1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0-only OR BS !! 1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
2 include ../../scripts/Makefile.include 2 include ../../scripts/Makefile.include
>> 3 include ../../scripts/utilities.mak
3 4
4 ifeq ($(srctree),) 5 ifeq ($(srctree),)
5 srctree := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(CURDIR))) 6 srctree := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(CURDIR)))
6 srctree := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(srctree))) 7 srctree := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(srctree)))
7 srctree := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(srctree))) 8 srctree := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(srctree)))
8 endif 9 endif
9 10
10 ifeq ($(V),1) 11 ifeq ($(V),1)
11 Q = 12 Q =
12 else 13 else
13 Q = @ 14 Q = @
14 endif 15 endif
15 16
16 BPF_DIR = $(srctree)/tools/lib/bpf !! 17 BPF_DIR = $(srctree)/tools/lib/bpf/
17 18
18 ifneq ($(OUTPUT),) 19 ifneq ($(OUTPUT),)
19 _OUTPUT := $(OUTPUT) !! 20 LIBBPF_OUTPUT = $(OUTPUT)/libbpf/
>> 21 LIBBPF_PATH = $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT)
20 else 22 else
21 _OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/ !! 23 LIBBPF_PATH = $(BPF_DIR)
22 endif 24 endif
23 BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT := $(_OUTPUT)bootstrap/ <<
24 25
25 LIBBPF_OUTPUT := $(_OUTPUT)libbpf/ !! 26 LIBBPF = $(LIBBPF_PATH)libbpf.a
26 LIBBPF_DESTDIR := $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT) <<
27 LIBBPF_INCLUDE := $(LIBBPF_DESTDIR)include <<
28 LIBBPF_HDRS_DIR := $(LIBBPF_INCLUDE)/bpf <<
29 LIBBPF := $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT)libbpf.a <<
30 <<
31 LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT := $(BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT) <<
32 LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_DESTDIR := $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP <<
33 LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_INCLUDE := $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP <<
34 LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_HDRS_DIR := $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRA <<
35 LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP := $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT) <<
36 <<
37 # We need to copy hashmap.h, nlattr.h, relo_co <<
38 # which are not otherwise exported by libbpf, <<
39 LIBBPF_INTERNAL_HDRS := $(addprefix $(LIBBPF_H <<
40 LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_INTERNAL_HDRS := $(addprefix <<
41 <<
42 $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT) $(BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT) $(LIBBPF_ <<
43 $(QUIET_MKDIR)mkdir -p $@ <<
44 <<
45 $(LIBBPF): $(wildcard $(BPF_DIR)/*.[ch] $(BPF_ <<
46 $(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(BPF_DIR) OUTPUT=$(LIB <<
47 DESTDIR=$(LIBBPF_DESTDIR:/=) p <<
48 <<
49 $(LIBBPF_INTERNAL_HDRS): $(LIBBPF_HDRS_DIR)/%. <<
50 $(call QUIET_INSTALL, $@) <<
51 $(Q)install -m 644 -t $(LIBBPF_HDRS_DI <<
52 <<
53 $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP): $(wildcard $(BPF_DIR)/*.[ <<
54 $(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(BPF_DIR) OUTPUT=$(LIB <<
55 DESTDIR=$(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_DES <<
56 ARCH= CROSS_COMPILE= CC="$(HOS <<
57 <<
58 $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_INTERNAL_HDRS): $(LIBBPF_BO <<
