TOMOYO Linux Cross Reference
Linux/fs/namei.c

   // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
   /*
    *  linux/fs/namei.c
    *
    *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
    */
   
   /*
    * Some corrections by tytso.
   */
  
  /* [Feb 1997 T. Schoebel-Theuer] Complete rewrite of the pathname
   * lookup logic.
   */
  /* [Feb-Apr 2000, AV] Rewrite to the new namespace architecture.
   */
  
  #include <linux/init.h>
  #include <linux/export.h>
  #include <linux/slab.h>
  #include <linux/wordpart.h>
  #include <linux/fs.h>
  #include <linux/filelock.h>
  #include <linux/namei.h>
  #include <linux/pagemap.h>
  #include <linux/sched/mm.h>
  #include <linux/fsnotify.h>
  #include <linux/personality.h>
  #include <linux/security.h>
  #include <linux/syscalls.h>
  #include <linux/mount.h>
  #include <linux/audit.h>
  #include <linux/capability.h>
  #include <linux/file.h>
  #include <linux/fcntl.h>
  #include <linux/device_cgroup.h>
  #include <linux/fs_struct.h>
  #include <linux/posix_acl.h>
  #include <linux/hash.h>
  #include <linux/bitops.h>
  #include <linux/init_task.h>
  #include <linux/uaccess.h>
  
  #include "internal.h"
  #include "mount.h"
  
  /* [Feb-1997 T. Schoebel-Theuer]
   * Fundamental changes in the pathname lookup mechanisms (namei)
   * were necessary because of omirr.  The reason is that omirr needs
   * to know the _real_ pathname, not the user-supplied one, in case
   * of symlinks (and also when transname replacements occur).
   *
   * The new code replaces the old recursive symlink resolution with
   * an iterative one (in case of non-nested symlink chains).  It does
   * this with calls to <fs>_follow_link().
   * As a side effect, dir_namei(), _namei() and follow_link() are now 
   * replaced with a single function lookup_dentry() that can handle all 
   * the special cases of the former code.
   *
   * With the new dcache, the pathname is stored at each inode, at least as
   * long as the refcount of the inode is positive.  As a side effect, the
   * size of the dcache depends on the inode cache and thus is dynamic.
   *
   * [29-Apr-1998 C. Scott Ananian] Updated above description of symlink
   * resolution to correspond with current state of the code.
   *
   * Note that the symlink resolution is not *completely* iterative.
   * There is still a significant amount of tail- and mid- recursion in
   * the algorithm.  Also, note that <fs>_readlink() is not used in
   * lookup_dentry(): lookup_dentry() on the result of <fs>_readlink()
   * may return different results than <fs>_follow_link().  Many virtual
   * filesystems (including /proc) exhibit this behavior.
   */
  
  /* [24-Feb-97 T. Schoebel-Theuer] Side effects caused by new implementation:
   * New symlink semantics: when open() is called with flags O_CREAT | O_EXCL
   * and the name already exists in form of a symlink, try to create the new
   * name indicated by the symlink. The old code always complained that the
   * name already exists, due to not following the symlink even if its target
   * is nonexistent.  The new semantics affects also mknod() and link() when
   * the name is a symlink pointing to a non-existent name.
   *
   * I don't know which semantics is the right one, since I have no access
   * to standards. But I found by trial that HP-UX 9.0 has the full "new"
   * semantics implemented, while SunOS 4.1.1 and Solaris (SunOS 5.4) have the
   * "old" one. Personally, I think the new semantics is much more logical.
   * Note that "ln old new" where "new" is a symlink pointing to a non-existing
   * file does succeed in both HP-UX and SunOs, but not in Solaris
   * and in the old Linux semantics.
   */
  
  /* [16-Dec-97 Kevin Buhr] For security reasons, we change some symlink
   * semantics.  See the comments in "open_namei" and "do_link" below.
   *
   * [10-Sep-98 Alan Modra] Another symlink change.
   */
  
  /* [Feb-Apr 2000 AV] Complete rewrite. Rules for symlinks:
   *      inside the path - always follow.
  *      in the last component in creation/removal/renaming - never follow.
  *      if LOOKUP_FOLLOW passed - follow.
  *      if the pathname has trailing slashes - follow.
  *      otherwise - don't follow.
  * (applied in that order).
  *
  * [Jun 2000 AV] Inconsistent behaviour of open() in case if flags==O_CREAT
  * restored for 2.4. This is the last surviving part of old 4.2BSD bug.
  * During the 2.4 we need to fix the userland stuff depending on it -
  * hopefully we will be able to get rid of that wart in 2.5. So far only
  * XEmacs seems to be relying on it...
  */
 /*
  * [Sep 2001 AV] Single-semaphore locking scheme (kudos to David Holland)
  * implemented.  Let's see if raised priority of ->s_vfs_rename_mutex gives
  * any extra contention...
  */
 
 /* In order to reduce some races, while at the same time doing additional
  * checking and hopefully speeding things up, we copy filenames to the
  * kernel data space before using them..
  *
  * POSIX.1 2.4: an empty pathname is invalid (ENOENT).
  * PATH_MAX includes the nul terminator --RR.
  */
 
 #define EMBEDDED_NAME_MAX       (PATH_MAX - offsetof(struct filename, iname))
 
 struct filename *
 getname_flags(const char __user *filename, int flags)
 {
         struct filename *result;
         char *kname;
         int len;
 
         result = audit_reusename(filename);
         if (result)
                 return result;
 
         result = __getname();
         if (unlikely(!result))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 
         /*
          * First, try to embed the struct filename inside the names_cache
          * allocation
          */
         kname = (char *)result->iname;
         result->name = kname;
 
         len = strncpy_from_user(kname, filename, EMBEDDED_NAME_MAX);
         /*
          * Handle both empty path and copy failure in one go.
          */
         if (unlikely(len <= 0)) {
                 if (unlikely(len < 0)) {
                         __putname(result);
                         return ERR_PTR(len);
                 }
 
                 /* The empty path is special. */
                 if (!(flags & LOOKUP_EMPTY)) {
                         __putname(result);
                         return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
                 }
         }
 
         /*
          * Uh-oh. We have a name that's approaching PATH_MAX. Allocate a
          * separate struct filename so we can dedicate the entire
          * names_cache allocation for the pathname, and re-do the copy from
          * userland.
          */
         if (unlikely(len == EMBEDDED_NAME_MAX)) {
                 const size_t size = offsetof(struct filename, iname[1]);
                 kname = (char *)result;
 
                 /*
                  * size is chosen that way we to guarantee that
                  * result->iname[0] is within the same object and that
                  * kname can't be equal to result->iname, no matter what.
                  */
                 result = kzalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
                 if (unlikely(!result)) {
                         __putname(kname);
                         return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                 }
                 result->name = kname;
                 len = strncpy_from_user(kname, filename, PATH_MAX);
                 if (unlikely(len < 0)) {
                         __putname(kname);
                         kfree(result);
                         return ERR_PTR(len);
                 }
                 /* The empty path is special. */
                 if (unlikely(!len) && !(flags & LOOKUP_EMPTY)) {
                         __putname(kname);
                         kfree(result);
                         return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
                 }
                 if (unlikely(len == PATH_MAX)) {
                         __putname(kname);
                         kfree(result);
                         return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
                 }
         }
 
         atomic_set(&result->refcnt, 1);
         result->uptr = filename;
         result->aname = NULL;
         audit_getname(result);
         return result;
 }
 
 struct filename *
 getname_uflags(const char __user *filename, int uflags)
 {
         int flags = (uflags & AT_EMPTY_PATH) ? LOOKUP_EMPTY : 0;
 
         return getname_flags(filename, flags);
 }
 
 struct filename *
 getname(const char __user * filename)
 {
         return getname_flags(filename, 0);
 }
 
 struct filename *
 getname_kernel(const char * filename)
 {
         struct filename *result;
         int len = strlen(filename) + 1;
 
         result = __getname();
         if (unlikely(!result))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 
         if (len <= EMBEDDED_NAME_MAX) {
                 result->name = (char *)result->iname;
         } else if (len <= PATH_MAX) {
                 const size_t size = offsetof(struct filename, iname[1]);
                 struct filename *tmp;
 
                 tmp = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
                 if (unlikely(!tmp)) {
                         __putname(result);
                         return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                 }
                 tmp->name = (char *)result;
                 result = tmp;
         } else {
                 __putname(result);
                 return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
         }
         memcpy((char *)result->name, filename, len);
         result->uptr = NULL;
         result->aname = NULL;
         atomic_set(&result->refcnt, 1);
         audit_getname(result);
 
         return result;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(getname_kernel);
 
 void putname(struct filename *name)
 {
         if (IS_ERR(name))
                 return;
 
         if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!atomic_read(&name->refcnt)))
                 return;
 
         if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&name->refcnt))
                 return;
 
         if (name->name != name->iname) {
                 __putname(name->name);
                 kfree(name);
         } else
                 __putname(name);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(putname);
 
 /**
  * check_acl - perform ACL permission checking
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @inode:      inode to check permissions on
  * @mask:       right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC ...)
  *
  * This function performs the ACL permission checking. Since this function
  * retrieve POSIX acls it needs to know whether it is called from a blocking or
  * non-blocking context and thus cares about the MAY_NOT_BLOCK bit.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 static int check_acl(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                      struct inode *inode, int mask)
 {
 #ifdef CONFIG_FS_POSIX_ACL
         struct posix_acl *acl;
 
         if (mask & MAY_NOT_BLOCK) {
                 acl = get_cached_acl_rcu(inode, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS);
                 if (!acl)
                         return -EAGAIN;
                 /* no ->get_inode_acl() calls in RCU mode... */
                 if (is_uncached_acl(acl))
                         return -ECHILD;
                 return posix_acl_permission(idmap, inode, acl, mask);
         }
 
         acl = get_inode_acl(inode, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS);
         if (IS_ERR(acl))
                 return PTR_ERR(acl);
         if (acl) {
                 int error = posix_acl_permission(idmap, inode, acl, mask);
                 posix_acl_release(acl);
                 return error;
         }
 #endif
 
         return -EAGAIN;
 }
 
 /**
  * acl_permission_check - perform basic UNIX permission checking
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @inode:      inode to check permissions on
  * @mask:       right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC ...)
  *
  * This function performs the basic UNIX permission checking. Since this
  * function may retrieve POSIX acls it needs to know whether it is called from a
  * blocking or non-blocking context and thus cares about the MAY_NOT_BLOCK bit.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 static int acl_permission_check(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                                 struct inode *inode, int mask)
 {
         unsigned int mode = inode->i_mode;
         vfsuid_t vfsuid;
 
         /* Are we the owner? If so, ACL's don't matter */
         vfsuid = i_uid_into_vfsuid(idmap, inode);
         if (likely(vfsuid_eq_kuid(vfsuid, current_fsuid()))) {
                 mask &= 7;
                 mode >>= 6;
                 return (mask & ~mode) ? -EACCES : 0;
         }
 
         /* Do we have ACL's? */
         if (IS_POSIXACL(inode) && (mode & S_IRWXG)) {
                 int error = check_acl(idmap, inode, mask);
                 if (error != -EAGAIN)
                         return error;
         }
 
         /* Only RWX matters for group/other mode bits */
         mask &= 7;
 
         /*
          * Are the group permissions different from
          * the other permissions in the bits we care
          * about? Need to check group ownership if so.
          */
         if (mask & (mode ^ (mode >> 3))) {
                 vfsgid_t vfsgid = i_gid_into_vfsgid(idmap, inode);
                 if (vfsgid_in_group_p(vfsgid))
                         mode >>= 3;
         }
 
         /* Bits in 'mode' clear that we require? */
         return (mask & ~mode) ? -EACCES : 0;
 }
 
 /**
  * generic_permission -  check for access rights on a Posix-like filesystem
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @inode:      inode to check access rights for
  * @mask:       right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC,
  *              %MAY_NOT_BLOCK ...)
  *
  * Used to check for read/write/execute permissions on a file.
  * We use "fsuid" for this, letting us set arbitrary permissions
  * for filesystem access without changing the "normal" uids which
  * are used for other things.
  *
  * generic_permission is rcu-walk aware. It returns -ECHILD in case an rcu-walk
  * request cannot be satisfied (eg. requires blocking or too much complexity).
  * It would then be called again in ref-walk mode.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int generic_permission(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *inode,
                        int mask)
 {
         int ret;
 
         /*
          * Do the basic permission checks.
          */
         ret = acl_permission_check(idmap, inode, mask);
         if (ret != -EACCES)
                 return ret;
 
         if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
                 /* DACs are overridable for directories */
                 if (!(mask & MAY_WRITE))
                         if (capable_wrt_inode_uidgid(idmap, inode,
                                                      CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH))
                                 return 0;
                 if (capable_wrt_inode_uidgid(idmap, inode,
                                              CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE))
                         return 0;
                 return -EACCES;
         }
 
         /*
          * Searching includes executable on directories, else just read.
          */
         mask &= MAY_READ | MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC;
         if (mask == MAY_READ)
                 if (capable_wrt_inode_uidgid(idmap, inode,
                                              CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH))
                         return 0;
         /*
          * Read/write DACs are always overridable.
          * Executable DACs are overridable when there is
          * at least one exec bit set.
          */
         if (!(mask & MAY_EXEC) || (inode->i_mode & S_IXUGO))
                 if (capable_wrt_inode_uidgid(idmap, inode,
                                              CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE))
                         return 0;
 
         return -EACCES;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_permission);
 
 /**
  * do_inode_permission - UNIX permission checking
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @inode:      inode to check permissions on
  * @mask:       right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC ...)
  *
  * We _really_ want to just do "generic_permission()" without
  * even looking at the inode->i_op values. So we keep a cache
  * flag in inode->i_opflags, that says "this has not special
  * permission function, use the fast case".
  */
 static inline int do_inode_permission(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                                       struct inode *inode, int mask)
 {
         if (unlikely(!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_FASTPERM))) {
                 if (likely(inode->i_op->permission))
                         return inode->i_op->permission(idmap, inode, mask);
 
