.571 us | page_add_file_rmap();
3237 0) 0.526 us | native_set_pte_at(); 3189 0) 0.526 us | native_set_pte_at();
3238 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock(); 3190 0) 0.586 us | _spin_unlock();
3239 0) | unlock_page() { 3191 0) | unlock_page() {
3240 0) 0.533 us | page_waitqueue(); 3192 0) 0.533 us | page_waitqueue();
3241 0) 0.638 us | __wake_up_bit(); 3193 0) 0.638 us | __wake_up_bit();
3242 0) 2.793 us | } 3194 0) 2.793 us | }
3243 0) + 14.012 us | } 3195 0) + 14.012 us | }
3244 3196
3245 You can also expand several functions at once 3197 You can also expand several functions at once::
3246 3198
3247 echo sys_open > set_graph_function 3199 echo sys_open > set_graph_function
3248 echo sys_close >> set_graph_function 3200 echo sys_close >> set_graph_function
3249 3201
3250 Now if you want to go back to trace all funct 3202 Now if you want to go back to trace all functions you can clear
3251 this special filter via:: 3203 this special filter via::
3252 3204
3253 echo > set_graph_function 3205 echo > set_graph_function
3254 3206
3255 3207
3256 ftrace_enabled 3208 ftrace_enabled
3257 -------------- 3209 --------------
3258 3210
3259 Note, the proc sysctl ftrace_enable is a big 3211 Note, the proc sysctl ftrace_enable is a big on/off switch for the
3260 function tracer. By default it is enabled (wh 3212 function tracer. By default it is enabled (when function tracing is
3261 enabled in the kernel). If it is disabled, al 3213 enabled in the kernel). If it is disabled, all function tracing is
3262 disabled. This includes not only the function 3214 disabled. This includes not only the function tracers for ftrace, but
3263 also for any other uses (perf, kprobes, stack 3215 also for any other uses (perf, kprobes, stack tracing, profiling, etc). It
3264 cannot be disabled if there is a callback wit 3216 cannot be disabled if there is a callback with FTRACE_OPS_FL_PERMANENT set
3265 registered. 3217 registered.
3266 3218
3267 Please disable this with care. 3219 Please disable this with care.
3268 3220
3269 This can be disable (and enabled) with:: 3221 This can be disable (and enabled) with::
3270 3222
3271 sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=0 3223 sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=0
3272 sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1 3224 sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1
3273 3225
3274 or 3226 or
3275 3227
3276 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled 3228 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled
3277 echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled 3229 echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/ftrace_enabled
3278 3230
3279 3231
3280 Filter commands 3232 Filter commands
3281 --------------- 3233 ---------------
3282 3234
3283 A few commands are supported by the set_ftrac 3235 A few commands are supported by the set_ftrace_filter interface.
3284 Trace commands have the following format:: 3236 Trace commands have the following format::
3285 3237
3286 <function>:<command>:<parameter> 3238 <function>:<command>:<parameter>
3287 3239
3288 The following commands are supported: 3240 The following commands are supported:
3289 3241
3290 - mod: 3242 - mod:
3291 This command enables function filtering per 3243 This command enables function filtering per module. The
3292 parameter defines the module. For example, 3244 parameter defines the module. For example, if only the write*
3293 functions in the ext3 module are desired, r 3245 functions in the ext3 module are desired, run:
3294 3246
3295 echo 'write*:mod:ext3' > set_ftrace_filter 3247 echo 'write*:mod:ext3' > set_ftrace_filter
3296 3248
3297 This command interacts with the filter in t 3249 This command interacts with the filter in the same way as
3298 filtering based on function names. Thus, ad 3250 filtering based on function names. Thus, adding more functions
3299 in a different module is accomplished by ap 3251 in a different module is accomplished by appending (>>) to the
3300 filter file. Remove specific module functio 3252 filter file. Remove specific module functions by prepending
3301 '!':: 3253 '!'::
3302 3254
3303 echo '!writeback*:mod:ext3' >> set_ftrace_ 3255 echo '!writeback*:mod:ext3' >> set_ftrace_filter
3304 3256
3305 Mod command supports module globbing. Disab 3257 Mod command supports module globbing. Disable tracing for all
3306 functions except a specific module:: 3258 functions except a specific module::
3307 3259
3308 echo '!*:mod:!ext3' >> set_ftrace_filter 3260 echo '!*:mod:!ext3' >> set_ftrace_filter
3309 3261
3310 Disable tracing for all modules, but still 3262 Disable tracing for all modules, but still trace kernel::
3311 3263
3312 echo '!*:mod:*' >> set_ftrace_filter 3264 echo '!*:mod:*' >> set_ftrace_filter
3313 3265
3314 Enable filter only for kernel:: 3266 Enable filter only for kernel::
3315 3267
3316 echo '*write*:mod:!*' >> set_ftrace_filter 3268 echo '*write*:mod:!*' >> set_ftrace_filter
3317 3269
3318 Enable filter for module globbing:: 3270 Enable filter for module globbing::
3319 3271
3320 echo '*write*:mod:*snd*' >> set_ftrace_fil 3272 echo '*write*:mod:*snd*' >> set_ftrace_filter
3321 3273
3322 - traceon/traceoff: 3274 - traceon/traceoff:
3323 These commands turn tracing on and off when 3275 These commands turn tracing on and off when the specified
3324 functions are hit. The parameter determines 3276 functions are hit. The parameter determines how many times the
3325 tracing system is turned on and off. If uns 3277 tracing system is turned on and off. If unspecified, there is
3326 no limit. For example, to disable tracing w 3278 no limit. For example, to disable tracing when a schedule bug
3327 is hit the first 5 times, run:: 3279 is hit the first 5 times, run::
3328 3280
3329 echo '__schedule_bug:traceoff:5' > set_ftr 3281 echo '__schedule_bug:traceoff:5' > set_ftrace_filter
3330 3282
3331 To always disable tracing when __schedule_b 3283 To always disable tracing when __schedule_bug is hit::
3332 3284
3333 echo '__schedule_bug:traceoff' > set_ftrac 3285 echo '__schedule_bug:traceoff' > set_ftrace_filter
3334 3286
3335 These commands are cumulative whether or no 3287 These commands are cumulative whether or not they are appended
3336 to set_ftrace_filter. To remove a command, 3288 to set_ftrace_filter. To remove a command, prepend it by '!'