59 $(call QUIET_INSTALL, $@) <<
60 $(Q)install -m 644 -t $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTR <<
61 27
62 $(LIBBPF)-clean: FORCE | $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT) !! 28 BPFTOOL_VERSION := $(shell make -rR --no-print-directory -sC ../../.. kernelversion)
>> 29
>> 30 $(LIBBPF): FORCE
>> 31 $(if $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT),@mkdir -p $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT))
>> 32 $(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(BPF_DIR) OUTPUT=$(LIBBPF_OUTPUT) $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT)libbpf.a
>> 33
>> 34 $(LIBBPF)-clean:
63 $(call QUIET_CLEAN, libbpf) 35 $(call QUIET_CLEAN, libbpf)
64 $(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(BPF_DIR) OUTPUT=$(LIB 36 $(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(BPF_DIR) OUTPUT=$(LIBBPF_OUTPUT) clean >/dev/null
65 37
66 $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP)-clean: FORCE | $(LIBBPF_BO <<
67 $(call QUIET_CLEAN, libbpf-bootstrap) <<
68 $(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(BPF_DIR) OUTPUT=$(LIB <<
69 <<
70 prefix ?= /usr/local 38 prefix ?= /usr/local
71 bash_compdir ?= /usr/share/bash-completion/com 39 bash_compdir ?= /usr/share/bash-completion/completions
72 40
73 CFLAGS += -O2 41 CFLAGS += -O2
74 CFLAGS += -W -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-paramet 42 CFLAGS += -W -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-missing-field-initializers
75 CFLAGS += $(filter-out -Wswitch-enum -Wnested- !! 43 CFLAGS += $(filter-out -Wswitch-enum,$(EXTRA_WARNINGS))
76 CFLAGS += -DPACKAGE='"bpftool"' -D__EXPORTED_H 44 CFLAGS += -DPACKAGE='"bpftool"' -D__EXPORTED_HEADERS__ \
77 -I$(or $(OUTPUT),.) \ <<
78 -I$(LIBBPF_INCLUDE) \ <<
79 -I$(srctree)/kernel/bpf/ \ 45 -I$(srctree)/kernel/bpf/ \
80 -I$(srctree)/tools/include \ 46 -I$(srctree)/tools/include \
81 -I$(srctree)/tools/include/uapi !! 47 -I$(srctree)/tools/include/uapi \
82 ifneq ($(BPFTOOL_VERSION),) !! 48 -I$(srctree)/tools/lib \
>> 49 -I$(srctree)/tools/perf
83 CFLAGS += -DBPFTOOL_VERSION='"$(BPFTOOL_VERSIO 50 CFLAGS += -DBPFTOOL_VERSION='"$(BPFTOOL_VERSION)"'
84 endif <<
85 ifneq ($(EXTRA_CFLAGS),) 51 ifneq ($(EXTRA_CFLAGS),)
86 CFLAGS += $(EXTRA_CFLAGS) 52 CFLAGS += $(EXTRA_CFLAGS)
87 endif 53 endif
88 ifneq ($(EXTRA_LDFLAGS),) 54 ifneq ($(EXTRA_LDFLAGS),)
89 LDFLAGS += $(EXTRA_LDFLAGS) 55 LDFLAGS += $(EXTRA_LDFLAGS)
90 endif 56 endif
91 57
92 HOST_CFLAGS := $(subst -I$(LIBBPF_INCLUDE),-I$ <<
93 $(subst $(CLANG_CROSS_FLAGS),, <<
94 HOST_LDFLAGS := $(LDFLAGS) <<
95 <<
96 INSTALL ?= install 58 INSTALL ?= install
97 RM ?= rm -f 59 RM ?= rm -f
>> 60 CLANG ?= clang
98 61
99 FEATURE_USER = .bpftool 62 FEATURE_USER = .bpftool
100 !! 63 FEATURE_TESTS = libbfd disassembler-four-args reallocarray zlib libcap \
101 FEATURE_TESTS := clang-bpf-co-re !! 64 clang-bpf-global-var
102 FEATURE_TESTS += llvm !! 65 FEATURE_DISPLAY = libbfd disassembler-four-args zlib libcap \
103 FEATURE_TESTS += libcap !! 66 clang-bpf-global-var
104 FEATURE_TESTS += libbfd <<
105 FEATURE_TESTS += libbfd-liberty <<
106 FEATURE_TESTS += libbfd-liberty-z <<
107 FEATURE_TESTS += disassembler-four-args <<
108 FEATURE_TESTS += disassembler-init-styled <<
109 <<
110 FEATURE_DISPLAY := clang-bpf-co-re <<
111 FEATURE_DISPLAY += llvm <<
112 FEATURE_DISPLAY += libcap <<
113 FEATURE_DISPLAY += libbfd <<