                 /* This gets set once for the inode lifetime */
                 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
                 inode->i_opflags |= IOP_FASTPERM;
                 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
         }
         return generic_permission(idmap, inode, mask);
 }
 
 /**
  * sb_permission - Check superblock-level permissions
  * @sb: Superblock of inode to check permission on
  * @inode: Inode to check permission on
  * @mask: Right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC)
  *
  * Separate out file-system wide checks from inode-specific permission checks.
  */
 static int sb_permission(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *inode, int mask)
 {
         if (unlikely(mask & MAY_WRITE)) {
                 umode_t mode = inode->i_mode;
 
                 /* Nobody gets write access to a read-only fs. */
                 if (sb_rdonly(sb) && (S_ISREG(mode) || S_ISDIR(mode) || S_ISLNK(mode)))
                         return -EROFS;
         }
         return 0;
 }
 
 /**
  * inode_permission - Check for access rights to a given inode
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @inode:      Inode to check permission on
  * @mask:       Right to check for (%MAY_READ, %MAY_WRITE, %MAY_EXEC)
  *
  * Check for read/write/execute permissions on an inode.  We use fs[ug]id for
  * this, letting us set arbitrary permissions for filesystem access without
  * changing the "normal" UIDs which are used for other things.
  *
  * When checking for MAY_APPEND, MAY_WRITE must also be set in @mask.
  */
 int inode_permission(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                      struct inode *inode, int mask)
 {
         int retval;
 
         retval = sb_permission(inode->i_sb, inode, mask);
         if (retval)
                 return retval;
 
         if (unlikely(mask & MAY_WRITE)) {
                 /*
                  * Nobody gets write access to an immutable file.
                  */
                 if (IS_IMMUTABLE(inode))
                         return -EPERM;
 
                 /*
                  * Updating mtime will likely cause i_uid and i_gid to be
                  * written back improperly if their true value is unknown
                  * to the vfs.
                  */
                 if (HAS_UNMAPPED_ID(idmap, inode))
                         return -EACCES;
         }
 
         retval = do_inode_permission(idmap, inode, mask);
         if (retval)
                 return retval;
 
         retval = devcgroup_inode_permission(inode, mask);
         if (retval)
                 return retval;
 
         return security_inode_permission(inode, mask);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(inode_permission);
 
 /**
  * path_get - get a reference to a path
  * @path: path to get the reference to
  *
  * Given a path increment the reference count to the dentry and the vfsmount.
  */
 void path_get(const struct path *path)
 {
         mntget(path->mnt);
         dget(path->dentry);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(path_get);
 
 /**
  * path_put - put a reference to a path
  * @path: path to put the reference to
  *
  * Given a path decrement the reference count to the dentry and the vfsmount.
  */
 void path_put(const struct path *path)
 {
         dput(path->dentry);
         mntput(path->mnt);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(path_put);
 
 #define EMBEDDED_LEVELS 2
 struct nameidata {
         struct path     path;
         struct qstr     last;
         struct path     root;
         struct inode    *inode; /* path.dentry.d_inode */
         unsigned int    flags, state;
         unsigned        seq, next_seq, m_seq, r_seq;
         int             last_type;
         unsigned        depth;
         int             total_link_count;
         struct saved {
                 struct path link;
                 struct delayed_call done;
                 const char *name;
                 unsigned seq;
         } *stack, internal[EMBEDDED_LEVELS];
         struct filename *name;
         struct nameidata *saved;
         unsigned        root_seq;
         int             dfd;
         vfsuid_t        dir_vfsuid;
         umode_t         dir_mode;
 } __randomize_layout;
 
 #define ND_ROOT_PRESET 1
 #define ND_ROOT_GRABBED 2
 #define ND_JUMPED 4
 
 static void __set_nameidata(struct nameidata *p, int dfd, struct filename *name)
 {
         struct nameidata *old = current->nameidata;
         p->stack = p->internal;
         p->depth = 0;
         p->dfd = dfd;
         p->name = name;
         p->path.mnt = NULL;
         p->path.dentry = NULL;
         p->total_link_count = old ? old->total_link_count : 0;
         p->saved = old;
         current->nameidata = p;
 }
 
 static inline void set_nameidata(struct nameidata *p, int dfd, struct filename *name,
                           const struct path *root)
 {
         __set_nameidata(p, dfd, name);
         p->state = 0;
         if (unlikely(root)) {
                 p->state = ND_ROOT_PRESET;
                 p->root = *root;
         }
 }
 
 static void restore_nameidata(void)
 {
         struct nameidata *now = current->nameidata, *old = now->saved;
 
         current->nameidata = old;
         if (old)
                 old->total_link_count = now->total_link_count;
         if (now->stack != now->internal)
                 kfree(now->stack);
 }
 
 static bool nd_alloc_stack(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         struct saved *p;
 
         p= kmalloc_array(MAXSYMLINKS, sizeof(struct saved),
                          nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU ? GFP_ATOMIC : GFP_KERNEL);
         if (unlikely(!p))
                 return false;
         memcpy(p, nd->internal, sizeof(nd->internal));
         nd->stack = p;
         return true;
 }
 
 /**
  * path_connected - Verify that a dentry is below mnt.mnt_root
  * @mnt: The mountpoint to check.
  * @dentry: The dentry to check.
  *
  * Rename can sometimes move a file or directory outside of a bind
  * mount, path_connected allows those cases to be detected.
  */
 static bool path_connected(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry)
 {
         struct super_block *sb = mnt->mnt_sb;
 
         /* Bind mounts can have disconnected paths */
         if (mnt->mnt_root == sb->s_root)
                 return true;
 
         return is_subdir(dentry, mnt->mnt_root);
 }
 
 static void drop_links(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         int i = nd->depth;
         while (i--) {
                 struct saved *last = nd->stack + i;
                 do_delayed_call(&last->done);
                 clear_delayed_call(&last->done);
         }
 }
 
 static void leave_rcu(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_RCU;
         nd->seq = nd->next_seq = 0;
         rcu_read_unlock();
 }
 
 static void terminate_walk(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         drop_links(nd);
         if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU)) {
                 int i;
                 path_put(&nd->path);
                 for (i = 0; i < nd->depth; i++)
                         path_put(&nd->stack[i].link);
                 if (nd->state & ND_ROOT_GRABBED) {
                         path_put(&nd->root);
                         nd->state &= ~ND_ROOT_GRABBED;
                 }
         } else {
                 leave_rcu(nd);
         }
         nd->depth = 0;
         nd->path.mnt = NULL;
         nd->path.dentry = NULL;
 }
 
 /* path_put is needed afterwards regardless of success or failure */
 static bool __legitimize_path(struct path *path, unsigned seq, unsigned mseq)
 {
         int res = __legitimize_mnt(path->mnt, mseq);
         if (unlikely(res)) {
                 if (res > 0)
                         path->mnt = NULL;
                 path->dentry = NULL;
                 return false;
         }
         if (unlikely(!lockref_get_not_dead(&path->dentry->d_lockref))) {
                 path->dentry = NULL;
                 return false;
         }
         return !read_seqcount_retry(&path->dentry->d_seq, seq);
 }
 
 static inline bool legitimize_path(struct nameidata *nd,
                             struct path *path, unsigned seq)
 {
         return __legitimize_path(path, seq, nd->m_seq);
 }
 
 static bool legitimize_links(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         int i;
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_CACHED)) {
                 drop_links(nd);
                 nd->depth = 0;
                 return false;
         }
         for (i = 0; i < nd->depth; i++) {
                 struct saved *last = nd->stack + i;
                 if (unlikely(!legitimize_path(nd, &last->link, last->seq))) {
                         drop_links(nd);
                         nd->depth = i + 1;
                         return false;
                 }
         }
         return true;
 }
 
 static bool legitimize_root(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         /* Nothing to do if nd->root is zero or is managed by the VFS user. */
         if (!nd->root.mnt || (nd->state & ND_ROOT_PRESET))
                 return true;
         nd->state |= ND_ROOT_GRABBED;
         return legitimize_path(nd, &nd->root, nd->root_seq);
 }
 
 /*
  * Path walking has 2 modes, rcu-walk and ref-walk (see
  * Documentation/filesystems/path-lookup.txt).  In situations when we can't
  * continue in RCU mode, we attempt to drop out of rcu-walk mode and grab
  * normal reference counts on dentries and vfsmounts to transition to ref-walk
  * mode.  Refcounts are grabbed at the last known good point before rcu-walk
  * got stuck, so ref-walk may continue from there. If this is not successful
  * (eg. a seqcount has changed), then failure is returned and it's up to caller
  * to restart the path walk from the beginning in ref-walk mode.
  */
 
 /**
  * try_to_unlazy - try to switch to ref-walk mode.
  * @nd: nameidata pathwalk data
  * Returns: true on success, false on failure
  *
  * try_to_unlazy attempts to legitimize the current nd->path and nd->root
  * for ref-walk mode.
  * Must be called from rcu-walk context.
  * Nothing should touch nameidata between try_to_unlazy() failure and
  * terminate_walk().
  */
 static bool try_to_unlazy(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         struct dentry *parent = nd->path.dentry;
 
         BUG_ON(!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU));
 
         if (unlikely(!legitimize_links(nd)))
                 goto out1;
         if (unlikely(!legitimize_path(nd, &nd->path, nd->seq)))
                 goto out;
         if (unlikely(!legitimize_root(nd)))
                 goto out;
         leave_rcu(nd);
         BUG_ON(nd->inode != parent->d_inode);
         return true;
 
 out1:
         nd->path.mnt = NULL;
         nd->path.dentry = NULL;
 out:
         leave_rcu(nd);
         return false;
 }
 
 /**
  * try_to_unlazy_next - try to switch to ref-walk mode.
  * @nd: nameidata pathwalk data
  * @dentry: next dentry to step into
  * Returns: true on success, false on failure
  *
  * Similar to try_to_unlazy(), but here we have the next dentry already
  * picked by rcu-walk and want to legitimize that in addition to the current
  * nd->path and nd->root for ref-walk mode.  Must be called from rcu-walk context.
  * Nothing should touch nameidata between try_to_unlazy_next() failure and
  * terminate_walk().
  */
 static bool try_to_unlazy_next(struct nameidata *nd, struct dentry *dentry)
 {
         int res;
         BUG_ON(!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU));
 
         if (unlikely(!legitimize_links(nd)))
                 goto out2;
         res = __legitimize_mnt(nd->path.mnt, nd->m_seq);
         if (unlikely(res)) {
                 if (res > 0)
                         goto out2;
                 goto out1;
         }
         if (unlikely(!lockref_get_not_dead(&nd->path.dentry->d_lockref)))
                 goto out1;
 
         /*
          * We need to move both the parent and the dentry from the RCU domain
          * to be properly refcounted. And the sequence number in the dentry
          * validates *both* dentry counters, since we checked the sequence
          * number of the parent after we got the child sequence number. So we
          * know the parent must still be valid if the child sequence number is
          */
         if (unlikely(!lockref_get_not_dead(&dentry->d_lockref)))
                 goto out;
         if (read_seqcount_retry(&dentry->d_seq, nd->next_seq))
                 goto out_dput;
         /*
          * Sequence counts matched. Now make sure that the root is
          * still valid and get it if required.
          */
         if (unlikely(!legitimize_root(nd)))
                 goto out_dput;
         leave_rcu(nd);
         return true;
 
 out2:
         nd->path.mnt = NULL;
 out1:
         nd->path.dentry = NULL;
 out:
         leave_rcu(nd);
         return false;
 out_dput:
         leave_rcu(nd);
         dput(dentry);
         return false;
 }
 
 static inline int d_revalidate(struct dentry *dentry, unsigned int flags)
 {
         if (unlikely(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_REVALIDATE))
                 return dentry->d_op->d_revalidate(dentry, flags);
         else
                 return 1;
 }
 
 /**
  * complete_walk - successful completion of path walk
  * @nd:  pointer nameidata
  *
  * If we had been in RCU mode, drop out of it and legitimize nd->path.
  * Revalidate the final result, unless we'd already done that during
  * the path walk or the filesystem doesn't ask for it.  Return 0 on
  * success, -error on failure.  In case of failure caller does not
  * need to drop nd->path.
  */
 static int complete_walk(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry = nd->path.dentry;
         int status;
 
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                 /*
                  * We don't want to zero nd->root for scoped-lookups or
                  * externally-managed nd->root.
                  */
                 if (!(nd->state & ND_ROOT_PRESET))
                         if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_IS_SCOPED))
                                 nd->root.mnt = NULL;
                 nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_CACHED;
                 if (!try_to_unlazy(nd))
                         return -ECHILD;
         }
 
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_IS_SCOPED)) {
                 /*
                  * While the guarantee of LOOKUP_IS_SCOPED is (roughly) "don't
                  * ever step outside the root during lookup" and should already
                  * be guaranteed by the rest of namei, we want to avoid a namei
                  * BUG resulting in userspace being given a path that was not
                  * scoped within the root at some point during the lookup.
                  *
                  * So, do a final sanity-check to make sure that in the
                  * worst-case scenario (a complete bypass of LOOKUP_IS_SCOPED)
                  * we won't silently return an fd completely outside of the
                  * requested root to userspace.
                  *
                  * Userspace could move the path outside the root after this
                  * check, but as discussed elsewhere this is not a concern (the
                  * resolved file was inside the root at some point).
                  */
                 if (!path_is_under(&nd->path, &nd->root))
                         return -EXDEV;
         }
 
         if (likely(!(nd->state & ND_JUMPED)))
                 return 0;
 
         if (likely(!(dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_WEAK_REVALIDATE)))
                 return 0;
 
         status = dentry->d_op->d_weak_revalidate(dentry, nd->flags);
         if (status > 0)
                 return 0;
 
         if (!status)
                 status = -ESTALE;
 
         return status;
 }
 
 static int set_root(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         struct fs_struct *fs = current->fs;
 
         /*
          * Jumping to the real root in a scoped-lookup is a BUG in namei, but we
          * still have to ensure it doesn't happen because it will cause a breakout
          * from the dirfd.
          */
         if (WARN_ON(nd->flags & LOOKUP_IS_SCOPED))
                 return -ENOTRECOVERABLE;
 
