1 ========================== 1 ==========================
2 Kprobe-based Event Tracing 2 Kprobe-based Event Tracing
3 ========================== 3 ==========================
4 4
5 :Author: Masami Hiramatsu 5 :Author: Masami Hiramatsu
6 6
7 Overview 7 Overview
8 -------- 8 --------
9 These events are similar to tracepoint-based e !! 9 These events are similar to tracepoint based events. Instead of Tracepoint,
10 this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe 10 this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe). So it can probe wherever
11 kprobes can probe (this means, all functions e 11 kprobes can probe (this means, all functions except those with
12 __kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those 12 __kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those marked NOKPROBE_SYMBOL).
13 Unlike the tracepoint-based event, this can be !! 13 Unlike the Tracepoint based event, this can be added and removed
14 dynamically, on the fly. 14 dynamically, on the fly.
15 15
16 To enable this feature, build your kernel with 16 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y.
17 17
18 Similar to the event tracer, this doesn't need !! 18 Similar to the events tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
19 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe poi 19 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
20 /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable !! 20 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable it via
21 /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/ena !! 21 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/enable.
22 22
23 You can also use /sys/kernel/tracing/dynamic_e !! 23 You can also use /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/dynamic_events instead of
24 kprobe_events. That interface will provide uni 24 kprobe_events. That interface will provide unified access to other
25 dynamic events too. 25 dynamic events too.
26 26
27 Synopsis of kprobe_events 27 Synopsis of kprobe_events
28 ------------------------- 28 -------------------------
29 :: 29 ::
30 30
31 p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [ 31 p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
32 r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [ 32 r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
33 p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0]%return [FETC 33 p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0]%return [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
34 -:[GRP/][EVENT] 34 -:[GRP/][EVENT] : Clear a probe
35 35
36 GRP : Group name. If omitted, use 36 GRP : Group name. If omitted, use "kprobes" for it.
37 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the 37 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated
38 based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR 38 based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR.
39 MOD : Module name which has given 39 MOD : Module name which has given SYM.
40 SYM[+offs] : Symbol+offset where the prob 40 SYM[+offs] : Symbol+offset where the probe is inserted.
41 SYM%return : Return address of the symbol 41 SYM%return : Return address of the symbol
42 MEMADDR : Address where the probe is i 42 MEMADDR : Address where the probe is inserted.
43 MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances 43 MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
44 can be probed simultaneously 44 can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
45 as defined in Documentation/ 45 as defined in Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst section 1.3.1.
46 46
47 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can ha 47 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
48 %REG : Fetch register REG 48 %REG : Fetch register REG
49 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR s 49 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
50 @SYM[+|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs 50 @SYM[+|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
51 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N 51 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
52 $stack : Fetch stack address. 52 $stack : Fetch stack address.
53 $argN : Fetch the Nth function argum 53 $argN : Fetch the Nth function argument. (N >= 1) (\*1)
54 $retval : Fetch return value.(\*2) 54 $retval : Fetch return value.(\*2)
55 $comm : Fetch current task comm. 55 $comm : Fetch current task comm.
56 +|-[u]OFFS(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCH 56 +|-[u]OFFS(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- OFFS address.(\*3)(\*4)
57 \IMM : Store an immediate value to 57 \IMM : Store an immediate value to the argument.
58 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument nam 58 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
59 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETC 59 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
60 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s 60 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
61 (x8/x16/x32/x64), VFS layer !! 61 (x8/x16/x32/x64), "string", "ustring", "symbol", "symstr"
62 "string", "ustring", "symbol !! 62 and bitfield are supported.
63 supported. !! 63
64 !! 64 (\*1) only for the probe on function entry (offs == 0).
65 (\*1) only for the probe on function entry ( !! 65 (\*2) only for return probe.
66 is best effort, because depending on t <<
67 the stack. But this only support the a <<
68 (\*2) only for return probe. Note that this <<
69 return value type, it might be passed <<
70 accesses one register. <<
71 (\*3) this is useful for fetching a field of 66 (\*3) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
72 (\*4) "u" means user-space dereference. See 67 (\*4) "u" means user-space dereference. See :ref:`user_mem_access`.