3337 and drop the parameter:: 3289 and drop the parameter::
3338 3290
3339 echo '!__schedule_bug:traceoff:0' > set_ft 3291 echo '!__schedule_bug:traceoff:0' > set_ftrace_filter
3340 3292
3341 The above removes the traceoff command for 3293 The above removes the traceoff command for __schedule_bug
3342 that have a counter. To remove commands wit 3294 that have a counter. To remove commands without counters::
3343 3295
3344 echo '!__schedule_bug:traceoff' > set_ftra 3296 echo '!__schedule_bug:traceoff' > set_ftrace_filter
3345 3297
3346 - snapshot: 3298 - snapshot:
3347 Will cause a snapshot to be triggered when 3299 Will cause a snapshot to be triggered when the function is hit.
3348 :: 3300 ::
3349 3301
3350 echo 'native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot' > 3302 echo 'native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot' > set_ftrace_filter
3351 3303
3352 To only snapshot once: 3304 To only snapshot once:
3353 :: 3305 ::
3354 3306
3355 echo 'native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot:1' 3307 echo 'native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot:1' > set_ftrace_filter
3356 3308
3357 To remove the above commands:: 3309 To remove the above commands::
3358 3310
3359 echo '!native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot' > 3311 echo '!native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot' > set_ftrace_filter
3360 echo '!native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot:0' 3312 echo '!native_flush_tlb_others:snapshot:0' > set_ftrace_filter
3361 3313
3362 - enable_event/disable_event: 3314 - enable_event/disable_event:
3363 These commands can enable or disable a trac 3315 These commands can enable or disable a trace event. Note, because
3364 function tracing callbacks are very sensiti 3316 function tracing callbacks are very sensitive, when these commands
3365 are registered, the trace point is activate 3317 are registered, the trace point is activated, but disabled in
3366 a "soft" mode. That is, the tracepoint will 3318 a "soft" mode. That is, the tracepoint will be called, but
3367 just will not be traced. The event tracepoi 3319 just will not be traced. The event tracepoint stays in this mode
3368 as long as there's a command that triggers 3320 as long as there's a command that triggers it.
3369 :: 3321 ::
3370 3322
3371 echo 'try_to_wake_up:enable_event:sched:sc 3323 echo 'try_to_wake_up:enable_event:sched:sched_switch:2' > \
3372 set_ftrace_filter 3324 set_ftrace_filter
3373 3325
3374 The format is:: 3326 The format is::
3375 3327
3376 <function>:enable_event:<system>:<event>[ 3328 <function>:enable_event:<system>:<event>[:count]
3377 <function>:disable_event:<system>:<event> 3329 <function>:disable_event:<system>:<event>[:count]
3378 3330
3379 To remove the events commands:: 3331 To remove the events commands::
3380 3332
3381 echo '!try_to_wake_up:enable_event:sched:s 3333 echo '!try_to_wake_up:enable_event:sched:sched_switch:0' > \
3382 set_ftrace_filter 3334 set_ftrace_filter
3383 echo '!schedule:disable_event:sched:sched_ 3335 echo '!schedule:disable_event:sched:sched_switch' > \
3384 set_ftrace_filter 3336 set_ftrace_filter
3385 3337
3386 - dump: 3338 - dump:
3387 When the function is hit, it will dump the 3339 When the function is hit, it will dump the contents of the ftrace
3388 ring buffer to the console. This is useful 3340 ring buffer to the console. This is useful if you need to debug
3389 something, and want to dump the trace when 3341 something, and want to dump the trace when a certain function
3390 is hit. Perhaps it's a function that is cal 3342 is hit. Perhaps it's a function that is called before a triple
3391 fault happens and does not allow you to get 3343 fault happens and does not allow you to get a regular dump.