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                 unsigned seq;
 
                 do {
                         seq = read_seqcount_begin(&fs->seq);
                         nd->root = fs->root;
                         nd->root_seq = __read_seqcount_begin(&nd->root.dentry->d_seq);
                 } while (read_seqcount_retry(&fs->seq, seq));
         } else {
                 get_fs_root(fs, &nd->root);
                 nd->state |= ND_ROOT_GRABBED;
         }
         return 0;
 }
 
 static int nd_jump_root(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_BENEATH))
                 return -EXDEV;
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_NO_XDEV)) {
                 /* Absolute path arguments to path_init() are allowed. */
                 if (nd->path.mnt != NULL && nd->path.mnt != nd->root.mnt)
                         return -EXDEV;
         }
         if (!nd->root.mnt) {
                 int error = set_root(nd);
                 if (error)
                         return error;
         }
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                 struct dentry *d;
                 nd->path = nd->root;
                 d = nd->path.dentry;
                 nd->inode = d->d_inode;
                 nd->seq = nd->root_seq;
                 if (read_seqcount_retry(&d->d_seq, nd->seq))
                         return -ECHILD;
         } else {
                 path_put(&nd->path);
                 nd->path = nd->root;
                 path_get(&nd->path);
                 nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
         }
         nd->state |= ND_JUMPED;
         return 0;
 }
 
 /*
  * Helper to directly jump to a known parsed path from ->get_link,
  * caller must have taken a reference to path beforehand.
  */
 int nd_jump_link(const struct path *path)
 {
         int error = -ELOOP;
         struct nameidata *nd = current->nameidata;
 
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_NO_MAGICLINKS))
                 goto err;
 
         error = -EXDEV;
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_NO_XDEV)) {
                 if (nd->path.mnt != path->mnt)
                         goto err;
         }
         /* Not currently safe for scoped-lookups. */
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_IS_SCOPED))
                 goto err;
 
         path_put(&nd->path);
         nd->path = *path;
         nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
         nd->state |= ND_JUMPED;
         return 0;
 
 err:
         path_put(path);
         return error;
 }
 
 static inline void put_link(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         struct saved *last = nd->stack + --nd->depth;
         do_delayed_call(&last->done);
         if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU))
                 path_put(&last->link);
 }
 
 static int sysctl_protected_symlinks __read_mostly;
 static int sysctl_protected_hardlinks __read_mostly;
 static int sysctl_protected_fifos __read_mostly;
 static int sysctl_protected_regular __read_mostly;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
 static struct ctl_table namei_sysctls[] = {
         {
                 .procname       = "protected_symlinks",
                 .data           = &sysctl_protected_symlinks,
                 .maxlen         = sizeof(int),
                 .mode           = 0644,
                 .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                 .extra1         = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                 .extra2         = SYSCTL_ONE,
         },
         {
                 .procname       = "protected_hardlinks",
                 .data           = &sysctl_protected_hardlinks,
                 .maxlen         = sizeof(int),
                 .mode           = 0644,
                 .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                 .extra1         = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                 .extra2         = SYSCTL_ONE,
         },
         {
                 .procname       = "protected_fifos",
                 .data           = &sysctl_protected_fifos,
                 .maxlen         = sizeof(int),
                 .mode           = 0644,
                 .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                 .extra1         = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                 .extra2         = SYSCTL_TWO,
         },
         {
                 .procname       = "protected_regular",
                 .data           = &sysctl_protected_regular,
                 .maxlen         = sizeof(int),
                 .mode           = 0644,
                 .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
                 .extra1         = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                 .extra2         = SYSCTL_TWO,
         },
 };
 
 static int __init init_fs_namei_sysctls(void)
 {
         register_sysctl_init("fs", namei_sysctls);
         return 0;
 }
 fs_initcall(init_fs_namei_sysctls);
 
 #endif /* CONFIG_SYSCTL */
 
 /**
  * may_follow_link - Check symlink following for unsafe situations
  * @nd: nameidata pathwalk data
  * @inode: Used for idmapping.
  *
  * In the case of the sysctl_protected_symlinks sysctl being enabled,
  * CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE needs to be specifically ignored if the symlink is
  * in a sticky world-writable directory. This is to protect privileged
  * processes from failing races against path names that may change out
  * from under them by way of other users creating malicious symlinks.
  * It will permit symlinks to be followed only when outside a sticky
  * world-writable directory, or when the uid of the symlink and follower
  * match, or when the directory owner matches the symlink's owner.
  *
  * Returns 0 if following the symlink is allowed, -ve on error.
  */
 static inline int may_follow_link(struct nameidata *nd, const struct inode *inode)
 {
         struct mnt_idmap *idmap;
         vfsuid_t vfsuid;
 
         if (!sysctl_protected_symlinks)
                 return 0;
 
         idmap = mnt_idmap(nd->path.mnt);
         vfsuid = i_uid_into_vfsuid(idmap, inode);
         /* Allowed if owner and follower match. */
         if (vfsuid_eq_kuid(vfsuid, current_fsuid()))
                 return 0;
 
         /* Allowed if parent directory not sticky and world-writable. */
         if ((nd->dir_mode & (S_ISVTX|S_IWOTH)) != (S_ISVTX|S_IWOTH))
                 return 0;
 
         /* Allowed if parent directory and link owner match. */
         if (vfsuid_valid(nd->dir_vfsuid) && vfsuid_eq(nd->dir_vfsuid, vfsuid))
                 return 0;
 
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU)
                 return -ECHILD;
 
         audit_inode(nd->name, nd->stack[0].link.dentry, 0);
         audit_log_path_denied(AUDIT_ANOM_LINK, "follow_link");
         return -EACCES;
 }
 
 /**
  * safe_hardlink_source - Check for safe hardlink conditions
  * @idmap: idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @inode: the source inode to hardlink from
  *
  * Return false if at least one of the following conditions:
  *    - inode is not a regular file
  *    - inode is setuid
  *    - inode is setgid and group-exec
  *    - access failure for read and write
  *
  * Otherwise returns true.
  */
 static bool safe_hardlink_source(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                                  struct inode *inode)
 {
         umode_t mode = inode->i_mode;
 
         /* Special files should not get pinned to the filesystem. */
         if (!S_ISREG(mode))
                 return false;
 
         /* Setuid files should not get pinned to the filesystem. */
         if (mode & S_ISUID)
                 return false;
 
         /* Executable setgid files should not get pinned to the filesystem. */
         if ((mode & (S_ISGID | S_IXGRP)) == (S_ISGID | S_IXGRP))
                 return false;
 
         /* Hardlinking to unreadable or unwritable sources is dangerous. */
         if (inode_permission(idmap, inode, MAY_READ | MAY_WRITE))
                 return false;
 
         return true;
 }
 
 /**
  * may_linkat - Check permissions for creating a hardlink
  * @idmap: idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @link:  the source to hardlink from
  *
  * Block hardlink when all of:
  *  - sysctl_protected_hardlinks enabled
  *  - fsuid does not match inode
  *  - hardlink source is unsafe (see safe_hardlink_source() above)
  *  - not CAP_FOWNER in a namespace with the inode owner uid mapped
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  *
  * Returns 0 if successful, -ve on error.
  */
 int may_linkat(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, const struct path *link)
 {
         struct inode *inode = link->dentry->d_inode;
 
         /* Inode writeback is not safe when the uid or gid are invalid. */
         if (!vfsuid_valid(i_uid_into_vfsuid(idmap, inode)) ||
             !vfsgid_valid(i_gid_into_vfsgid(idmap, inode)))
                 return -EOVERFLOW;
 
         if (!sysctl_protected_hardlinks)
                 return 0;
 
         /* Source inode owner (or CAP_FOWNER) can hardlink all they like,
          * otherwise, it must be a safe source.
          */
         if (safe_hardlink_source(idmap, inode) ||
             inode_owner_or_capable(idmap, inode))
                 return 0;
 
         audit_log_path_denied(AUDIT_ANOM_LINK, "linkat");
         return -EPERM;
 }
 
 /**
  * may_create_in_sticky - Check whether an O_CREAT open in a sticky directory
  *                        should be allowed, or not, on files that already
  *                        exist.
  * @idmap: idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @nd: nameidata pathwalk data
  * @inode: the inode of the file to open
  *
  * Block an O_CREAT open of a FIFO (or a regular file) when:
  *   - sysctl_protected_fifos (or sysctl_protected_regular) is enabled
  *   - the file already exists
  *   - we are in a sticky directory
  *   - we don't own the file
  *   - the owner of the directory doesn't own the file
  *   - the directory is world writable
  * If the sysctl_protected_fifos (or sysctl_protected_regular) is set to 2
  * the directory doesn't have to be world writable: being group writable will
  * be enough.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  *
  * Returns 0 if the open is allowed, -ve on error.
  */
 static int may_create_in_sticky(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct nameidata *nd,
                                 struct inode *const inode)
 {
         umode_t dir_mode = nd->dir_mode;
         vfsuid_t dir_vfsuid = nd->dir_vfsuid, i_vfsuid;
 
         if (likely(!(dir_mode & S_ISVTX)))
                 return 0;
 
         if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode) && !sysctl_protected_regular)
                 return 0;
 
         if (S_ISFIFO(inode->i_mode) && !sysctl_protected_fifos)
                 return 0;
 
         i_vfsuid = i_uid_into_vfsuid(idmap, inode);
 
         if (vfsuid_eq(i_vfsuid, dir_vfsuid))
                 return 0;
 
         if (vfsuid_eq_kuid(i_vfsuid, current_fsuid()))
                 return 0;
 
         if (likely(dir_mode & 0002)) {
                 audit_log_path_denied(AUDIT_ANOM_CREAT, "sticky_create");
                 return -EACCES;
         }
 
         if (dir_mode & 0020) {
                 if (sysctl_protected_fifos >= 2 && S_ISFIFO(inode->i_mode)) {
                         audit_log_path_denied(AUDIT_ANOM_CREAT,
                                               "sticky_create_fifo");
                         return -EACCES;
                 }
 
                 if (sysctl_protected_regular >= 2 && S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
                         audit_log_path_denied(AUDIT_ANOM_CREAT,
                                               "sticky_create_regular");
                         return -EACCES;
                 }
         }
 
         return 0;
 }
 
 /*
  * follow_up - Find the mountpoint of path's vfsmount
  *
  * Given a path, find the mountpoint of its source file system.
  * Replace @path with the path of the mountpoint in the parent mount.
  * Up is towards /.
  *
  * Return 1 if we went up a level and 0 if we were already at the
  * root.
  */
 int follow_up(struct path *path)
 {
         struct mount *mnt = real_mount(path->mnt);
         struct mount *parent;
         struct dentry *mountpoint;
 
         read_seqlock_excl(&mount_lock);
         parent = mnt->mnt_parent;
         if (parent == mnt) {
                 read_sequnlock_excl(&mount_lock);
                 return 0;
         }
         mntget(&parent->mnt);
         mountpoint = dget(mnt->mnt_mountpoint);
         read_sequnlock_excl(&mount_lock);
         dput(path->dentry);
         path->dentry = mountpoint;
         mntput(path->mnt);
         path->mnt = &parent->mnt;
         return 1;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(follow_up);
 
 static bool choose_mountpoint_rcu(struct mount *m, const struct path *root,
                                   struct path *path, unsigned *seqp)
 {
         while (mnt_has_parent(m)) {
                 struct dentry *mountpoint = m->mnt_mountpoint;
 
                 m = m->mnt_parent;
                 if (unlikely(root->dentry == mountpoint &&
                              root->mnt == &m->mnt))
                         break;
                 if (mountpoint != m->mnt.mnt_root) {
                         path->mnt = &m->mnt;
                         path->dentry = mountpoint;
                         *seqp = read_seqcount_begin(&mountpoint->d_seq);
                         return true;
                 }
         }
         return false;
 }
 
 static bool choose_mountpoint(struct mount *m, const struct path *root,
                               struct path *path)
 {
         bool found;
 
         rcu_read_lock();
         while (1) {
                 unsigned seq, mseq = read_seqbegin(&mount_lock);
 
                 found = choose_mountpoint_rcu(m, root, path, &seq);
                 if (unlikely(!found)) {
                         if (!read_seqretry(&mount_lock, mseq))
                                 break;
                 } else {
                         if (likely(__legitimize_path(path, seq, mseq)))
                                 break;
                         rcu_read_unlock();
                         path_put(path);
                         rcu_read_lock();
                 }
         }
         rcu_read_unlock();
         return found;
 }
 
 /*
  * Perform an automount
  * - return -EISDIR to tell follow_managed() to stop and return the path we
  *   were called with.
  */
 static int follow_automount(struct path *path, int *count, unsigned lookup_flags)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;
 
         /* We don't want to mount if someone's just doing a stat -
          * unless they're stat'ing a directory and appended a '/' to
          * the name.
          *
          * We do, however, want to mount if someone wants to open or
          * create a file of any type under the mountpoint, wants to
          * traverse through the mountpoint or wants to open the
          * mounted directory.  Also, autofs may mark negative dentries
          * as being automount points.  These will need the attentions
          * of the daemon to instantiate them before they can be used.
          */
         if (!(lookup_flags & (LOOKUP_PARENT | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY |
                            LOOKUP_OPEN | LOOKUP_CREATE | LOOKUP_AUTOMOUNT)) &&
             dentry->d_inode)
                 return -EISDIR;
 
         if (count && (*count)++ >= MAXSYMLINKS)
                 return -ELOOP;
 
         return finish_automount(dentry->d_op->d_automount(path), path);
 }
 
 /*
  * mount traversal - out-of-line part.  One note on ->d_flags accesses -
  * dentries are pinned but not locked here, so negative dentry can go
  * positive right under us.  Use of smp_load_acquire() provides a barrier
  * sufficient for ->d_inode and ->d_flags consistency.
  */
 static int __traverse_mounts(struct path *path, unsigned flags, bool *jumped,
                              int *count, unsigned lookup_flags)
 {
         struct vfsmount *mnt = path->mnt;
         bool need_mntput = false;
         int ret = 0;
 
         while (flags & DCACHE_MANAGED_DENTRY) {
                 /* Allow the filesystem to manage the transit without i_mutex
                  * being held. */
                 if (flags & DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT) {
                         ret = path->dentry->d_op->d_manage(path, false);
                         flags = smp_load_acquire(&path->dentry->d_flags);
                         if (ret < 0)
                                 break;
                 }
 
                 if (flags & DCACHE_MOUNTED) {   // something's mounted on it..
                         struct vfsmount *mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
                         if (mounted) {          // ... in our namespace
                                 dput(path->dentry);
                                 if (need_mntput)
                                         mntput(path->mnt);
                                 path->mnt = mounted;
                                 path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
                                 // here we know it's positive
                                 flags = path->dentry->d_flags;
                                 need_mntput = true;
                                 continue;
                         }
                 }
 
                 if (!(flags & DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT))
                         break;
 