73 68
74 Function arguments at kretprobe <<
75 ------------------------------- <<
76 Function arguments can be accessed at kretprob <<
77 is useful to record the function parameter and <<
78 trace the difference of structure fields (for <<
79 correctly updates the given data structure or <<
80 See the :ref:`sample<fprobetrace_exit_args_sam <<
81 it works. <<
82 <<
83 .. _kprobetrace_types: <<
84 <<
85 Types 69 Types
86 ----- 70 -----
87 Several types are supported for fetchargs. Kpr !! 71 Several types are supported for fetch-args. Kprobe tracer will access memory
88 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those 72 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
89 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigne 73 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
90 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). 74 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
91 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture ( 75 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
92 x86-64 uses x64). 76 x86-64 uses x64).
93 <<
94 These value types can be an array. To record a 77 These value types can be an array. To record array data, you can add '[N]'
95 (where N is a fixed number, less than 64) to t 78 (where N is a fixed number, less than 64) to the base type.
96 E.g. 'x16[4]' means an array of x16 (2-byte he !! 79 E.g. 'x16[4]' means an array of x16 (2bytes hex) with 4 elements.
97 Note that the array can be applied to memory t 80 Note that the array can be applied to memory type fetchargs, you can not
98 apply it to registers/stack-entries etc. (for 81 apply it to registers/stack-entries etc. (for example, '$stack1:x8[8]' is
99 wrong, but '+8($stack):x8[8]' is OK.) 82 wrong, but '+8($stack):x8[8]' is OK.)
100 <<
101 Char type can be used to show the character va <<
102 <<
103 String type is a special type, which fetches a 83 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
104 kernel space. This means it will fail and stor 84 kernel space. This means it will fail and store NULL if the string container
105 has been paged out. "ustring" type is an alter 85 has been paged out. "ustring" type is an alternative of string for user-space.
106 See :ref:`user_mem_access` for more info. !! 86 See :ref:`user_mem_access` for more info..
107 <<
108 The string array type is a bit different from 87 The string array type is a bit different from other types. For other base
109 types, <base-type>[1] is equal to <base-type> 88 types, <base-type>[1] is equal to <base-type> (e.g. +0(%di):x32[1] is same
110 as +0(%di):x32.) But string[1] is not equal to 89 as +0(%di):x32.) But string[1] is not equal to string. The string type itself
111 represents "char array", but string array type 90 represents "char array", but string array type represents "char * array".
112 So, for example, +0(%di):string[1] is equal to 91 So, for example, +0(%di):string[1] is equal to +0(+0(%di)):string.
113 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 92 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
114 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The s 93 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is::
115 94
116 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size> 95 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>
117 96
118 Symbol type('symbol') is an alias of u32 or u6 97 Symbol type('symbol') is an alias of u32 or u64 type (depends on BITS_PER_LONG)
119 which shows given pointer in "symbol+offset" s 98 which shows given pointer in "symbol+offset" style.
120 On the other hand, symbol-string type ('symstr 99 On the other hand, symbol-string type ('symstr') converts the given address to
121 "symbol+offset/symbolsize" style and stores it 100 "symbol+offset/symbolsize" style and stores it as a null-terminated string.
122 With 'symstr' type, you can filter the event w 101 With 'symstr' type, you can filter the event with wildcard pattern of the
123 symbols, and you don't need to solve symbol na 102 symbols, and you don't need to solve symbol name by yourself.
124 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any o 103 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.
125 104
126 VFS layer common type(%pd/%pD) is a special ty <<
127 file's name from struct dentry's address or st <<
128 <<
129 .. _user_mem_access: 105 .. _user_mem_access:
130 106
131 User Memory Access 107 User Memory Access
132 ------------------ 108 ------------------
133 Kprobe events supports user-space memory acces 109 Kprobe events supports user-space memory access. For that purpose, you can use
134 either user-space dereference syntax or 'ustri 110 either user-space dereference syntax or 'ustring' type.