114 FEATURE_DISPLAY += libbfd-liberty <<
115 FEATURE_DISPLAY += libbfd-liberty-z <<
116 67
117 check_feat := 1 68 check_feat := 1
118 NON_CHECK_FEAT_TARGETS := clean uninstall doc 69 NON_CHECK_FEAT_TARGETS := clean uninstall doc doc-clean doc-install doc-uninstall
119 ifdef MAKECMDGOALS 70 ifdef MAKECMDGOALS
120 ifeq ($(filter-out $(NON_CHECK_FEAT_TARGETS),$ 71 ifeq ($(filter-out $(NON_CHECK_FEAT_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
121 check_feat := 0 72 check_feat := 0
122 endif 73 endif
123 endif 74 endif
124 75
125 ifeq ($(check_feat),1) 76 ifeq ($(check_feat),1)
126 ifeq ($(FEATURES_DUMP),) 77 ifeq ($(FEATURES_DUMP),)
127 include $(srctree)/tools/build/Makefile.featur 78 include $(srctree)/tools/build/Makefile.feature
128 else 79 else
129 include $(FEATURES_DUMP) 80 include $(FEATURES_DUMP)
130 endif 81 endif
131 endif 82 endif
132 83
>> 84 ifeq ($(feature-disassembler-four-args), 1)
>> 85 CFLAGS += -DDISASM_FOUR_ARGS_SIGNATURE
>> 86 endif
>> 87
>> 88 ifeq ($(feature-reallocarray), 0)
>> 89 CFLAGS += -DCOMPAT_NEED_REALLOCARRAY
>> 90 endif
>> 91
133 LIBS = $(LIBBPF) -lelf -lz 92 LIBS = $(LIBBPF) -lelf -lz
134 LIBS_BOOTSTRAP = $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP) -lelf -lz <<
135 ifeq ($(feature-libcap), 1) 93 ifeq ($(feature-libcap), 1)
136 CFLAGS += -DUSE_LIBCAP 94 CFLAGS += -DUSE_LIBCAP
137 LIBS += -lcap 95 LIBS += -lcap
138 endif 96 endif
139 97
140 include $(wildcard $(OUTPUT)*.d) 98 include $(wildcard $(OUTPUT)*.d)
141 99
142 all: $(OUTPUT)bpftool 100 all: $(OUTPUT)bpftool
143 101
144 SRCS := $(wildcard *.c) !! 102 BFD_SRCS = jit_disasm.c
145 103
146 ifeq ($(feature-llvm),1) !! 104 SRCS = $(filter-out $(BFD_SRCS),$(wildcard *.c))
147 # If LLVM is available, use it for JIT disas <<
148 CFLAGS += -DHAVE_LLVM_SUPPORT <<
149 LLVM_CONFIG_LIB_COMPONENTS := mcdisassembler <<
150 CFLAGS += $(shell $(LLVM_CONFIG) --cflags) <<
151 LIBS += $(shell $(LLVM_CONFIG) --libs $(L <<
152 ifeq ($(shell $(LLVM_CONFIG) --shared-mode), <<
153 LIBS += $(shell $(LLVM_CONFIG) --system-li <<
154 LIBS += -lstdc++ <<
155 endif <<
156 LDFLAGS += $(shell $(LLVM_CONFIG) --ldflags) <<
157 else <<
158 # Fall back on libbfd <<
159 ifeq ($(feature-libbfd),1) <<
160 LIBS += -lbfd -ldl -lopcodes <<
161 else ifeq ($(feature-libbfd-liberty),1) <<
162 LIBS += -lbfd -ldl -lopcodes -liberty <<
163 else ifeq ($(feature-libbfd-liberty-z),1) <<
164 LIBS += -lbfd -ldl -lopcodes -liberty -lz <<
165 endif <<
166 <<
167 # If one of the above feature combinations i <<
168 ifneq ($(filter -lbfd,$(LIBS)),) <<
169 CFLAGS += -DHAVE_LIBBFD_SUPPORT <<
170 <<
171 # Libbfd interface changed over time, figu <<
172 ifeq ($(feature-disassembler-four-args), 1 <<
173 CFLAGS += -DDISASM_FOUR_ARGS_SIGNATURE <<
174 endif <<
175 ifeq ($(feature-disassembler-init-styled), <<
176 CFLAGS += -DDISASM_INIT_STYLED <<
177 endif <<
178 endif <<
179 endif <<
180 ifeq ($(filter -DHAVE_LLVM_SUPPORT -DHAVE_LIBB <<
181 # No support for JIT disassembly <<
182 SRCS := $(filter-out jit_disasm.c,$(SRCS)) <<
183 endif <<
184 105
185 BPFTOOL_BOOTSTRAP := $(BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT)bpftoo !! 106 ifeq ($(feature-libbfd),1)
>> 107 LIBS += -lbfd -ldl -lopcodes
>> 108 else ifeq ($(feature-libbfd-liberty),1)
>> 109 LIBS += -lbfd -ldl -lopcodes -liberty
>> 110 else ifeq ($(feature-libbfd-liberty-z),1)
>> 111 LIBS += -lbfd -ldl -lopcodes -liberty -lz
>> 112 endif
186 113