                 // uncovered automount point
                 ret = follow_automount(path, count, lookup_flags);
                 flags = smp_load_acquire(&path->dentry->d_flags);
                 if (ret < 0)
                         break;
         }
 
         if (ret == -EISDIR)
                 ret = 0;
         // possible if you race with several mount --move
         if (need_mntput && path->mnt == mnt)
                 mntput(path->mnt);
         if (!ret && unlikely(d_flags_negative(flags)))
                 ret = -ENOENT;
         *jumped = need_mntput;
         return ret;
 }
 
 static inline int traverse_mounts(struct path *path, bool *jumped,
                                   int *count, unsigned lookup_flags)
 {
         unsigned flags = smp_load_acquire(&path->dentry->d_flags);
 
         /* fastpath */
         if (likely(!(flags & DCACHE_MANAGED_DENTRY))) {
                 *jumped = false;
                 if (unlikely(d_flags_negative(flags)))
                         return -ENOENT;
                 return 0;
         }
         return __traverse_mounts(path, flags, jumped, count, lookup_flags);
 }
 
 int follow_down_one(struct path *path)
 {
         struct vfsmount *mounted;
 
         mounted = lookup_mnt(path);
         if (mounted) {
                 dput(path->dentry);
                 mntput(path->mnt);
                 path->mnt = mounted;
                 path->dentry = dget(mounted->mnt_root);
                 return 1;
         }
         return 0;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(follow_down_one);
 
 /*
  * Follow down to the covering mount currently visible to userspace.  At each
  * point, the filesystem owning that dentry may be queried as to whether the
  * caller is permitted to proceed or not.
  */
 int follow_down(struct path *path, unsigned int flags)
 {
         struct vfsmount *mnt = path->mnt;
         bool jumped;
         int ret = traverse_mounts(path, &jumped, NULL, flags);
 
         if (path->mnt != mnt)
                 mntput(mnt);
         return ret;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(follow_down);
 
 /*
  * Try to skip to top of mountpoint pile in rcuwalk mode.  Fail if
  * we meet a managed dentry that would need blocking.
  */
 static bool __follow_mount_rcu(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *path)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;
         unsigned int flags = dentry->d_flags;
 
         if (likely(!(flags & DCACHE_MANAGED_DENTRY)))
                 return true;
 
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_NO_XDEV))
                 return false;
 
         for (;;) {
                 /*
                  * Don't forget we might have a non-mountpoint managed dentry
                  * that wants to block transit.
                  */
                 if (unlikely(flags & DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT)) {
                         int res = dentry->d_op->d_manage(path, true);
                         if (res)
                                 return res == -EISDIR;
                         flags = dentry->d_flags;
                 }
 
                 if (flags & DCACHE_MOUNTED) {
                         struct mount *mounted = __lookup_mnt(path->mnt, dentry);
                         if (mounted) {
                                 path->mnt = &mounted->mnt;
                                 dentry = path->dentry = mounted->mnt.mnt_root;
                                 nd->state |= ND_JUMPED;
                                 nd->next_seq = read_seqcount_begin(&dentry->d_seq);
                                 flags = dentry->d_flags;
                                 // makes sure that non-RCU pathwalk could reach
                                 // this state.
                                 if (read_seqretry(&mount_lock, nd->m_seq))
                                         return false;
                                 continue;
                         }
                         if (read_seqretry(&mount_lock, nd->m_seq))
                                 return false;
                 }
                 return !(flags & DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT);
         }
 }
 
 static inline int handle_mounts(struct nameidata *nd, struct dentry *dentry,
                           struct path *path)
 {
         bool jumped;
         int ret;
 
         path->mnt = nd->path.mnt;
         path->dentry = dentry;
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                 unsigned int seq = nd->next_seq;
                 if (likely(__follow_mount_rcu(nd, path)))
                         return 0;
                 // *path and nd->next_seq might've been clobbered
                 path->mnt = nd->path.mnt;
                 path->dentry = dentry;
                 nd->next_seq = seq;
                 if (!try_to_unlazy_next(nd, dentry))
                         return -ECHILD;
         }
         ret = traverse_mounts(path, &jumped, &nd->total_link_count, nd->flags);
         if (jumped) {
                 if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_NO_XDEV))
                         ret = -EXDEV;
                 else
                         nd->state |= ND_JUMPED;
         }
         if (unlikely(ret)) {
                 dput(path->dentry);
                 if (path->mnt != nd->path.mnt)
                         mntput(path->mnt);
         }
         return ret;
 }
 
 /*
  * This looks up the name in dcache and possibly revalidates the found dentry.
  * NULL is returned if the dentry does not exist in the cache.
  */
 static struct dentry *lookup_dcache(const struct qstr *name,
                                     struct dentry *dir,
                                     unsigned int flags)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry = d_lookup(dir, name);
         if (dentry) {
                 int error = d_revalidate(dentry, flags);
                 if (unlikely(error <= 0)) {
                         if (!error)
                                 d_invalidate(dentry);
                         dput(dentry);
                         return ERR_PTR(error);
                 }
         }
         return dentry;
 }
 
 /*
  * Parent directory has inode locked exclusive.  This is one
  * and only case when ->lookup() gets called on non in-lookup
  * dentries - as the matter of fact, this only gets called
  * when directory is guaranteed to have no in-lookup children
  * at all.
  */
 struct dentry *lookup_one_qstr_excl(const struct qstr *name,
                                     struct dentry *base,
                                     unsigned int flags)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry = lookup_dcache(name, base, flags);
         struct dentry *old;
         struct inode *dir = base->d_inode;
 
         if (dentry)
                 return dentry;
 
         /* Don't create child dentry for a dead directory. */
         if (unlikely(IS_DEADDIR(dir)))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
 
         dentry = d_alloc(base, name);
         if (unlikely(!dentry))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 
         old = dir->i_op->lookup(dir, dentry, flags);
         if (unlikely(old)) {
                 dput(dentry);
                 dentry = old;
         }
         return dentry;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_one_qstr_excl);
 
 static struct dentry *lookup_fast(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry, *parent = nd->path.dentry;
         int status = 1;
 
         /*
          * Rename seqlock is not required here because in the off chance
          * of a false negative due to a concurrent rename, the caller is
          * going to fall back to non-racy lookup.
          */
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                 dentry = __d_lookup_rcu(parent, &nd->last, &nd->next_seq);
                 if (unlikely(!dentry)) {
                         if (!try_to_unlazy(nd))
                                 return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                         return NULL;
                 }
 
                 /*
                  * This sequence count validates that the parent had no
                  * changes while we did the lookup of the dentry above.
                  */
                 if (read_seqcount_retry(&parent->d_seq, nd->seq))
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
 
                 status = d_revalidate(dentry, nd->flags);
                 if (likely(status > 0))
                         return dentry;
                 if (!try_to_unlazy_next(nd, dentry))
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                 if (status == -ECHILD)
                         /* we'd been told to redo it in non-rcu mode */
                         status = d_revalidate(dentry, nd->flags);
         } else {
                 dentry = __d_lookup(parent, &nd->last);
                 if (unlikely(!dentry))
                         return NULL;
                 status = d_revalidate(dentry, nd->flags);
         }
         if (unlikely(status <= 0)) {
                 if (!status)
                         d_invalidate(dentry);
                 dput(dentry);
                 return ERR_PTR(status);
         }
         return dentry;
 }
 
 /* Fast lookup failed, do it the slow way */
 static struct dentry *__lookup_slow(const struct qstr *name,
                                     struct dentry *dir,
                                     unsigned int flags)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry, *old;
         struct inode *inode = dir->d_inode;
         DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_ONSTACK(wq);
 
         /* Don't go there if it's already dead */
         if (unlikely(IS_DEADDIR(inode)))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
 again:
         dentry = d_alloc_parallel(dir, name, &wq);
         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                 return dentry;
         if (unlikely(!d_in_lookup(dentry))) {
                 int error = d_revalidate(dentry, flags);
                 if (unlikely(error <= 0)) {
                         if (!error) {
                                 d_invalidate(dentry);
                                 dput(dentry);
                                 goto again;
                         }
                         dput(dentry);
                         dentry = ERR_PTR(error);
                 }
         } else {
                 old = inode->i_op->lookup(inode, dentry, flags);
                 d_lookup_done(dentry);
                 if (unlikely(old)) {
                         dput(dentry);
                         dentry = old;
                 }
         }
         return dentry;
 }
 
 static struct dentry *lookup_slow(const struct qstr *name,
                                   struct dentry *dir,
                                   unsigned int flags)
 {
         struct inode *inode = dir->d_inode;
         struct dentry *res;
         inode_lock_shared(inode);
         res = __lookup_slow(name, dir, flags);
         inode_unlock_shared(inode);
         return res;
 }
 
 static inline int may_lookup(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                              struct nameidata *restrict nd)
 {
         int err, mask;
 
         mask = nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU ? MAY_NOT_BLOCK : 0;
         err = inode_permission(idmap, nd->inode, mask | MAY_EXEC);
         if (likely(!err))
                 return 0;
 
         // If we failed, and we weren't in LOOKUP_RCU, it's final
         if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU))
                 return err;
 
         // Drop out of RCU mode to make sure it wasn't transient
         if (!try_to_unlazy(nd))
                 return -ECHILD; // redo it all non-lazy
 
         if (err != -ECHILD)     // hard error
                 return err;
 
         return inode_permission(idmap, nd->inode, MAY_EXEC);
 }
 
 static int reserve_stack(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *link)
 {
         if (unlikely(nd->total_link_count++ >= MAXSYMLINKS))
                 return -ELOOP;
 
         if (likely(nd->depth != EMBEDDED_LEVELS))
                 return 0;
         if (likely(nd->stack != nd->internal))
                 return 0;
         if (likely(nd_alloc_stack(nd)))
                 return 0;
 
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                 // we need to grab link before we do unlazy.  And we can't skip
                 // unlazy even if we fail to grab the link - cleanup needs it
                 bool grabbed_link = legitimize_path(nd, link, nd->next_seq);
 
                 if (!try_to_unlazy(nd) || !grabbed_link)
                         return -ECHILD;
 
                 if (nd_alloc_stack(nd))
                         return 0;
         }
         return -ENOMEM;
 }
 
 enum {WALK_TRAILING = 1, WALK_MORE = 2, WALK_NOFOLLOW = 4};
 
 static const char *pick_link(struct nameidata *nd, struct path *link,
                      struct inode *inode, int flags)
 {
         struct saved *last;
         const char *res;
         int error = reserve_stack(nd, link);
 
         if (unlikely(error)) {
                 if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU))
                         path_put(link);
                 return ERR_PTR(error);
         }
         last = nd->stack + nd->depth++;
         last->link = *link;
         clear_delayed_call(&last->done);
         last->seq = nd->next_seq;
 
         if (flags & WALK_TRAILING) {
                 error = may_follow_link(nd, inode);
                 if (unlikely(error))
                         return ERR_PTR(error);
         }
 
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_NO_SYMLINKS) ||
                         unlikely(link->mnt->mnt_flags & MNT_NOSYMFOLLOW))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ELOOP);
 
         if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU)) {
                 touch_atime(&last->link);
                 cond_resched();
         } else if (atime_needs_update(&last->link, inode)) {
                 if (!try_to_unlazy(nd))
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                 touch_atime(&last->link);
         }
 
         error = security_inode_follow_link(link->dentry, inode,
                                            nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU);
         if (unlikely(error))
                 return ERR_PTR(error);
 
         res = READ_ONCE(inode->i_link);
         if (!res) {
                 const char * (*get)(struct dentry *, struct inode *,
                                 struct delayed_call *);
                 get = inode->i_op->get_link;
                 if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                         res = get(NULL, inode, &last->done);
                         if (res == ERR_PTR(-ECHILD) && try_to_unlazy(nd))
                                 res = get(link->dentry, inode, &last->done);
                 } else {
                         res = get(link->dentry, inode, &last->done);
                 }
                 if (!res)
                         goto all_done;
                 if (IS_ERR(res))
                         return res;
         }
         if (*res == '/') {
                 error = nd_jump_root(nd);
                 if (unlikely(error))
                         return ERR_PTR(error);
                 while (unlikely(*++res == '/'))
                         ;
         }
         if (*res)
                 return res;
 all_done: // pure jump
         put_link(nd);
         return NULL;
 }
 