135 111
136 The user-space dereference syntax allows you t 112 The user-space dereference syntax allows you to access a field of a data
137 structure in user-space. This is done by addin 113 structure in user-space. This is done by adding the "u" prefix to the
138 dereference syntax. For example, +u4(%si) mean 114 dereference syntax. For example, +u4(%si) means it will read memory from the
139 address in the register %si offset by 4, and t 115 address in the register %si offset by 4, and the memory is expected to be in
140 user-space. You can use this for strings too, 116 user-space. You can use this for strings too, e.g. +u0(%si):string will read
141 a string from the address in the register %si 117 a string from the address in the register %si that is expected to be in user-
142 space. 'ustring' is a shortcut way of performi 118 space. 'ustring' is a shortcut way of performing the same task. That is,
143 +0(%si):ustring is equivalent to +u0(%si):stri 119 +0(%si):ustring is equivalent to +u0(%si):string.
144 120
145 Note that kprobe-event provides the user-memor 121 Note that kprobe-event provides the user-memory access syntax but it doesn't
146 use it transparently. This means if you use no 122 use it transparently. This means if you use normal dereference or string type
147 for user memory, it might fail, and may always !! 123 for user memory, it might fail, and may always fail on some archs. The user
148 user has to carefully check if the target data !! 124 has to carefully check if the target data is in kernel or user space.
149 125
150 Per-Probe Event Filtering 126 Per-Probe Event Filtering
151 ------------------------- 127 -------------------------
152 Per-probe event filtering feature allows you t 128 Per-probe event filtering feature allows you to set different filter on each
153 probe and gives you what arguments will be sho 129 probe and gives you what arguments will be shown in trace buffer. If an event
154 name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in 130 name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in kprobe_events, it adds an event
155 under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the d 131 under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the directory you can see 'id',
156 'enable', 'format', 'filter' and 'trigger'. 132 'enable', 'format', 'filter' and 'trigger'.
157 133
158 enable: 134 enable:
159 You can enable/disable the probe by writing 135 You can enable/disable the probe by writing 1 or 0 on it.
160 136
161 format: 137 format:
162 This shows the format of this probe event. 138 This shows the format of this probe event.
163 139
164 filter: 140 filter:
165 You can write filtering rules of this event. 141 You can write filtering rules of this event.
166 142
167 id: 143 id:
168 This shows the id of this probe event. 144 This shows the id of this probe event.
169 145
170 trigger: 146 trigger:
171 This allows to install trigger commands whic 147 This allows to install trigger commands which are executed when the event is
172 hit (for details, see Documentation/trace/ev 148 hit (for details, see Documentation/trace/events.rst, section 6).
173 149
174 Event Profiling 150 Event Profiling
175 --------------- 151 ---------------
176 You can check the total number of probe hits a 152 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
177 /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_profile. !! 153 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_profile.
178 The first column is event name, the second is 154 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
179 the third is the number of probe miss-hits. 155 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.
180 156
181 Kernel Boot Parameter 157 Kernel Boot Parameter
182 --------------------- 158 ---------------------
183 You can add and enable new kprobe events when 159 You can add and enable new kprobe events when booting up the kernel by
184 "kprobe_event=" parameter. The parameter accep 160 "kprobe_event=" parameter. The parameter accepts a semicolon-delimited
185 kprobe events, which format is similar to the 161 kprobe events, which format is similar to the kprobe_events.
186 The difference is that the probe definition pa 162 The difference is that the probe definition parameters are comma-delimited
187 instead of space. For example, adding myprobe !! 163 instead of space. For example, adding myprobe event on do_sys_open like below
188 164
189 p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx f 165 p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)
190 166
191 should be below for kernel boot parameter (jus !! 167 should be below for kernel boot parameter (just replace spaces with comma)
192 168
193 p:myprobe,do_sys_open,dfd=%ax,filename=%dx,f 169 p:myprobe,do_sys_open,dfd=%ax,filename=%dx,flags=%cx,mode=+4($stack)
194 170
195 171
196 Usage examples 172 Usage examples
197 -------------- 173 --------------
198 To add a probe as a new event, write a new def 174 To add a probe as a new event, write a new definition to kprobe_events
199 as below:: 175 as below::
200 176
201 echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename !! 177 echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
202 178
203 This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() 179 This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() function with recording
204 1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, 180 1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, which register/stack entry is
205 assigned to each function argument depends on 181 assigned to each function argument depends on arch-specific ABI. If you unsure
206 the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of 182 the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of perf-tools (you can find it
207 under tools/perf/). 183 under tools/perf/).