187 BOOTSTRAP_OBJS = $(addprefix $(BOOTSTRAP_OUTPU !! 114 ifneq ($(filter -lbfd,$(LIBS)),)
188 $(BOOTSTRAP_OBJS): $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP) !! 115 CFLAGS += -DHAVE_LIBBFD_SUPPORT
>> 116 SRCS += $(BFD_SRCS)
>> 117 endif
189 118
190 OBJS = $(patsubst %.c,$(OUTPUT)%.o,$(SRCS)) $( 119 OBJS = $(patsubst %.c,$(OUTPUT)%.o,$(SRCS)) $(OUTPUT)disasm.o
191 $(OBJS): $(LIBBPF) $(LIBBPF_INTERNAL_HDRS) !! 120 _OBJS = $(filter-out $(OUTPUT)prog.o,$(OBJS)) $(OUTPUT)_prog.o
192 <<
193 VMLINUX_BTF_PATHS ?= $(if $(O),$(O)/vmlinux) <<
194 $(if $(KBUILD_OUTPUT),$(K <<
195 ../../../vmlinux <<
196 /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux <<
197 /boot/vmlinux-$(shell una <<
198 VMLINUX_BTF ?= $(abspath $(firstword $(wildcar <<
199 121
200 bootstrap: $(BPFTOOL_BOOTSTRAP) !! 122 ifeq ($(feature-clang-bpf-global-var),1)
201 !! 123 __OBJS = $(OBJS)
202 ifneq ($(VMLINUX_BTF)$(VMLINUX_H),) <<
203 ifeq ($(feature-clang-bpf-co-re),1) <<
204 <<
205 BUILD_BPF_SKELS := 1 <<
206 <<
207 ifeq ($(VMLINUX_H),) <<
208 $(OUTPUT)vmlinux.h: $(VMLINUX_BTF) $(BPFTOOL_B <<
209 $(QUIET_GEN)$(BPFTOOL_BOOTSTRAP) btf d <<
210 else 124 else
211 $(OUTPUT)vmlinux.h: $(VMLINUX_H) !! 125 __OBJS = $(_OBJS)
212 $(Q)cp "$(VMLINUX_H)" $@ <<
213 endif 126 endif
214 127
215 $(OUTPUT)%.bpf.o: skeleton/%.bpf.c $(OUTPUT)vm !! 128 $(OUTPUT)_prog.o: prog.c
>> 129 $(QUIET_CC)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -MMD -DBPFTOOL_WITHOUT_SKELETONS -o $@ $<
>> 130
>> 131 $(OUTPUT)_bpftool: $(_OBJS) $(LIBBPF)
>> 132 $(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(_OBJS) $(LIBS)
>> 133
>> 134 skeleton/profiler.bpf.o: skeleton/profiler.bpf.c $(LIBBPF)
216 $(QUIET_CLANG)$(CLANG) \ 135 $(QUIET_CLANG)$(CLANG) \
217 -I$(or $(OUTPUT),.) \ <<
218 -I$(srctree)/tools/include/uap 136 -I$(srctree)/tools/include/uapi/ \
219 -I$(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP_INCLUDE) !! 137 -I$(LIBBPF_PATH) -I$(srctree)/tools/lib \
220 -g -O2 -Wall -fno-stack-protec !! 138 -g -O2 -target bpf -c $< -o $@
221 --target=bpf -c $< -o $@ <<
222 $(Q)$(LLVM_STRIP) -g $@ <<
223 <<
224 $(OUTPUT)%.skel.h: $(OUTPUT)%.bpf.o $(BPFTOOL_ <<
225 $(QUIET_GEN)$(BPFTOOL_BOOTSTRAP) gen s <<
226 139
227 $(OUTPUT)prog.o: $(OUTPUT)profiler.skel.h !! 140 profiler.skel.h: $(OUTPUT)_bpftool skeleton/profiler.bpf.o
>> 141 $(QUIET_GEN)$(OUTPUT)./_bpftool gen skeleton skeleton/profiler.bpf.o > $@
228 142
229 $(OUTPUT)pids.o: $(OUTPUT)pid_iter.skel.h !! 143 $(OUTPUT)prog.o: prog.c profiler.skel.h
230 !! 144 $(QUIET_CC)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -MMD -o $@ $<
231 endif <<
232 endif <<
233 <<
234 CFLAGS += $(if $(BUILD_BPF_SKELS),,-DBPFTOOL_W <<
235 145
236 $(OUTPUT)disasm.o: $(srctree)/kernel/bpf/disas 146 $(OUTPUT)disasm.o: $(srctree)/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
237 $(QUIET_CC)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -MMD $< !! 147 $(QUIET_CC)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -MMD -o $@ $<
238 148
239 $(BPFTOOL_BOOTSTRAP): $(BOOTSTRAP_OBJS) $(LIBB !! 149 $(OUTPUT)feature.o: | zdep
240 $(QUIET_LINK)$(HOSTCC) $(HOST_CFLAGS) <<
241 150
242 $(OUTPUT)bpftool: $(OBJS) $(LIBBPF) !! 151 $(OUTPUT)bpftool: $(__OBJS) $(LIBBPF)
243 $(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS !! 152 $(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(__OBJS) $(LIBS)
244 <<
245 $(BOOTSTRAP_OUTPUT)%.o: %.c $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP <<