 /*
  * Do we need to follow links? We _really_ want to be able
  * to do this check without having to look at inode->i_op,
  * so we keep a cache of "no, this doesn't need follow_link"
  * for the common case.
  *
  * NOTE: dentry must be what nd->next_seq had been sampled from.
  */
 static const char *step_into(struct nameidata *nd, int flags,
                      struct dentry *dentry)
 {
         struct path path;
         struct inode *inode;
         int err = handle_mounts(nd, dentry, &path);
 
         if (err < 0)
                 return ERR_PTR(err);
         inode = path.dentry->d_inode;
         if (likely(!d_is_symlink(path.dentry)) ||
            ((flags & WALK_TRAILING) && !(nd->flags & LOOKUP_FOLLOW)) ||
            (flags & WALK_NOFOLLOW)) {
                 /* not a symlink or should not follow */
                 if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                         if (read_seqcount_retry(&path.dentry->d_seq, nd->next_seq))
                                 return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                         if (unlikely(!inode))
                                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
                 } else {
                         dput(nd->path.dentry);
                         if (nd->path.mnt != path.mnt)
                                 mntput(nd->path.mnt);
                 }
                 nd->path = path;
                 nd->inode = inode;
                 nd->seq = nd->next_seq;
                 return NULL;
         }
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                 /* make sure that d_is_symlink above matches inode */
                 if (read_seqcount_retry(&path.dentry->d_seq, nd->next_seq))
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
         } else {
                 if (path.mnt == nd->path.mnt)
                         mntget(path.mnt);
         }
         return pick_link(nd, &path, inode, flags);
 }
 
 static struct dentry *follow_dotdot_rcu(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         struct dentry *parent, *old;
 
         if (path_equal(&nd->path, &nd->root))
                 goto in_root;
         if (unlikely(nd->path.dentry == nd->path.mnt->mnt_root)) {
                 struct path path;
                 unsigned seq;
                 if (!choose_mountpoint_rcu(real_mount(nd->path.mnt),
                                            &nd->root, &path, &seq))
                         goto in_root;
                 if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_NO_XDEV))
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                 nd->path = path;
                 nd->inode = path.dentry->d_inode;
                 nd->seq = seq;
                 // makes sure that non-RCU pathwalk could reach this state
                 if (read_seqretry(&mount_lock, nd->m_seq))
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                 /* we know that mountpoint was pinned */
         }
         old = nd->path.dentry;
         parent = old->d_parent;
         nd->next_seq = read_seqcount_begin(&parent->d_seq);
         // makes sure that non-RCU pathwalk could reach this state
         if (read_seqcount_retry(&old->d_seq, nd->seq))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
         if (unlikely(!path_connected(nd->path.mnt, parent)))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
         return parent;
 in_root:
         if (read_seqretry(&mount_lock, nd->m_seq))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_BENEATH))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
         nd->next_seq = nd->seq;
         return nd->path.dentry;
 }
 
 static struct dentry *follow_dotdot(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         struct dentry *parent;
 
         if (path_equal(&nd->path, &nd->root))
                 goto in_root;
         if (unlikely(nd->path.dentry == nd->path.mnt->mnt_root)) {
                 struct path path;
 
                 if (!choose_mountpoint(real_mount(nd->path.mnt),
                                        &nd->root, &path))
                         goto in_root;
                 path_put(&nd->path);
                 nd->path = path;
                 nd->inode = path.dentry->d_inode;
                 if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_NO_XDEV))
                         return ERR_PTR(-EXDEV);
         }
         /* rare case of legitimate dget_parent()... */
         parent = dget_parent(nd->path.dentry);
         if (unlikely(!path_connected(nd->path.mnt, parent))) {
                 dput(parent);
                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
         }
         return parent;
 
 in_root:
         if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_BENEATH))
                 return ERR_PTR(-EXDEV);
         return dget(nd->path.dentry);
 }
 
 static const char *handle_dots(struct nameidata *nd, int type)
 {
         if (type == LAST_DOTDOT) {
                 const char *error = NULL;
                 struct dentry *parent;
 
                 if (!nd->root.mnt) {
                         error = ERR_PTR(set_root(nd));
                         if (error)
                                 return error;
                 }
                 if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU)
                         parent = follow_dotdot_rcu(nd);
                 else
                         parent = follow_dotdot(nd);
                 if (IS_ERR(parent))
                         return ERR_CAST(parent);
                 error = step_into(nd, WALK_NOFOLLOW, parent);
                 if (unlikely(error))
                         return error;
 
                 if (unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_IS_SCOPED)) {
                         /*
                          * If there was a racing rename or mount along our
                          * path, then we can't be sure that ".." hasn't jumped
                          * above nd->root (and so userspace should retry or use
                          * some fallback).
                          */
                         smp_rmb();
                         if (__read_seqcount_retry(&mount_lock.seqcount, nd->m_seq))
                                 return ERR_PTR(-EAGAIN);
                         if (__read_seqcount_retry(&rename_lock.seqcount, nd->r_seq))
                                 return ERR_PTR(-EAGAIN);
                 }
         }
         return NULL;
 }
 
 static const char *walk_component(struct nameidata *nd, int flags)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry;
         /*
          * "." and ".." are special - ".." especially so because it has
          * to be able to know about the current root directory and
          * parent relationships.
          */
         if (unlikely(nd->last_type != LAST_NORM)) {
                 if (!(flags & WALK_MORE) && nd->depth)
                         put_link(nd);
                 return handle_dots(nd, nd->last_type);
         }
         dentry = lookup_fast(nd);
         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                 return ERR_CAST(dentry);
         if (unlikely(!dentry)) {
                 dentry = lookup_slow(&nd->last, nd->path.dentry, nd->flags);
                 if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                         return ERR_CAST(dentry);
         }
         if (!(flags & WALK_MORE) && nd->depth)
                 put_link(nd);
         return step_into(nd, flags, dentry);
 }
 
 /*
  * We can do the critical dentry name comparison and hashing
  * operations one word at a time, but we are limited to:
  *
  * - Architectures with fast unaligned word accesses. We could
  *   do a "get_unaligned()" if this helps and is sufficiently
  *   fast.
  *
  * - non-CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC configurations (so that we
  *   do not trap on the (extremely unlikely) case of a page
  *   crossing operation.
  *
  * - Furthermore, we need an efficient 64-bit compile for the
  *   64-bit case in order to generate the "number of bytes in
  *   the final mask". Again, that could be replaced with a
  *   efficient population count instruction or similar.
  */
 #ifdef CONFIG_DCACHE_WORD_ACCESS
 
 #include <asm/word-at-a-time.h>
 
 #ifdef HASH_MIX
 
 /* Architecture provides HASH_MIX and fold_hash() in <asm/hash.h> */
 
 #elif defined(CONFIG_64BIT)
 /*
  * Register pressure in the mixing function is an issue, particularly
  * on 32-bit x86, but almost any function requires one state value and
  * one temporary.  Instead, use a function designed for two state values
  * and no temporaries.
  *
  * This function cannot create a collision in only two iterations, so
  * we have two iterations to achieve avalanche.  In those two iterations,
  * we have six layers of mixing, which is enough to spread one bit's
  * influence out to 2^6 = 64 state bits.
  *
  * Rotate constants are scored by considering either 64 one-bit input
  * deltas or 64*63/2 = 2016 two-bit input deltas, and finding the
  * probability of that delta causing a change to each of the 128 output
  * bits, using a sample of random initial states.
  *
  * The Shannon entropy of the computed probabilities is then summed
  * to produce a score.  Ideally, any input change has a 50% chance of
  * toggling any given output bit.
  *
  * Mixing scores (in bits) for (12,45):
  * Input delta: 1-bit      2-bit
  * 1 round:     713.3    42542.6
  * 2 rounds:   2753.7   140389.8
  * 3 rounds:   5954.1   233458.2
  * 4 rounds:   7862.6   256672.2
  * Perfect:    8192     258048
  *            (64*128) (64*63/2 * 128)
  */
 #define HASH_MIX(x, y, a)       \
         (       x ^= (a),       \
         y ^= x, x = rol64(x,12),\
         x += y, y = rol64(y,45),\
         y *= 9                  )
 
 /*
  * Fold two longs into one 32-bit hash value.  This must be fast, but
  * latency isn't quite as critical, as there is a fair bit of additional
  * work done before the hash value is used.
  */
 static inline unsigned int fold_hash(unsigned long x, unsigned long y)
 {
         y ^= x * GOLDEN_RATIO_64;
         y *= GOLDEN_RATIO_64;
         return y >> 32;
 }
 
 #else   /* 32-bit case */
 
 /*
  * Mixing scores (in bits) for (7,20):
  * Input delta: 1-bit      2-bit
  * 1 round:     330.3     9201.6
  * 2 rounds:   1246.4    25475.4
  * 3 rounds:   1907.1    31295.1
  * 4 rounds:   2042.3    31718.6
  * Perfect:    2048      31744
  *            (32*64)   (32*31/2 * 64)
  */
 #define HASH_MIX(x, y, a)       \
         (       x ^= (a),       \
         y ^= x, x = rol32(x, 7),\
         x += y, y = rol32(y,20),\
         y *= 9                  )
 
 static inline unsigned int fold_hash(unsigned long x, unsigned long y)
 {
         /* Use arch-optimized multiply if one exists */
         return __hash_32(y ^ __hash_32(x));
 }
 
 #endif
 
 /*
  * Return the hash of a string of known length.  This is carfully
  * designed to match hash_name(), which is the more critical function.
  * In particular, we must end by hashing a final word containing 0..7
  * payload bytes, to match the way that hash_name() iterates until it
  * finds the delimiter after the name.
  */
 unsigned int full_name_hash(const void *salt, const char *name, unsigned int len)
 {
         unsigned long a, x = 0, y = (unsigned long)salt;
 
         for (;;) {
                 if (!len)
                         goto done;
                 a = load_unaligned_zeropad(name);
                 if (len < sizeof(unsigned long))
                         break;
                 HASH_MIX(x, y, a);
                 name += sizeof(unsigned long);
                 len -= sizeof(unsigned long);
         }
         x ^= a & bytemask_from_count(len);
 done:
         return fold_hash(x, y);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(full_name_hash);
 
 /* Return the "hash_len" (hash and length) of a null-terminated string */
 u64 hashlen_string(const void *salt, const char *name)
 {
         unsigned long a = 0, x = 0, y = (unsigned long)salt;
         unsigned long adata, mask, len;
         const struct word_at_a_time constants = WORD_AT_A_TIME_CONSTANTS;
 
         len = 0;
         goto inside;
 
         do {
                 HASH_MIX(x, y, a);
                 len += sizeof(unsigned long);
 inside:
                 a = load_unaligned_zeropad(name+len);
         } while (!has_zero(a, &adata, &constants));
 
         adata = prep_zero_mask(a, adata, &constants);
         mask = create_zero_mask(adata);
         x ^= a & zero_bytemask(mask);
 
         return hashlen_create(fold_hash(x, y), len + find_zero(mask));
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(hashlen_string);
 
 /*
  * Calculate the length and hash of the path component, and
  * return the length as the result.
  */
 static inline const char *hash_name(struct nameidata *nd,
                                     const char *name,
                                     unsigned long *lastword)
 {
         unsigned long a, b, x, y = (unsigned long)nd->path.dentry;
         unsigned long adata, bdata, mask, len;
         const struct word_at_a_time constants = WORD_AT_A_TIME_CONSTANTS;
 
         /*
          * The first iteration is special, because it can result in
          * '.' and '..' and has no mixing other than the final fold.
          */
         a = load_unaligned_zeropad(name);
         b = a ^ REPEAT_BYTE('/');
         if (has_zero(a, &adata, &constants) | has_zero(b, &bdata, &constants)) {
                 adata = prep_zero_mask(a, adata, &constants);
                 bdata = prep_zero_mask(b, bdata, &constants);
                 mask = create_zero_mask(adata | bdata);
                 a &= zero_bytemask(mask);
                 *lastword = a;
                 len = find_zero(mask);
                 nd->last.hash = fold_hash(a, y);
                 nd->last.len = len;
                 return name + len;
         }
 
         len = 0;
         x = 0;
         do {
                 HASH_MIX(x, y, a);
                 len += sizeof(unsigned long);
                 a = load_unaligned_zeropad(name+len);
                 b = a ^ REPEAT_BYTE('/');
         } while (!(has_zero(a, &adata, &constants) | has_zero(b, &bdata, &constants)));
 
         adata = prep_zero_mask(a, adata, &constants);
         bdata = prep_zero_mask(b, bdata, &constants);
         mask = create_zero_mask(adata | bdata);
         a &= zero_bytemask(mask);
         x ^= a;
         len += find_zero(mask);
         *lastword = 0;          // Multi-word components cannot be DOT or DOTDOT
 
         nd->last.hash = fold_hash(x, y);
         nd->last.len = len;
         return name + len;
 }
 
 /*
  * Note that the 'last' word is always zero-masked, but
  * was loaded as a possibly big-endian word.
  */
 #ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN
   #define LAST_WORD_IS_DOT      (0x2eul << (BITS_PER_LONG-8))
   #define LAST_WORD_IS_DOTDOT   (0x2e2eul << (BITS_PER_LONG-16))
 #endif
 
 #else   /* !CONFIG_DCACHE_WORD_ACCESS: Slow, byte-at-a-time version */
 
 /* Return the hash of a string of known length */
 unsigned int full_name_hash(const void *salt, const char *name, unsigned int len)
 {
         unsigned long hash = init_name_hash(salt);
         while (len--)
                 hash = partial_name_hash((unsigned char)*name++, hash);
         return end_name_hash(hash);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(full_name_hash);
 
 /* Return the "hash_len" (hash and length) of a null-terminated string */
 u64 hashlen_string(const void *salt, const char *name)
 {
         unsigned long hash = init_name_hash(salt);
         unsigned long len = 0, c;
 
         c = (unsigned char)*name;
         while (c) {
                 len++;
                 hash = partial_name_hash(c, hash);
                 c = (unsigned char)name[len];
         }
         return hashlen_create(end_name_hash(hash), len);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(hashlen_string);
 
 /*
  * We know there's a real path component here of at least
  * one character.
  */
 static inline const char *hash_name(struct nameidata *nd, const char *name, unsigned long *lastword)
 {
         unsigned long hash = init_name_hash(nd->path.dentry);
         unsigned long len = 0, c, last = 0;
 
         c = (unsigned char)*name;
         do {
                 last = (last << 8) + c;
                 len++;
                 hash = partial_name_hash(c, hash);
                 c = (unsigned char)name[len];
         } while (c && c != '/');
 
         // This is reliable for DOT or DOTDOT, since the component
         // cannot contain NUL characters - top bits being zero means
         // we cannot have had any other pathnames.
         *lastword = last;
         nd->last.hash = end_name_hash(hash);
         nd->last.len = len;
         return name + len;
 }
 
 #endif
 
 #ifndef LAST_WORD_IS_DOT
   #define LAST_WORD_IS_DOT      0x2e
   #define LAST_WORD_IS_DOTDOT   0x2e2e
 #endif
 