3392 3344
3393 - cpudump: 3345 - cpudump:
3394 When the function is hit, it will dump the 3346 When the function is hit, it will dump the contents of the ftrace
3395 ring buffer for the current CPU to the cons 3347 ring buffer for the current CPU to the console. Unlike the "dump"
3396 command, it only prints out the contents of 3348 command, it only prints out the contents of the ring buffer for the
3397 CPU that executed the function that trigger 3349 CPU that executed the function that triggered the dump.
3398 3350
3399 - stacktrace: 3351 - stacktrace:
3400 When the function is hit, a stack trace is 3352 When the function is hit, a stack trace is recorded.
3401 3353
3402 trace_pipe 3354 trace_pipe
3403 ---------- 3355 ----------
3404 3356
3405 The trace_pipe outputs the same content as th 3357 The trace_pipe outputs the same content as the trace file, but
3406 the effect on the tracing is different. Every 3358 the effect on the tracing is different. Every read from
3407 trace_pipe is consumed. This means that subse 3359 trace_pipe is consumed. This means that subsequent reads will be
3408 different. The trace is live. 3360 different. The trace is live.
3409 :: 3361 ::
3410 3362
3411 # echo function > current_tracer 3363 # echo function > current_tracer
3412 # cat trace_pipe > /tmp/trace.out & 3364 # cat trace_pipe > /tmp/trace.out &
3413 [1] 4153 3365 [1] 4153
3414 # echo 1 > tracing_on 3366 # echo 1 > tracing_on
3415 # usleep 1 3367 # usleep 1
3416 # echo 0 > tracing_on 3368 # echo 0 > tracing_on
3417 # cat trace 3369 # cat trace
3418 # tracer: function 3370 # tracer: function
3419 # 3371 #
3420 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 0/0 3372 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 0/0 #P:4
3421 # 3373 #
3422 # _-----=> irq 3374 # _-----=> irqs-off
3423 # / _----=> nee 3375 # / _----=> need-resched
3424 # | / _---=> har 3376 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
3425 # || / _--=> pre 3377 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
3426 # ||| / dela 3378 # ||| / delay
3427 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 3379 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
3428 # | | | |||| | 3380 # | | | |||| | |
3429 3381
3430 # 3382 #
3431 # cat /tmp/trace.out 3383 # cat /tmp/trace.out
3432 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.5689 3384 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568961: mutex_unlock <-rb_simple_write
3433 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.5689 3385 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568963: __mutex_unlock_slowpath <-mutex_unlock
3434 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.5689 3386 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568963: __fsnotify_parent <-fsnotify_modify
3435 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.5689 3387 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568964: fsnotify <-fsnotify_modify
3436 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.5689 3388 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568964: __srcu_read_lock <-fsnotify
3437 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.5689 3389 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568964: add_preempt_count <-__srcu_read_lock
3438 bash-1994 [000] ...1 5281.5689 3390 bash-1994 [000] ...1 5281.568965: sub_preempt_count <-__srcu_read_lock
3439 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.5689 3391 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568965: __srcu_read_unlock <-fsnotify
3440 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.5689 3392 bash-1994 [000] .... 5281.568967: sys_dup2 <-system_call_fastpath
3441 3393
3442 3394
3443 Note, reading the trace_pipe file will block 3395 Note, reading the trace_pipe file will block until more input is
3444 added. This is contrary to the trace file. If 3396 added. This is contrary to the trace file. If any process opened
3445 the trace file for reading, it will actually 3397 the trace file for reading, it will actually disable tracing and
3446 prevent new entries from being added. The tra 3398 prevent new entries from being added. The trace_pipe file does
3447 not have this limitation. 3399 not have this limitation.
3448 3400
3449 trace entries 3401 trace entries
3450 ------------- 3402 -------------
3451 3403
3452 Having too much or not enough data can be tro 3404 Having too much or not enough data can be troublesome in
3453 diagnosing an issue in the kernel. The file b 3405 diagnosing an issue in the kernel. The file buffer_size_kb is
3454 used to modify the size of the internal trace 3406 used to modify the size of the internal trace buffers. The
3455 number listed is the number of entries that c 3407 number listed is the number of entries that can be recorded per
3456 CPU. To know the full size, multiply the numb 3408 CPU. To know the full size, multiply the number of possible CPUs
3457 with the number of entries. 3409 with the number of entries.