208 As this example shows, users can choose more f 184 As this example shows, users can choose more familiar names for each arguments.
209 :: 185 ::
210 186
211 echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> / !! 187 echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
212 188
213 This sets a kretprobe on the return point of d 189 This sets a kretprobe on the return point of do_sys_open() function with
214 recording return value as "myretprobe" event. 190 recording return value as "myretprobe" event.
215 You can see the format of these events via 191 You can see the format of these events via
216 /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/for !! 192 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/format.
217 :: 193 ::
218 194
219 cat /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/mypro !! 195 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/format
220 name: myprobe 196 name: myprobe
221 ID: 780 197 ID: 780
222 format: 198 format:
223 field:unsigned short common_type; 199 field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
224 field:unsigned char common_flags; 200 field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
225 field:unsigned char common_preempt_c 201 field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1;signed:0;
226 field:int common_pid; offset:4; 202 field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
227 203
228 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offs 204 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
229 field:int __probe_nargs; offs 205 field:int __probe_nargs; offset:16; size:4; signed:1;
230 field:unsigned long dfd; offs 206 field:unsigned long dfd; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
231 field:unsigned long filename; offs 207 field:unsigned long filename; offset:24; size:4; signed:0;
232 field:unsigned long flags; offs 208 field:unsigned long flags; offset:28; size:4; signed:0;
233 field:unsigned long mode; offs 209 field:unsigned long mode; offset:32; size:4; signed:0;
234 210
235 211
236 print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags 212 print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags=%lx mode=%lx", REC->__probe_ip,
237 REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mo 213 REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mode
238 214
239 You can see that the event has 4 arguments as 215 You can see that the event has 4 arguments as in the expressions you specified.
240 :: 216 ::
241 217
242 echo > /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events !! 218 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
243 219
244 This clears all probe points. 220 This clears all probe points.
245 221
246 Or, 222 Or,
247 :: 223 ::
248 224
249 echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events 225 echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events
250 226
251 This clears probe points selectively. 227 This clears probe points selectively.
252 228
253 Right after definition, each event is disabled 229 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
254 events, you need to enable it. 230 events, you need to enable it.
255 :: 231 ::
256 232
257 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/ !! 233 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/enable
258 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/ !! 234 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myretprobe/enable
259 235
260 Use the following command to start tracing in 236 Use the following command to start tracing in an interval.
261 :: 237 ::
262 238
263 # echo 1 > tracing_on 239 # echo 1 > tracing_on
264 Open something... 240 Open something...
265 # echo 0 > tracing_on 241 # echo 0 > tracing_on
266 242
267 And you can see the traced information via /sy !! 243 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace.
268 :: 244 ::
269 245
270 cat /sys/kernel/tracing/trace !! 246 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
271 # tracer: nop 247 # tracer: nop
272 # 248 #
273 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP F 249 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
274 # | | | | 250 # | | | | |
275 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286875: 251 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286875: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=3 filename=7fffd1ec4440 flags=8000 mode=0
276 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286878: 252 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286878: myretprobe: (sys_openat+0xc/0xe <- do_sys_open) $retval=fffffffffffffffe
277 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286885: 253 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286885: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=40413c flags=8000 mode=1b6
278 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286915: 254 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286915: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
279 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286969: 255 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286969: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=4041c6 flags=98800 mode=10
280 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286976: 256 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286976: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
281 257
282 258
283 Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, 259 Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, and <- SYMBOL means kernel
284 returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d < 260 returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open" means kernel
285 returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b). 261 returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b).
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