 /*
  * Name resolution.
  * This is the basic name resolution function, turning a pathname into
  * the final dentry. We expect 'base' to be positive and a directory.
  *
  * Returns 0 and nd will have valid dentry and mnt on success.
  * Returns error and drops reference to input namei data on failure.
  */
 static int link_path_walk(const char *name, struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         int depth = 0; // depth <= nd->depth
         int err;
 
         nd->last_type = LAST_ROOT;
         nd->flags |= LOOKUP_PARENT;
         if (IS_ERR(name))
                 return PTR_ERR(name);
         while (*name=='/')
                 name++;
         if (!*name) {
                 nd->dir_mode = 0; // short-circuit the 'hardening' idiocy
                 return 0;
         }
 
         /* At this point we know we have a real path component. */
         for(;;) {
                 struct mnt_idmap *idmap;
                 const char *link;
                 unsigned long lastword;
 
                 idmap = mnt_idmap(nd->path.mnt);
                 err = may_lookup(idmap, nd);
                 if (err)
                         return err;
 
                 nd->last.name = name;
                 name = hash_name(nd, name, &lastword);
 
                 switch(lastword) {
                 case LAST_WORD_IS_DOTDOT:
                         nd->last_type = LAST_DOTDOT;
                         nd->state |= ND_JUMPED;
                         break;
 
                 case LAST_WORD_IS_DOT:
                         nd->last_type = LAST_DOT;
                         break;
 
                 default:
                         nd->last_type = LAST_NORM;
                         nd->state &= ~ND_JUMPED;
 
                         struct dentry *parent = nd->path.dentry;
                         if (unlikely(parent->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_HASH)) {
                                 err = parent->d_op->d_hash(parent, &nd->last);
                                 if (err < 0)
                                         return err;
                         }
                 }
 
                 if (!*name)
                         goto OK;
                 /*
                  * If it wasn't NUL, we know it was '/'. Skip that
                  * slash, and continue until no more slashes.
                  */
                 do {
                         name++;
                 } while (unlikely(*name == '/'));
                 if (unlikely(!*name)) {
 OK:
                         /* pathname or trailing symlink, done */
                         if (!depth) {
                                 nd->dir_vfsuid = i_uid_into_vfsuid(idmap, nd->inode);
                                 nd->dir_mode = nd->inode->i_mode;
                                 nd->flags &= ~LOOKUP_PARENT;
                                 return 0;
                         }
                         /* last component of nested symlink */
                         name = nd->stack[--depth].name;
                         link = walk_component(nd, 0);
                 } else {
                         /* not the last component */
                         link = walk_component(nd, WALK_MORE);
                 }
                 if (unlikely(link)) {
                         if (IS_ERR(link))
                                 return PTR_ERR(link);
                         /* a symlink to follow */
                         nd->stack[depth++].name = name;
                         name = link;
                         continue;
                 }
                 if (unlikely(!d_can_lookup(nd->path.dentry))) {
                         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                                 if (!try_to_unlazy(nd))
                                         return -ECHILD;
                         }
                         return -ENOTDIR;
                 }
         }
 }
 
 /* must be paired with terminate_walk() */
 static const char *path_init(struct nameidata *nd, unsigned flags)
 {
         int error;
         const char *s = nd->name->name;
 
         /* LOOKUP_CACHED requires RCU, ask caller to retry */
         if ((flags & (LOOKUP_RCU | LOOKUP_CACHED)) == LOOKUP_CACHED)
                 return ERR_PTR(-EAGAIN);
 
         if (!*s)
                 flags &= ~LOOKUP_RCU;
         if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU)
                 rcu_read_lock();
         else
                 nd->seq = nd->next_seq = 0;
 
         nd->flags = flags;
         nd->state |= ND_JUMPED;
 
         nd->m_seq = __read_seqcount_begin(&mount_lock.seqcount);
         nd->r_seq = __read_seqcount_begin(&rename_lock.seqcount);
         smp_rmb();
 
         if (nd->state & ND_ROOT_PRESET) {
                 struct dentry *root = nd->root.dentry;
                 struct inode *inode = root->d_inode;
                 if (*s && unlikely(!d_can_lookup(root)))
                         return ERR_PTR(-ENOTDIR);
                 nd->path = nd->root;
                 nd->inode = inode;
                 if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                         nd->seq = read_seqcount_begin(&nd->path.dentry->d_seq);
                         nd->root_seq = nd->seq;
                 } else {
                         path_get(&nd->path);
                 }
                 return s;
         }
 
         nd->root.mnt = NULL;
 
         /* Absolute pathname -- fetch the root (LOOKUP_IN_ROOT uses nd->dfd). */
         if (*s == '/' && !(flags & LOOKUP_IN_ROOT)) {
                 error = nd_jump_root(nd);
                 if (unlikely(error))
                         return ERR_PTR(error);
                 return s;
         }
 
         /* Relative pathname -- get the starting-point it is relative to. */
         if (nd->dfd == AT_FDCWD) {
                 if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                         struct fs_struct *fs = current->fs;
                         unsigned seq;
 
                         do {
                                 seq = read_seqcount_begin(&fs->seq);
                                 nd->path = fs->pwd;
                                 nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
                                 nd->seq = __read_seqcount_begin(&nd->path.dentry->d_seq);
                         } while (read_seqcount_retry(&fs->seq, seq));
                 } else {
                         get_fs_pwd(current->fs, &nd->path);
                         nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
                 }
         } else {
                 /* Caller must check execute permissions on the starting path component */
                 struct fd f = fdget_raw(nd->dfd);
                 struct dentry *dentry;
 
                 if (!f.file)
                         return ERR_PTR(-EBADF);
 
                 if (flags & LOOKUP_LINKAT_EMPTY) {
                         if (f.file->f_cred != current_cred() &&
                             !ns_capable(f.file->f_cred->user_ns, CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH)) {
                                 fdput(f);
                                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
                         }
                 }
 
                 dentry = f.file->f_path.dentry;
 
                 if (*s && unlikely(!d_can_lookup(dentry))) {
                         fdput(f);
                         return ERR_PTR(-ENOTDIR);
                 }
 
                 nd->path = f.file->f_path;
                 if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                         nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
                         nd->seq = read_seqcount_begin(&nd->path.dentry->d_seq);
                 } else {
                         path_get(&nd->path);
                         nd->inode = nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
                 }
                 fdput(f);
         }
 
         /* For scoped-lookups we need to set the root to the dirfd as well. */
         if (flags & LOOKUP_IS_SCOPED) {
                 nd->root = nd->path;
                 if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                         nd->root_seq = nd->seq;
                 } else {
                         path_get(&nd->root);
                         nd->state |= ND_ROOT_GRABBED;
                 }
         }
         return s;
 }
 
 static inline const char *lookup_last(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         if (nd->last_type == LAST_NORM && nd->last.name[nd->last.len])
                 nd->flags |= LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
 
         return walk_component(nd, WALK_TRAILING);
 }
 
 static int handle_lookup_down(struct nameidata *nd)
 {
         if (!(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU))
                 dget(nd->path.dentry);
         nd->next_seq = nd->seq;
         return PTR_ERR(step_into(nd, WALK_NOFOLLOW, nd->path.dentry));
 }
 
 /* Returns 0 and nd will be valid on success; Returns error, otherwise. */
 static int path_lookupat(struct nameidata *nd, unsigned flags, struct path *path)
 {
         const char *s = path_init(nd, flags);
         int err;
 
         if (unlikely(flags & LOOKUP_DOWN) && !IS_ERR(s)) {
                 err = handle_lookup_down(nd);
                 if (unlikely(err < 0))
                         s = ERR_PTR(err);
         }
 
         while (!(err = link_path_walk(s, nd)) &&
                (s = lookup_last(nd)) != NULL)
                 ;
         if (!err && unlikely(nd->flags & LOOKUP_MOUNTPOINT)) {
                 err = handle_lookup_down(nd);
                 nd->state &= ~ND_JUMPED; // no d_weak_revalidate(), please...
         }
         if (!err)
                 err = complete_walk(nd);
 
         if (!err && nd->flags & LOOKUP_DIRECTORY)
                 if (!d_can_lookup(nd->path.dentry))
                         err = -ENOTDIR;
         if (!err) {
                 *path = nd->path;
                 nd->path.mnt = NULL;
                 nd->path.dentry = NULL;
         }
         terminate_walk(nd);
         return err;
 }
 
 int filename_lookup(int dfd, struct filename *name, unsigned flags,
                     struct path *path, struct path *root)
 {
         int retval;
         struct nameidata nd;
         if (IS_ERR(name))
                 return PTR_ERR(name);
         set_nameidata(&nd, dfd, name, root);
         retval = path_lookupat(&nd, flags | LOOKUP_RCU, path);
         if (unlikely(retval == -ECHILD))
                 retval = path_lookupat(&nd, flags, path);
         if (unlikely(retval == -ESTALE))
                 retval = path_lookupat(&nd, flags | LOOKUP_REVAL, path);
 
         if (likely(!retval))
                 audit_inode(name, path->dentry,
                             flags & LOOKUP_MOUNTPOINT ? AUDIT_INODE_NOEVAL : 0);
         restore_nameidata();
         return retval;
 }
 
 /* Returns 0 and nd will be valid on success; Returns error, otherwise. */
 static int path_parentat(struct nameidata *nd, unsigned flags,
                                 struct path *parent)
 {
         const char *s = path_init(nd, flags);
         int err = link_path_walk(s, nd);
         if (!err)
                 err = complete_walk(nd);
         if (!err) {
                 *parent = nd->path;
                 nd->path.mnt = NULL;
                 nd->path.dentry = NULL;
         }
         terminate_walk(nd);
         return err;
 }
 
 /* Note: this does not consume "name" */
 static int __filename_parentat(int dfd, struct filename *name,
                                unsigned int flags, struct path *parent,
                                struct qstr *last, int *type,
                                const struct path *root)
 {
         int retval;
         struct nameidata nd;
 
         if (IS_ERR(name))
                 return PTR_ERR(name);
         set_nameidata(&nd, dfd, name, root);
         retval = path_parentat(&nd, flags | LOOKUP_RCU, parent);
         if (unlikely(retval == -ECHILD))
                 retval = path_parentat(&nd, flags, parent);
         if (unlikely(retval == -ESTALE))
                 retval = path_parentat(&nd, flags | LOOKUP_REVAL, parent);
         if (likely(!retval)) {
                 *last = nd.last;
                 *type = nd.last_type;
                 audit_inode(name, parent->dentry, AUDIT_INODE_PARENT);
         }
         restore_nameidata();
         return retval;
 }
 
 static int filename_parentat(int dfd, struct filename *name,
                              unsigned int flags, struct path *parent,
                              struct qstr *last, int *type)
 {
         return __filename_parentat(dfd, name, flags, parent, last, type, NULL);
 }
 
 /* does lookup, returns the object with parent locked */
 static struct dentry *__kern_path_locked(int dfd, struct filename *name, struct path *path)
 {
         struct dentry *d;
         struct qstr last;
         int type, error;
 
         error = filename_parentat(dfd, name, 0, path, &last, &type);
         if (error)
                 return ERR_PTR(error);
         if (unlikely(type != LAST_NORM)) {
                 path_put(path);
                 return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
         }
         inode_lock_nested(path->dentry->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
         d = lookup_one_qstr_excl(&last, path->dentry, 0);
         if (IS_ERR(d)) {
                 inode_unlock(path->dentry->d_inode);
                 path_put(path);
         }
         return d;
 }
 
 struct dentry *kern_path_locked(const char *name, struct path *path)
 {
         struct filename *filename = getname_kernel(name);
         struct dentry *res = __kern_path_locked(AT_FDCWD, filename, path);
 
         putname(filename);
         return res;
 }
 
 struct dentry *user_path_locked_at(int dfd, const char __user *name, struct path *path)
 {
         struct filename *filename = getname(name);
         struct dentry *res = __kern_path_locked(dfd, filename, path);
 
         putname(filename);
         return res;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(user_path_locked_at);
 
 int kern_path(const char *name, unsigned int flags, struct path *path)
 {
         struct filename *filename = getname_kernel(name);
         int ret = filename_lookup(AT_FDCWD, filename, flags, path, NULL);
 
         putname(filename);
         return ret;
 
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kern_path);
 
 /**
  * vfs_path_parent_lookup - lookup a parent path relative to a dentry-vfsmount pair
  * @filename: filename structure
  * @flags: lookup flags
  * @parent: pointer to struct path to fill
  * @last: last component
  * @type: type of the last component
  * @root: pointer to struct path of the base directory
  */
 int vfs_path_parent_lookup(struct filename *filename, unsigned int flags,
                            struct path *parent, struct qstr *last, int *type,
                            const struct path *root)
 {
         return  __filename_parentat(AT_FDCWD, filename, flags, parent, last,
                                     type, root);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_path_parent_lookup);
 
 /**
  * vfs_path_lookup - lookup a file path relative to a dentry-vfsmount pair
  * @dentry:  pointer to dentry of the base directory
  * @mnt: pointer to vfs mount of the base directory
  * @name: pointer to file name
  * @flags: lookup flags
  * @path: pointer to struct path to fill
  */
 int vfs_path_lookup(struct dentry *dentry, struct vfsmount *mnt,
                     const char *name, unsigned int flags,
                     struct path *path)
 {
         struct filename *filename;
         struct path root = {.mnt = mnt, .dentry = dentry};
         int ret;
 
         filename = getname_kernel(name);
         /* the first argument of filename_lookup() is ignored with root */
         ret = filename_lookup(AT_FDCWD, filename, flags, path, &root);
         putname(filename);
         return ret;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_path_lookup);
 
 static int lookup_one_common(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                              const char *name, struct dentry *base, int len,
                              struct qstr *this)
 {
         this->name = name;
         this->len = len;
         this->hash = full_name_hash(base, name, len);
         if (!len)
                 return -EACCES;
 
         if (is_dot_dotdot(name, len))
                 return -EACCES;
 
         while (len--) {
                 unsigned int c = *(const unsigned char *)name++;
                 if (c == '/' || c == '\0')
                         return -EACCES;
         }
         /*
          * See if the low-level filesystem might want
          * to use its own hash..
          */
         if (base->d_flags & DCACHE_OP_HASH) {
                 int err = base->d_op->d_hash(base, this);
                 if (err < 0)
                         return err;
         }
 
         return inode_permission(idmap, base->d_inode, MAY_EXEC);
 }
 
 /**
  * try_lookup_one_len - filesystem helper to lookup single pathname component
  * @name:       pathname component to lookup
  * @base:       base directory to lookup from
  * @len:        maximum length @len should be interpreted to
  *
  * Look up a dentry by name in the dcache, returning NULL if it does not
  * currently exist.  The function does not try to create a dentry.
  *
  * Note that this routine is purely a helper for filesystem usage and should
  * not be called by generic code.
  *
  * The caller must hold base->i_mutex.
  */
 struct dentry *try_lookup_one_len(const char *name, struct dentry *base, int len)
 {
         struct qstr this;
         int err;
 