3458 :: 3410 ::
3459 3411
3460 # cat buffer_size_kb 3412 # cat buffer_size_kb
3461 1408 (units kilobytes) 3413 1408 (units kilobytes)
3462 3414
3463 Or simply read buffer_total_size_kb 3415 Or simply read buffer_total_size_kb
3464 :: 3416 ::
3465 3417
3466 # cat buffer_total_size_kb 3418 # cat buffer_total_size_kb
3467 5632 3419 5632
3468 3420
3469 To modify the buffer, simple echo in a number 3421 To modify the buffer, simple echo in a number (in 1024 byte segments).
3470 :: 3422 ::
3471 3423
3472 # echo 10000 > buffer_size_kb 3424 # echo 10000 > buffer_size_kb
3473 # cat buffer_size_kb 3425 # cat buffer_size_kb
3474 10000 (units kilobytes) 3426 10000 (units kilobytes)
3475 3427
3476 It will try to allocate as much as possible. 3428 It will try to allocate as much as possible. If you allocate too
3477 much, it can cause Out-Of-Memory to trigger. 3429 much, it can cause Out-Of-Memory to trigger.
3478 :: 3430 ::
3479 3431
3480 # echo 1000000000000 > buffer_size_kb 3432 # echo 1000000000000 > buffer_size_kb
3481 -bash: echo: write error: Cannot allocate m 3433 -bash: echo: write error: Cannot allocate memory
3482 # cat buffer_size_kb 3434 # cat buffer_size_kb
3483 85 3435 85
3484 3436
3485 The per_cpu buffers can be changed individual 3437 The per_cpu buffers can be changed individually as well:
3486 :: 3438 ::
3487 3439
3488 # echo 10000 > per_cpu/cpu0/buffer_size_kb 3440 # echo 10000 > per_cpu/cpu0/buffer_size_kb
3489 # echo 100 > per_cpu/cpu1/buffer_size_kb 3441 # echo 100 > per_cpu/cpu1/buffer_size_kb
3490 3442
3491 When the per_cpu buffers are not the same, th 3443 When the per_cpu buffers are not the same, the buffer_size_kb
3492 at the top level will just show an X 3444 at the top level will just show an X
3493 :: 3445 ::
3494 3446
3495 # cat buffer_size_kb 3447 # cat buffer_size_kb
3496 X 3448 X
3497 3449
3498 This is where the buffer_total_size_kb is use 3450 This is where the buffer_total_size_kb is useful:
3499 :: 3451 ::
3500 3452
3501 # cat buffer_total_size_kb 3453 # cat buffer_total_size_kb
3502 12916 3454 12916
3503 3455
3504 Writing to the top level buffer_size_kb will 3456 Writing to the top level buffer_size_kb will reset all the buffers
3505 to be the same again. 3457 to be the same again.
3506 3458
3507 Snapshot 3459 Snapshot
3508 -------- 3460 --------
3509 CONFIG_TRACER_SNAPSHOT makes a generic snapsh 3461 CONFIG_TRACER_SNAPSHOT makes a generic snapshot feature
3510 available to all non latency tracers. (Latenc 3462 available to all non latency tracers. (Latency tracers which
3511 record max latency, such as "irqsoff" or "wak 3463 record max latency, such as "irqsoff" or "wakeup", can't use
3512 this feature, since those are already using t 3464 this feature, since those are already using the snapshot
3513 mechanism internally.) 3465 mechanism internally.)
3514 3466
3515 Snapshot preserves a current trace buffer at 3467 Snapshot preserves a current trace buffer at a particular point
3516 in time without stopping tracing. Ftrace swap 3468 in time without stopping tracing. Ftrace swaps the current
3517 buffer with a spare buffer, and tracing conti 3469 buffer with a spare buffer, and tracing continues in the new
3518 current (=previous spare) buffer. 3470 current (=previous spare) buffer.
3519 3471
3520 The following tracefs files in "tracing" are 3472 The following tracefs files in "tracing" are related to this
3521 feature: 3473 feature:
3522 3474
3523 snapshot: 3475 snapshot:
3524 3476
3525 This is used to take a snapshot and t 3477 This is used to take a snapshot and to read the output
3526 of the snapshot. Echo 1 into this fil 3478 of the snapshot. Echo 1 into this file to allocate a
3527 spare buffer and to take a snapshot ( 3479 spare buffer and to take a snapshot (swap), then read
3528 the snapshot from this file in the sa 3480 the snapshot from this file in the same format as
3529 "trace" (described above in the secti 3481 "trace" (described above in the section "The File
3530 System"). Both reads snapshot and tra 3482 System"). Both reads snapshot and tracing are executable
3531 in parallel. When the spare buffer is 3483 in parallel. When the spare buffer is allocated, echoing
3532 0 frees it, and echoing else (positiv 3484 0 frees it, and echoing else (positive) values clear the
3533 snapshot contents. 3485 snapshot contents.