246 $(QUIET_CC)$(HOSTCC) $(HOST_CFLAGS) -c <<
247 153
248 $(OUTPUT)%.o: %.c 154 $(OUTPUT)%.o: %.c
249 $(QUIET_CC)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -MMD $< !! 155 $(QUIET_CC)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -MMD -o $@ $<
250 <<
251 feature-detect-clean: <<
252 $(call QUIET_CLEAN, feature-detect) <<
253 $(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(srctree)/tools/build/ <<
254 156
255 clean: $(LIBBPF)-clean $(LIBBPF_BOOTSTRAP)-cle !! 157 clean: $(LIBBPF)-clean
256 $(call QUIET_CLEAN, bpftool) 158 $(call QUIET_CLEAN, bpftool)
257 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(OUTPUT)bpftool $(OUTPUT 159 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(OUTPUT)bpftool $(OUTPUT)*.o $(OUTPUT)*.d
258 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(OUTPUT)*.skel.h $(OUTPU !! 160 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(OUTPUT)_bpftool profiler.skel.h skeleton/profiler.bpf.o
259 $(Q)$(RM) -r -- $(LIBBPF_OUTPUT) $(BOO !! 161 $(Q)$(RM) -r -- $(OUTPUT)libbpf/
260 $(call QUIET_CLEAN, core-gen) 162 $(call QUIET_CLEAN, core-gen)
261 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(OUTPUT)FEATURE-DUMP.bpf 163 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(OUTPUT)FEATURE-DUMP.bpftool
262 $(Q)$(RM) -r -- $(OUTPUT)feature/ 164 $(Q)$(RM) -r -- $(OUTPUT)feature/
263 165
264 install-bin: $(OUTPUT)bpftool !! 166 install: $(OUTPUT)bpftool
265 $(call QUIET_INSTALL, bpftool) 167 $(call QUIET_INSTALL, bpftool)
266 $(Q)$(INSTALL) -m 0755 -d $(DESTDIR)$( 168 $(Q)$(INSTALL) -m 0755 -d $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/sbin
267 $(Q)$(INSTALL) $(OUTPUT)bpftool $(DEST 169 $(Q)$(INSTALL) $(OUTPUT)bpftool $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/sbin/bpftool
268 <<
269 install: install-bin <<
270 $(Q)$(INSTALL) -m 0755 -d $(DESTDIR)$( 170 $(Q)$(INSTALL) -m 0755 -d $(DESTDIR)$(bash_compdir)
271 $(Q)$(INSTALL) -m 0644 bash-completion 171 $(Q)$(INSTALL) -m 0644 bash-completion/bpftool $(DESTDIR)$(bash_compdir)
272 172
273 uninstall: 173 uninstall:
274 $(call QUIET_UNINST, bpftool) 174 $(call QUIET_UNINST, bpftool)
275 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/sbin/ 175 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/sbin/bpftool
276 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(DESTDIR)$(bash_compdir) 176 $(Q)$(RM) -- $(DESTDIR)$(bash_compdir)/bpftool
277 177
278 doc: 178 doc:
279 $(call descend,Documentation) 179 $(call descend,Documentation)
280 180
281 doc-clean: 181 doc-clean:
282 $(call descend,Documentation,clean) 182 $(call descend,Documentation,clean)
283 183
284 doc-install: 184 doc-install:
285 $(call descend,Documentation,install) 185 $(call descend,Documentation,install)
286 186
287 doc-uninstall: 187 doc-uninstall:
288 $(call descend,Documentation,uninstall 188 $(call descend,Documentation,uninstall)
289 189
290 FORCE: 190 FORCE:
291 191
292 .SECONDARY: !! 192 zdep:
293 .PHONY: all FORCE bootstrap clean install-bin !! 193 @if [ "$(feature-zlib)" != "1" ]; then echo "No zlib found"; exit 1 ; fi
>> 194
>> 195 .PHONY: all FORCE clean install uninstall zdep
294 .PHONY: doc doc-clean doc-install doc-uninstal 196 .PHONY: doc doc-clean doc-install doc-uninstall
295 .DEFAULT_GOAL := all 197 .DEFAULT_GOAL := all
296 <<
297 # Delete partially updated (corrupted) files o <<
298 .DELETE_ON_ERROR: <<
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