         WARN_ON_ONCE(!inode_is_locked(base->d_inode));
 
         err = lookup_one_common(&nop_mnt_idmap, name, base, len, &this);
         if (err)
                 return ERR_PTR(err);
 
         return lookup_dcache(&this, base, 0);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(try_lookup_one_len);
 
 /**
  * lookup_one_len - filesystem helper to lookup single pathname component
  * @name:       pathname component to lookup
  * @base:       base directory to lookup from
  * @len:        maximum length @len should be interpreted to
  *
  * Note that this routine is purely a helper for filesystem usage and should
  * not be called by generic code.
  *
  * The caller must hold base->i_mutex.
  */
 struct dentry *lookup_one_len(const char *name, struct dentry *base, int len)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry;
         struct qstr this;
         int err;
 
         WARN_ON_ONCE(!inode_is_locked(base->d_inode));
 
         err = lookup_one_common(&nop_mnt_idmap, name, base, len, &this);
         if (err)
                 return ERR_PTR(err);
 
         dentry = lookup_dcache(&this, base, 0);
         return dentry ? dentry : __lookup_slow(&this, base, 0);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_one_len);
 
 /**
  * lookup_one - filesystem helper to lookup single pathname component
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the lookup is performed from
  * @name:       pathname component to lookup
  * @base:       base directory to lookup from
  * @len:        maximum length @len should be interpreted to
  *
  * Note that this routine is purely a helper for filesystem usage and should
  * not be called by generic code.
  *
  * The caller must hold base->i_mutex.
  */
 struct dentry *lookup_one(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, const char *name,
                           struct dentry *base, int len)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry;
         struct qstr this;
         int err;
 
         WARN_ON_ONCE(!inode_is_locked(base->d_inode));
 
         err = lookup_one_common(idmap, name, base, len, &this);
         if (err)
                 return ERR_PTR(err);
 
         dentry = lookup_dcache(&this, base, 0);
         return dentry ? dentry : __lookup_slow(&this, base, 0);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_one);
 
 /**
  * lookup_one_unlocked - filesystem helper to lookup single pathname component
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the lookup is performed from
  * @name:       pathname component to lookup
  * @base:       base directory to lookup from
  * @len:        maximum length @len should be interpreted to
  *
  * Note that this routine is purely a helper for filesystem usage and should
  * not be called by generic code.
  *
  * Unlike lookup_one_len, it should be called without the parent
  * i_mutex held, and will take the i_mutex itself if necessary.
  */
 struct dentry *lookup_one_unlocked(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                                    const char *name, struct dentry *base,
                                    int len)
 {
         struct qstr this;
         int err;
         struct dentry *ret;
 
         err = lookup_one_common(idmap, name, base, len, &this);
         if (err)
                 return ERR_PTR(err);
 
         ret = lookup_dcache(&this, base, 0);
         if (!ret)
                 ret = lookup_slow(&this, base, 0);
         return ret;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_one_unlocked);
 
 /**
  * lookup_one_positive_unlocked - filesystem helper to lookup single
  *                                pathname component
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the lookup is performed from
  * @name:       pathname component to lookup
  * @base:       base directory to lookup from
  * @len:        maximum length @len should be interpreted to
  *
  * This helper will yield ERR_PTR(-ENOENT) on negatives. The helper returns
  * known positive or ERR_PTR(). This is what most of the users want.
  *
  * Note that pinned negative with unlocked parent _can_ become positive at any
  * time, so callers of lookup_one_unlocked() need to be very careful; pinned
  * positives have >d_inode stable, so this one avoids such problems.
  *
  * Note that this routine is purely a helper for filesystem usage and should
  * not be called by generic code.
  *
  * The helper should be called without i_mutex held.
  */
 struct dentry *lookup_one_positive_unlocked(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                                             const char *name,
                                             struct dentry *base, int len)
 {
         struct dentry *ret = lookup_one_unlocked(idmap, name, base, len);
 
         if (!IS_ERR(ret) && d_flags_negative(smp_load_acquire(&ret->d_flags))) {
                 dput(ret);
                 ret = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
         }
         return ret;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_one_positive_unlocked);
 
 /**
  * lookup_one_len_unlocked - filesystem helper to lookup single pathname component
  * @name:       pathname component to lookup
  * @base:       base directory to lookup from
  * @len:        maximum length @len should be interpreted to
  *
  * Note that this routine is purely a helper for filesystem usage and should
  * not be called by generic code.
  *
  * Unlike lookup_one_len, it should be called without the parent
  * i_mutex held, and will take the i_mutex itself if necessary.
  */
 struct dentry *lookup_one_len_unlocked(const char *name,
                                        struct dentry *base, int len)
 {
         return lookup_one_unlocked(&nop_mnt_idmap, name, base, len);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_one_len_unlocked);
 
 /*
  * Like lookup_one_len_unlocked(), except that it yields ERR_PTR(-ENOENT)
  * on negatives.  Returns known positive or ERR_PTR(); that's what
  * most of the users want.  Note that pinned negative with unlocked parent
  * _can_ become positive at any time, so callers of lookup_one_len_unlocked()
  * need to be very careful; pinned positives have ->d_inode stable, so
  * this one avoids such problems.
  */
 struct dentry *lookup_positive_unlocked(const char *name,
                                        struct dentry *base, int len)
 {
         return lookup_one_positive_unlocked(&nop_mnt_idmap, name, base, len);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_positive_unlocked);
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_UNIX98_PTYS
 int path_pts(struct path *path)
 {
         /* Find something mounted on "pts" in the same directory as
          * the input path.
          */
         struct dentry *parent = dget_parent(path->dentry);
         struct dentry *child;
         struct qstr this = QSTR_INIT("pts", 3);
 
         if (unlikely(!path_connected(path->mnt, parent))) {
                 dput(parent);
                 return -ENOENT;
         }
         dput(path->dentry);
         path->dentry = parent;
         child = d_hash_and_lookup(parent, &this);
         if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(child))
                 return -ENOENT;
 
         path->dentry = child;
         dput(parent);
         follow_down(path, 0);
         return 0;
 }
 #endif
 
 int user_path_at(int dfd, const char __user *name, unsigned flags,
                  struct path *path)
 {
         struct filename *filename = getname_flags(name, flags);
         int ret = filename_lookup(dfd, filename, flags, path, NULL);
 
         putname(filename);
         return ret;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(user_path_at);
 
 int __check_sticky(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *dir,
                    struct inode *inode)
 {
         kuid_t fsuid = current_fsuid();
 
         if (vfsuid_eq_kuid(i_uid_into_vfsuid(idmap, inode), fsuid))
                 return 0;
         if (vfsuid_eq_kuid(i_uid_into_vfsuid(idmap, dir), fsuid))
                 return 0;
         return !capable_wrt_inode_uidgid(idmap, inode, CAP_FOWNER);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__check_sticky);
 
 /*
  *      Check whether we can remove a link victim from directory dir, check
  *  whether the type of victim is right.
  *  1. We can't do it if dir is read-only (done in permission())
  *  2. We should have write and exec permissions on dir
  *  3. We can't remove anything from append-only dir
  *  4. We can't do anything with immutable dir (done in permission())
  *  5. If the sticky bit on dir is set we should either
  *      a. be owner of dir, or
  *      b. be owner of victim, or
  *      c. have CAP_FOWNER capability
  *  6. If the victim is append-only or immutable we can't do antyhing with
  *     links pointing to it.
  *  7. If the victim has an unknown uid or gid we can't change the inode.
  *  8. If we were asked to remove a directory and victim isn't one - ENOTDIR.
  *  9. If we were asked to remove a non-directory and victim isn't one - EISDIR.
  * 10. We can't remove a root or mountpoint.
  * 11. We don't allow removal of NFS sillyrenamed files; it's handled by
  *     nfs_async_unlink().
  */
 static int may_delete(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *dir,
                       struct dentry *victim, bool isdir)
 {
         struct inode *inode = d_backing_inode(victim);
         int error;
 
         if (d_is_negative(victim))
                 return -ENOENT;
         BUG_ON(!inode);
 
         BUG_ON(victim->d_parent->d_inode != dir);
 
         /* Inode writeback is not safe when the uid or gid are invalid. */
         if (!vfsuid_valid(i_uid_into_vfsuid(idmap, inode)) ||
             !vfsgid_valid(i_gid_into_vfsgid(idmap, inode)))
                 return -EOVERFLOW;
 
         audit_inode_child(dir, victim, AUDIT_TYPE_CHILD_DELETE);
 
         error = inode_permission(idmap, dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC);
         if (error)
                 return error;
         if (IS_APPEND(dir))
                 return -EPERM;
 
         if (check_sticky(idmap, dir, inode) || IS_APPEND(inode) ||
             IS_IMMUTABLE(inode) || IS_SWAPFILE(inode) ||
             HAS_UNMAPPED_ID(idmap, inode))
                 return -EPERM;
         if (isdir) {
                 if (!d_is_dir(victim))
                         return -ENOTDIR;
                 if (IS_ROOT(victim))
                         return -EBUSY;
         } else if (d_is_dir(victim))
                 return -EISDIR;
         if (IS_DEADDIR(dir))
                 return -ENOENT;
         if (victim->d_flags & DCACHE_NFSFS_RENAMED)
                 return -EBUSY;
         return 0;
 }
 
 /*      Check whether we can create an object with dentry child in directory
  *  dir.
  *  1. We can't do it if child already exists (open has special treatment for
  *     this case, but since we are inlined it's OK)
  *  2. We can't do it if dir is read-only (done in permission())
  *  3. We can't do it if the fs can't represent the fsuid or fsgid.
  *  4. We should have write and exec permissions on dir
  *  5. We can't do it if dir is immutable (done in permission())
  */
 static inline int may_create(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                              struct inode *dir, struct dentry *child)
 {
         audit_inode_child(dir, child, AUDIT_TYPE_CHILD_CREATE);
         if (child->d_inode)
                 return -EEXIST;
         if (IS_DEADDIR(dir))
                 return -ENOENT;
         if (!fsuidgid_has_mapping(dir->i_sb, idmap))
                 return -EOVERFLOW;
 
         return inode_permission(idmap, dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC);
 }
 
 // p1 != p2, both are on the same filesystem, ->s_vfs_rename_mutex is held
 static struct dentry *lock_two_directories(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
 {
         struct dentry *p = p1, *q = p2, *r;
 
         while ((r = p->d_parent) != p2 && r != p)
                 p = r;
         if (r == p2) {
                 // p is a child of p2 and an ancestor of p1 or p1 itself
                 inode_lock_nested(p2->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
                 inode_lock_nested(p1->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT2);
                 return p;
         }
         // p is the root of connected component that contains p1
         // p2 does not occur on the path from p to p1
         while ((r = q->d_parent) != p1 && r != p && r != q)
                 q = r;
         if (r == p1) {
                 // q is a child of p1 and an ancestor of p2 or p2 itself
                 inode_lock_nested(p1->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
                 inode_lock_nested(p2->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT2);
                 return q;
         } else if (likely(r == p)) {
                 // both p2 and p1 are descendents of p
                 inode_lock_nested(p1->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
                 inode_lock_nested(p2->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT2);
                 return NULL;
         } else { // no common ancestor at the time we'd been called
                 mutex_unlock(&p1->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
                 return ERR_PTR(-EXDEV);
         }
 }
 
 /*
  * p1 and p2 should be directories on the same fs.
  */
 struct dentry *lock_rename(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
 {
         if (p1 == p2) {
                 inode_lock_nested(p1->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
                 return NULL;
         }
 
         mutex_lock(&p1->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
         return lock_two_directories(p1, p2);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lock_rename);
 
 /*
  * c1 and p2 should be on the same fs.
  */
 struct dentry *lock_rename_child(struct dentry *c1, struct dentry *p2)
 {
         if (READ_ONCE(c1->d_parent) == p2) {
                 /*
                  * hopefully won't need to touch ->s_vfs_rename_mutex at all.
                  */
                 inode_lock_nested(p2->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
                 /*
                  * now that p2 is locked, nobody can move in or out of it,
                  * so the test below is safe.
                  */
                 if (likely(c1->d_parent == p2))
                         return NULL;
 
                 /*
                  * c1 got moved out of p2 while we'd been taking locks;
                  * unlock and fall back to slow case.
                  */
                 inode_unlock(p2->d_inode);
         }
 
         mutex_lock(&c1->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
         /*
          * nobody can move out of any directories on this fs.
          */
         if (likely(c1->d_parent != p2))
                 return lock_two_directories(c1->d_parent, p2);
 
         /*
          * c1 got moved into p2 while we were taking locks;
          * we need p2 locked and ->s_vfs_rename_mutex unlocked,
          * for consistency with lock_rename().
          */
         inode_lock_nested(p2->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
         mutex_unlock(&c1->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
         return NULL;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(lock_rename_child);
 
 void unlock_rename(struct dentry *p1, struct dentry *p2)
 {
         inode_unlock(p1->d_inode);
         if (p1 != p2) {
                 inode_unlock(p2->d_inode);
                 mutex_unlock(&p1->d_sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex);
         }
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(unlock_rename);
 