3534 More details are shown in the table b 3486 More details are shown in the table below.
3535 3487
3536 +--------------+------------+-------- 3488 +--------------+------------+------------+------------+
3537 |status\\input | 0 | 1 3489 |status\\input | 0 | 1 | else |
3538 +==============+============+======== 3490 +==============+============+============+============+
3539 |not allocated |(do nothing)| alloc+s 3491 |not allocated |(do nothing)| alloc+swap |(do nothing)|
3540 +--------------+------------+-------- 3492 +--------------+------------+------------+------------+
3541 |allocated | free | swap 3493 |allocated | free | swap | clear |
3542 +--------------+------------+-------- 3494 +--------------+------------+------------+------------+
3543 3495
3544 Here is an example of using the snapshot feat 3496 Here is an example of using the snapshot feature.
3545 :: 3497 ::
3546 3498
3547 # echo 1 > events/sched/enable 3499 # echo 1 > events/sched/enable
3548 # echo 1 > snapshot 3500 # echo 1 > snapshot
3549 # cat snapshot 3501 # cat snapshot
3550 # tracer: nop 3502 # tracer: nop
3551 # 3503 #
3552 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 71/71 3504 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 71/71 #P:8
3553 # 3505 #
3554 # _-----=> irq 3506 # _-----=> irqs-off
3555 # / _----=> nee 3507 # / _----=> need-resched
3556 # | / _---=> har 3508 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
3557 # || / _--=> pre 3509 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
3558 # ||| / dela 3510 # ||| / delay
3559 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 3511 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
3560 # | | | |||| | 3512 # | | | |||| | |
3561 <idle>-0 [005] d... 2440.603 3513 <idle>-0 [005] d... 2440.603828: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/5 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=snapshot-test-2 next_pid=2242 next_prio=120
3562 sleep-2242 [005] d... 2440.603 3514 sleep-2242 [005] d... 2440.603846: sched_switch: prev_comm=snapshot-test-2 prev_pid=2242 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=kworker/5:1 next_pid=60 next_prio=120
3563 [...] 3515 [...]
3564 <idle>-0 [002] d... 2440.70723 3516 <idle>-0 [002] d... 2440.707230: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/2 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=snapshot-test-2 next_pid=2229 next_prio=120
3565 3517
3566 # cat trace 3518 # cat trace
3567 # tracer: nop 3519 # tracer: nop
3568 # 3520 #
3569 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 77/77 3521 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 77/77 #P:8
3570 # 3522 #
3571 # _-----=> irq 3523 # _-----=> irqs-off
3572 # / _----=> nee 3524 # / _----=> need-resched
3573 # | / _---=> har 3525 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
3574 # || / _--=> pre 3526 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
3575 # ||| / dela 3527 # ||| / delay
3576 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 3528 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
3577 # | | | |||| | 3529 # | | | |||| | |
3578 <idle>-0 [007] d... 2440.707 3530 <idle>-0 [007] d... 2440.707395: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/7 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=snapshot-test-2 next_pid=2243 next_prio=120
3579 snapshot-test-2-2229 [002] d... 2440.707 3531 snapshot-test-2-2229 [002] d... 2440.707438: sched_switch: prev_comm=snapshot-test-2 prev_pid=2229 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/2 next_pid=0 next_prio=120
3580 [...] 3532 [...]
3581 3533
3582 3534
3583 If you try to use this snapshot feature when 3535 If you try to use this snapshot feature when current tracer is
3584 one of the latency tracers, you will get the 3536 one of the latency tracers, you will get the following results.
3585 :: 3537 ::
3586 3538
3587 # echo wakeup > current_tracer 3539 # echo wakeup > current_tracer
3588 # echo 1 > snapshot 3540 # echo 1 > snapshot
3589 bash: echo: write error: Device or resource 3541 bash: echo: write error: Device or resource busy
3590 # cat snapshot 3542 # cat snapshot
3591 cat: snapshot: Device or resource busy 3543 cat: snapshot: Device or resource busy
3592 3544
3593 3545
3594 Instances 3546 Instances
3595 --------- 3547 ---------
3596 In the tracefs tracing directory, there is a 3548 In the tracefs tracing directory, there is a directory called "instances".
3597 This directory can have new directories creat 3549 This directory can have new directories created inside of it using
3598 mkdir, and removing directories with rmdir. T 3550 mkdir, and removing directories with rmdir. The directory created
3599 with mkdir in this directory will already con 3551 with mkdir in this directory will already contain files and other
3600 directories after it is created. 3552 directories after it is created.
3601 :: 3553 ::
3602 3554
3603 # mkdir instances/foo 3555 # mkdir instances/foo
3604 # ls instances/foo 3556 # ls instances/foo
3605 buffer_size_kb buffer_total_size_kb event 3557 buffer_size_kb buffer_total_size_kb events free_buffer per_cpu
3606 set_event snapshot trace trace_clock tr 3558 set_event snapshot trace trace_clock trace_marker trace_options
3607 trace_pipe tracing_on 3559 trace_pipe tracing_on
3608 3560
3609 As you can see, the new directory looks simil 3561 As you can see, the new directory looks similar to the tracing directory
3610 itself. In fact, it is very similar, except t 3562 itself. In fact, it is very similar, except that the buffer and
3611 events are agnostic from the main directory, 3563 events are agnostic from the main directory, or from any other
3612 instances that are created. 3564 instances that are created.
3613 3565
3614 The files in the new directory work just like 3566 The files in the new directory work just like the files with the
3615 same name in the tracing directory except the 3567 same name in the tracing directory except the buffer that is used
3616 is a separate and new buffer. The files affec 3568 is a separate and new buffer. The files affect that buffer but do not
3617 affect the main buffer with the exception of 3569 affect the main buffer with the exception of trace_options. Currently,
3618 the trace_options affect all instances and th 3570 the trace_options affect all instances and the top level buffer
3619 the same, but this may change in future relea 3571 the same, but this may change in future releases. That is, options
3620 may become specific to the instance they resi 3572 may become specific to the instance they reside in.
3621 3573
3622 Notice that none of the function tracer files 3574 Notice that none of the function tracer files are there, nor is
3623 current_tracer and available_tracers. This is 3575 current_tracer and available_tracers. This is because the buffers
3624 can currently only have events enabled for th 3576 can currently only have events enabled for them.
3625 :: 3577 ::
3626 3578
3627 # mkdir instances/foo 3579 # mkdir instances/foo
3628 # mkdir instances/bar 3580 # mkdir instances/bar
3629 # mkdir instances/zoot 3581 # mkdir instances/zoot
3630 # echo 100000 > buffer_size_kb 3582 # echo 100000 > buffer_size_kb
3631 # echo 1000 > instances/foo/buffer_size_kb 3583 # echo 1000 > instances/foo/buffer_size_kb
3632 # echo 5000 > instances/bar/per_cpu/cpu1/bu 3584 # echo 5000 > instances/bar/per_cpu/cpu1/buffer_size_kb
3633 # echo function > current_trace 3585 # echo function > current_trace
3634 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched 3586 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched_wakeup/enable
3635 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched 3587 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched_wakeup_new/enable
3636 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched 3588 # echo 1 > instances/foo/events/sched/sched_switch/enable
3637 # echo 1 > instances/bar/events/irq/enable 3589 # echo 1 > instances/bar/events/irq/enable
3638 # echo 1 > instances/zoot/events/syscalls/e 3590 # echo 1 > instances/zoot/events/syscalls/enable
3639 # cat trace_pipe 3591 # cat trace_pipe
3640 CPU:2 [LOST 11745 EVENTS] 3592 CPU:2 [LOST 11745 EVENTS]
3641 bash-2044 [002] .... 10594.481 3593 bash-2044 [002] .... 10594.481032: _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-get_page_from_freelist
3642 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481 3594 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481032: add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock_irqsave
3643 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481 3595 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481032: __rmqueue <-get_page_from_freelist
3644 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481 3596 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481033: _raw_spin_unlock <-get_page_from_freelist
3645 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481 3597 bash-2044 [002] d..1 10594.481033: sub_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_unlock
3646 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481 3598 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481033: get_pageblock_flags_group <-get_pageblock_migratetype
3647 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481 3599 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481034: __mod_zone_page_state <-get_page_from_freelist
3648 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481 3600 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481034: zone_statistics <-get_page_from_freelist
3649 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481 3601 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481034: __inc_zone_state <-zone_statistics
3650 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481 3602 bash-2044 [002] d... 10594.481034: __inc_zone_state <-zone_statistics
3651 bash-2044 [002] .... 10594.481 3603 bash-2044 [002] .... 10594.481035: arch_dup_task_struct <-copy_process
3652 [...] 3604 [...]
3653 3605
3654 # cat instances/foo/trace_pipe 3606 # cat instances/foo/trace_pipe
3655 bash-1998 [000] d..4 136.676 3607 bash-1998 [000] d..4 136.676759: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/0:1 pid=59 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000
3656 bash-1998 [000] dN.4 136.676 3608 bash-1998 [000] dN.4 136.676760: sched_wakeup: comm=bash pid=1998 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000
3657 <idle>-0 [003] d.h3 136.676 3609 <idle>-0 [003] d.h3 136.676906: sched_wakeup: comm=rcu_preempt pid=9 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=003
3658 <idle>-0 [003] d..3 136.676 3610 <idle>-0 [003] d..3 136.676909: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/3 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=rcu_preempt next_pid=9 next_prio=120
3659 rcu_preempt-9 [003] d..3 136.676 3611 rcu_preempt-9 [003] d..3 136.676916: sched_switch: prev_comm=rcu_preempt prev_pid=9 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/3 next_pid=0 next_prio=120
3660 bash-1998 [000] d..4 136.677 3612 bash-1998 [000] d..4 136.677014: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/0:1 pid=59 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000
3661 bash-1998 [000] dN.4 136.677 3613 bash-1998 [000] dN.4 136.677016: sched_wakeup: comm=bash pid=1998 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000
3662 bash-1998 [000] d..3 136.677 3614 bash-1998 [000] d..3 136.677018: sched_switch: prev_comm=bash prev_pid=1998 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R+ ==> next_comm=kworker/0:1 next_pid=59 next_prio=120
3663 kworker/0:1-59 [000] d..4 136.677 3615 kworker/0:1-59 [000] d..4 136.677022: sched_wakeup: comm=sshd pid=1995 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001
3664 kworker/0:1-59 [000] d..3 136.677 3616 kworker/0:1-59 [000] d..3 136.677025: sched_switch: prev_comm=kworker/0:1 prev_pid=59 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=bash next_pid=1998 next_prio=120
3665 [...] 3617 [...]
3666 3618
3667 # cat instances/bar/trace_pipe 3619 # cat instances/bar/trace_pipe
3668 migration/1-14 [001] d.h3 138.732 3620 migration/1-14 [001] d.h3 138.732674: softirq_raise: vec=3 [action=NET_RX]
3669 <idle>-0 [001] dNh3 138.732 3621 <idle>-0 [001] dNh3 138.732725: softirq_raise: vec=3 [action=NET_RX]
3670 bash-1998 [000] d.h1 138.733 3622 bash-1998 [000] d.h1 138.733101: softirq_raise: vec=1 [action=TIMER]
3671 bash-1998 [000] d.h1 138.733 3623 bash-1998 [000] d.h1 138.733102: softirq_raise: vec=9 [action=RCU]
3672 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733 3624 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733105: softirq_entry: vec=1 [action=TIMER]
3673 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733 3625 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733106: softirq_exit: vec=1 [action=TIMER]
3674 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733 3626 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733106: softirq_entry: vec=9 [action=RCU]
3675 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733 3627 bash-1998 [000] ..s2 138.733109: softirq_exit: vec=9 [action=RCU]
3676 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733 3628 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733278: irq_handler_entry: irq=21 name=uhci_hcd:usb4
3677 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733 3629 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733280: irq_handler_exit: irq=21 ret=unhandled
3678 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733 3630 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733281: irq_handler_entry: irq=21 name=eth0
3679 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733 3631 sshd-1995 [001] d.h1 138.733283: irq_handler_exit: irq=21 ret=handled
3680 [...] 3632 [...]
3681 3633
3682 # cat instances/zoot/trace 3634 # cat instances/zoot/trace
3683 # tracer: nop 3635 # tracer: nop
3684 # 3636 #
3685 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 18996/ 3637 # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 18996/18996 #P:4
3686 # 3638 #
3687 # _-----=> irq 3639 # _-----=> irqs-off
3688 # / _----=> nee 3640 # / _----=> need-resched
3689 # | / _---=> har 3641 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
3690 # || / _--=> pre 3642 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
3691 # ||| / dela 3643 # ||| / delay
3692 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMEST 3644 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
3693 # | | | |||| | 3645 # | | | |||| | |
3694 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3646 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733501: sys_write -> 0x2
3695 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3647 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733504: sys_dup2(oldfd: a, newfd: 1)
3696 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3648 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733506: sys_dup2 -> 0x1
3697 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3649 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733508: sys_fcntl(fd: a, cmd: 1, arg: 0)
3698 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3650 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733509: sys_fcntl -> 0x1
3699 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3651 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733510: sys_close(fd: a)
3700 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3652 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733510: sys_close -> 0x0
3701 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3653 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733514: sys_rt_sigprocmask(how: 0, nset: 0, oset: 6e2768, sigsetsize: 8)
3702 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3654 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733515: sys_rt_sigprocmask -> 0x0
3703 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3655 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733516: sys_rt_sigaction(sig: 2, act: 7fff718846f0, oact: 7fff71884650, sigsetsize: 8)
3704 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733 3656 bash-1998 [000] d... 140.733516: sys_rt_sigaction -> 0x0
3705 3657
3706 You can see that the trace of the top most tr 3658 You can see that the trace of the top most trace buffer shows only
3707 the function tracing. The foo instance displa 3659 the function tracing. The foo instance displays wakeups and task
3708 switches. 3660 switches.
3709 3661
3710 To remove the instances, simply delete their 3662 To remove the instances, simply delete their directories:
3711 :: 3663 ::
3712 3664
3713 # rmdir instances/foo 3665 # rmdir instances/foo
3714 # rmdir instances/bar 3666 # rmdir instances/bar
3715 # rmdir instances/zoot 3667 # rmdir instances/zoot
3716 3668
3717 Note, if a process has a trace file open in o 3669 Note, if a process has a trace file open in one of the instance
3718 directories, the rmdir will fail with EBUSY. 3670 directories, the rmdir will fail with EBUSY.
3719 3671
3720 3672
3721 Stack trace 3673 Stack trace
3722 ----------- 3674 -----------
3723 Since the kernel has a fixed sized stack, it 3675 Since the kernel has a fixed sized stack, it is important not to
3724 waste it in functions. A kernel developer mus 3676 waste it in functions. A kernel developer must be conscious of
3725 what they allocate on the stack. If they add 3677 what they allocate on the stack. If they add too much, the system
3726 can be in danger of a stack overflow, and cor 3678 can be in danger of a stack overflow, and corruption will occur,
3727 usually leading to a system panic. 3679 usually leading to a system panic.
3728 3680
3729 There are some tools that check this, usually 3681 There are some tools that check this, usually with interrupts
3730 periodically checking usage. But if you can p 3682 periodically checking usage. But if you can perform a check
3731 at every function call that will become very 3683 at every function call that will become very useful. As ftrace provides
3732 a function tracer, it makes it convenient to 3684 a function tracer, it makes it convenient to check the stack size
3733 at every function call. This is enabled via t 3685 at every function call. This is enabled via the stack tracer.
3734 3686
3735 CONFIG_STACK_TRACER enables the ftrace stack 3687 CONFIG_STACK_TRACER enables the ftrace stack tracing functionality.
3736 To enable it, write a '1' into /proc/sys/kern 3688 To enable it, write a '1' into /proc/sys/kernel/stack_tracer_enabled.
3737 :: 3689 ::
3738 3690
3739 # echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/stack_tracer_ena 3691 # echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/stack_tracer_enabled
3740 3692
3741 You can also enable it from the kernel comman 3693 You can also enable it from the kernel command line to trace
3742 the stack size of the kernel during boot up, 3694 the stack size of the kernel during boot up, by adding "stacktrace"
3743 to the kernel command line parameter. 3695 to the kernel command line parameter.
3744 3696
3745 After running it for a few minutes, the outpu 3697 After running it for a few minutes, the output looks like:
3746 :: 3698 ::
3747 3699
3748 # cat stack_max_size 3700 # cat stack_max_size
3749 2928 3701 2928
3750 3702
3751 # cat stack_trace 3703 # cat stack_trace
3752 Depth Size Location (18 ent 3704 Depth Size Location (18 entries)
3753 ----- ---- -------- 3705 ----- ---- --------
3754 0) 2928 224 update_sd_lb_stats+ 3706 0) 2928 224 update_sd_lb_stats+0xbc/0x4ac
3755 1) 2704 160 find_busiest_group+ 3707 1) 2704 160 find_busiest_group+0x31/0x1f1
3756 2) 2544 256 load_balance+0xd9/0 3708 2) 2544 256 load_balance+0xd9/0x662
3757 3) 2288 80 idle_balance+0xbb/0 3709 3) 2288 80 idle_balance+0xbb/0x130
3758 4) 2208 128 __schedule+0x26e/0x 3710 4) 2208 128 __schedule+0x26e/0x5b9
3759 5) 2080 16 schedule+0x64/0x66 3711 5) 2080 16 schedule+0x64/0x66
3760 6) 2064 128 schedule_timeout+0x 3712 6) 2064 128 schedule_timeout+0x34/0xe0
3761 7) 1936 112 wait_for_common+0x9 3713 7) 1936 112 wait_for_common+0x97/0xf1
3762 8) 1824 16 wait_for_completion 3714 8) 1824 16 wait_for_completion+0x1d/0x1f
3763 9) 1808 128 flush_work+0xfe/0x1 3715 9) 1808 128 flush_work+0xfe/0x119
3764 10) 1680 16 tty_flush_to_ldisc+ 3716 10) 1680 16 tty_flush_to_ldisc+0x1e/0x20
3765 11) 1664 48 input_available_p+0 3717 11) 1664 48 input_available_p+0x1d/0x5c
3766 12) 1616 48 n_tty_poll+0x6d/0x1 3718 12) 1616 48 n_tty_poll+0x6d/0x134
3767 13) 1568 64 tty_poll+0x64/0x7f 3719 13) 1568 64 tty_poll+0x64/0x7f
3768 14) 1504 880 do_select+0x31e/0x5 3720 14) 1504 880 do_select+0x31e/0x511
3769 15) 624 400 core_sys_select+0x1 3721 15) 624 400 core_sys_select+0x177/0x216
3770 16) 224 96 sys_select+0x91/0xb 3722 16) 224 96 sys_select+0x91/0xb9
3771 17) 128 128 system_call_fastpat 3723 17) 128 128 system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
3772 3724
3773 Note, if -mfentry is being used by gcc, funct 3725 Note, if -mfentry is being used by gcc, functions get traced before
3774 they set up the stack frame. This means that 3726 they set up the stack frame. This means that leaf level functions
3775 are not tested by the stack tracer when -mfen 3727 are not tested by the stack tracer when -mfentry is used.
3776 3728
3777 Currently, -mfentry is used by gcc 4.6.0 and 3729 Currently, -mfentry is used by gcc 4.6.0 and above on x86 only.
3778 3730
3779 More 3731 More
3780 ---- 3732 ----
3781 More details can be found in the source code, 3733 More details can be found in the source code, in the `kernel/trace/*.c` files.
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