 /**
  * vfs_prepare_mode - prepare the mode to be used for a new inode
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @dir:        parent directory of the new inode
  * @mode:       mode of the new inode
  * @mask_perms: allowed permission by the vfs
  * @type:       type of file to be created
  *
  * This helper consolidates and enforces vfs restrictions on the @mode of a new
  * object to be created.
  *
  * Umask stripping depends on whether the filesystem supports POSIX ACLs (see
  * the kernel documentation for mode_strip_umask()). Moving umask stripping
  * after setgid stripping allows the same ordering for both non-POSIX ACL and
  * POSIX ACL supporting filesystems.
  *
  * Note that it's currently valid for @type to be 0 if a directory is created.
  * Filesystems raise that flag individually and we need to check whether each
  * filesystem can deal with receiving S_IFDIR from the vfs before we enforce a
  * non-zero type.
  *
  * Returns: mode to be passed to the filesystem
  */
 static inline umode_t vfs_prepare_mode(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                                        const struct inode *dir, umode_t mode,
                                        umode_t mask_perms, umode_t type)
 {
         mode = mode_strip_sgid(idmap, dir, mode);
         mode = mode_strip_umask(dir, mode);
 
         /*
          * Apply the vfs mandated allowed permission mask and set the type of
          * file to be created before we call into the filesystem.
          */
         mode &= (mask_perms & ~S_IFMT);
         mode |= (type & S_IFMT);
 
         return mode;
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_create - create new file
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @dir:        inode of the parent directory
  * @dentry:     dentry of the child file
  * @mode:       mode of the child file
  * @want_excl:  whether the file must not yet exist
  *
  * Create a new file.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int vfs_create(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *dir,
                struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode, bool want_excl)
 {
         int error;
 
         error = may_create(idmap, dir, dentry);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (!dir->i_op->create)
                 return -EACCES; /* shouldn't it be ENOSYS? */
 
         mode = vfs_prepare_mode(idmap, dir, mode, S_IALLUGO, S_IFREG);
         error = security_inode_create(dir, dentry, mode);
         if (error)
                 return error;
         error = dir->i_op->create(idmap, dir, dentry, mode, want_excl);
         if (!error)
                 fsnotify_create(dir, dentry);
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_create);
 
 int vfs_mkobj(struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode,
                 int (*f)(struct dentry *, umode_t, void *),
                 void *arg)
 {
         struct inode *dir = dentry->d_parent->d_inode;
         int error = may_create(&nop_mnt_idmap, dir, dentry);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         mode &= S_IALLUGO;
         mode |= S_IFREG;
         error = security_inode_create(dir, dentry, mode);
         if (error)
                 return error;
         error = f(dentry, mode, arg);
         if (!error)
                 fsnotify_create(dir, dentry);
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_mkobj);
 
 bool may_open_dev(const struct path *path)
 {
         return !(path->mnt->mnt_flags & MNT_NODEV) &&
                 !(path->mnt->mnt_sb->s_iflags & SB_I_NODEV);
 }
 
 static int may_open(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, const struct path *path,
                     int acc_mode, int flag)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry = path->dentry;
         struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
         int error;
 
         if (!inode)
                 return -ENOENT;
 
         switch (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT) {
         case S_IFLNK:
                 return -ELOOP;
         case S_IFDIR:
                 if (acc_mode & MAY_WRITE)
                         return -EISDIR;
                 if (acc_mode & MAY_EXEC)
                         return -EACCES;
                 break;
         case S_IFBLK:
         case S_IFCHR:
                 if (!may_open_dev(path))
                         return -EACCES;
                 fallthrough;
         case S_IFIFO:
         case S_IFSOCK:
                 if (acc_mode & MAY_EXEC)
                         return -EACCES;
                 flag &= ~O_TRUNC;
                 break;
         case S_IFREG:
                 if ((acc_mode & MAY_EXEC) && path_noexec(path))
                         return -EACCES;
                 break;
         }
 
         error = inode_permission(idmap, inode, MAY_OPEN | acc_mode);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         /*
          * An append-only file must be opened in append mode for writing.
          */
         if (IS_APPEND(inode)) {
                 if  ((flag & O_ACCMODE) != O_RDONLY && !(flag & O_APPEND))
                         return -EPERM;
                 if (flag & O_TRUNC)
                         return -EPERM;
         }
 
         /* O_NOATIME can only be set by the owner or superuser */
         if (flag & O_NOATIME && !inode_owner_or_capable(idmap, inode))
                 return -EPERM;
 
         return 0;
 }
 
 static int handle_truncate(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct file *filp)
 {
         const struct path *path = &filp->f_path;
         struct inode *inode = path->dentry->d_inode;
         int error = get_write_access(inode);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         error = security_file_truncate(filp);
         if (!error) {
                 error = do_truncate(idmap, path->dentry, 0,
                                     ATTR_MTIME|ATTR_CTIME|ATTR_OPEN,
                                     filp);
         }
         put_write_access(inode);
         return error;
 }
 
 static inline int open_to_namei_flags(int flag)
 {
         if ((flag & O_ACCMODE) == 3)
                 flag--;
         return flag;
 }
 
 static int may_o_create(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                         const struct path *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
                         umode_t mode)
 {
         int error = security_path_mknod(dir, dentry, mode, 0);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (!fsuidgid_has_mapping(dir->dentry->d_sb, idmap))
                 return -EOVERFLOW;
 
         error = inode_permission(idmap, dir->dentry->d_inode,
                                  MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         return security_inode_create(dir->dentry->d_inode, dentry, mode);
 }
 
 /*
  * Attempt to atomically look up, create and open a file from a negative
  * dentry.
  *
  * Returns 0 if successful.  The file will have been created and attached to
  * @file by the filesystem calling finish_open().
  *
  * If the file was looked up only or didn't need creating, FMODE_OPENED won't
  * be set.  The caller will need to perform the open themselves.  @path will
  * have been updated to point to the new dentry.  This may be negative.
  *
  * Returns an error code otherwise.
  */
 static struct dentry *atomic_open(struct nameidata *nd, struct dentry *dentry,
                                   struct file *file,
                                   int open_flag, umode_t mode)
 {
         struct dentry *const DENTRY_NOT_SET = (void *) -1UL;
         struct inode *dir =  nd->path.dentry->d_inode;
         int error;
 
         if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_DIRECTORY)
                 open_flag |= O_DIRECTORY;
 
         file->f_path.dentry = DENTRY_NOT_SET;
         file->f_path.mnt = nd->path.mnt;
         error = dir->i_op->atomic_open(dir, dentry, file,
                                        open_to_namei_flags(open_flag), mode);
         d_lookup_done(dentry);
         if (!error) {
                 if (file->f_mode & FMODE_OPENED) {
                         if (unlikely(dentry != file->f_path.dentry)) {
                                 dput(dentry);
                                 dentry = dget(file->f_path.dentry);
                         }
                 } else if (WARN_ON(file->f_path.dentry == DENTRY_NOT_SET)) {
                         error = -EIO;
                 } else {
                         if (file->f_path.dentry) {
                                 dput(dentry);
                                 dentry = file->f_path.dentry;
                         }
                         if (unlikely(d_is_negative(dentry)))
                                 error = -ENOENT;
                 }
         }
         if (error) {
                 dput(dentry);
                 dentry = ERR_PTR(error);
         }
         return dentry;
 }
 
 /*
  * Look up and maybe create and open the last component.
  *
  * Must be called with parent locked (exclusive in O_CREAT case).
  *
  * Returns 0 on success, that is, if
  *  the file was successfully atomically created (if necessary) and opened, or
  *  the file was not completely opened at this time, though lookups and
  *  creations were performed.
  * These case are distinguished by presence of FMODE_OPENED on file->f_mode.
  * In the latter case dentry returned in @path might be negative if O_CREAT
  * hadn't been specified.
  *
  * An error code is returned on failure.
  */
 static struct dentry *lookup_open(struct nameidata *nd, struct file *file,
                                   const struct open_flags *op,
                                   bool got_write)
 {
         struct mnt_idmap *idmap;
         struct dentry *dir = nd->path.dentry;
         struct inode *dir_inode = dir->d_inode;
         int open_flag = op->open_flag;
         struct dentry *dentry;
         int error, create_error = 0;
         umode_t mode = op->mode;
         DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_ONSTACK(wq);
 
         if (unlikely(IS_DEADDIR(dir_inode)))
                 return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
 
         file->f_mode &= ~FMODE_CREATED;
         dentry = d_lookup(dir, &nd->last);
         for (;;) {
                 if (!dentry) {
                         dentry = d_alloc_parallel(dir, &nd->last, &wq);
                         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                                 return dentry;
                 }
                 if (d_in_lookup(dentry))
                         break;
 
                 error = d_revalidate(dentry, nd->flags);
                 if (likely(error > 0))
                         break;
                 if (error)
                         goto out_dput;
                 d_invalidate(dentry);
                 dput(dentry);
                 dentry = NULL;
         }
         if (dentry->d_inode) {
                 /* Cached positive dentry: will open in f_op->open */
                 return dentry;
         }
 
         /*
          * Checking write permission is tricky, bacuse we don't know if we are
          * going to actually need it: O_CREAT opens should work as long as the
          * file exists.  But checking existence breaks atomicity.  The trick is
          * to check access and if not granted clear O_CREAT from the flags.
          *
          * Another problem is returing the "right" error value (e.g. for an
          * O_EXCL open we want to return EEXIST not EROFS).
          */
         if (unlikely(!got_write))
                 open_flag &= ~O_TRUNC;
         idmap = mnt_idmap(nd->path.mnt);
         if (open_flag & O_CREAT) {
                 if (open_flag & O_EXCL)
                         open_flag &= ~O_TRUNC;
                 mode = vfs_prepare_mode(idmap, dir->d_inode, mode, mode, mode);
                 if (likely(got_write))
                         create_error = may_o_create(idmap, &nd->path,
                                                     dentry, mode);
                 else
                         create_error = -EROFS;
         }
         if (create_error)
                 open_flag &= ~O_CREAT;
         if (dir_inode->i_op->atomic_open) {
                 dentry = atomic_open(nd, dentry, file, open_flag, mode);
                 if (unlikely(create_error) && dentry == ERR_PTR(-ENOENT))
                         dentry = ERR_PTR(create_error);
                 return dentry;
         }
 
         if (d_in_lookup(dentry)) {
                 struct dentry *res = dir_inode->i_op->lookup(dir_inode, dentry,
                                                              nd->flags);
                 d_lookup_done(dentry);
                 if (unlikely(res)) {
                         if (IS_ERR(res)) {
                                 error = PTR_ERR(res);
                                 goto out_dput;
                         }
                         dput(dentry);
                         dentry = res;
                 }
         }
 
         /* Negative dentry, just create the file */
         if (!dentry->d_inode && (open_flag & O_CREAT)) {
                 file->f_mode |= FMODE_CREATED;
                 audit_inode_child(dir_inode, dentry, AUDIT_TYPE_CHILD_CREATE);
                 if (!dir_inode->i_op->create) {
                         error = -EACCES;
                         goto out_dput;
                 }
 
                 error = dir_inode->i_op->create(idmap, dir_inode, dentry,
                                                 mode, open_flag & O_EXCL);
                 if (error)
                         goto out_dput;
         }
         if (unlikely(create_error) && !dentry->d_inode) {
                 error = create_error;
                 goto out_dput;
         }
         return dentry;
 
 out_dput:
         dput(dentry);
         return ERR_PTR(error);
 }
 
 static const char *open_last_lookups(struct nameidata *nd,
                    struct file *file, const struct open_flags *op)
 {
         struct dentry *dir = nd->path.dentry;
         int open_flag = op->open_flag;
         bool got_write = false;
         struct dentry *dentry;
         const char *res;
 
         nd->flags |= op->intent;
 
         if (nd->last_type != LAST_NORM) {
                 if (nd->depth)
                         put_link(nd);
                 return handle_dots(nd, nd->last_type);
         }
 
         if (!(open_flag & O_CREAT)) {
                 if (nd->last.name[nd->last.len])
                         nd->flags |= LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
                 /* we _can_ be in RCU mode here */
                 dentry = lookup_fast(nd);
                 if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                         return ERR_CAST(dentry);
                 if (likely(dentry))
                         goto finish_lookup;
 
                 if (WARN_ON_ONCE(nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU))
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
         } else {
                 /* create side of things */
                 if (nd->flags & LOOKUP_RCU) {
                         if (!try_to_unlazy(nd))
                                 return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                 }
                 audit_inode(nd->name, dir, AUDIT_INODE_PARENT);
                 /* trailing slashes? */
                 if (unlikely(nd->last.name[nd->last.len]))
                         return ERR_PTR(-EISDIR);
         }
 
         if (open_flag & (O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY | O_RDWR)) {
                 got_write = !mnt_want_write(nd->path.mnt);
                 /*
                  * do _not_ fail yet - we might not need that or fail with
                  * a different error; let lookup_open() decide; we'll be
                  * dropping this one anyway.
                  */
         }
         if (open_flag & O_CREAT)
                 inode_lock(dir->d_inode);
         else
                 inode_lock_shared(dir->d_inode);
         dentry = lookup_open(nd, file, op, got_write);
         if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
                 if (file->f_mode & FMODE_CREATED)
                         fsnotify_create(dir->d_inode, dentry);
                 if (file->f_mode & FMODE_OPENED)
                         fsnotify_open(file);
         }
         if (open_flag & O_CREAT)
                 inode_unlock(dir->d_inode);
         else
                 inode_unlock_shared(dir->d_inode);
 
         if (got_write)
                 mnt_drop_write(nd->path.mnt);
 
         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                 return ERR_CAST(dentry);
 
         if (file->f_mode & (FMODE_OPENED | FMODE_CREATED)) {
                 dput(nd->path.dentry);
                 nd->path.dentry = dentry;
                 return NULL;
         }
 
 finish_lookup:
         if (nd->depth)
                 put_link(nd);
         res = step_into(nd, WALK_TRAILING, dentry);
         if (unlikely(res))
                 nd->flags &= ~(LOOKUP_OPEN|LOOKUP_CREATE|LOOKUP_EXCL);
         return res;
 }
 
 /*
  * Handle the last step of open()
  */
 static int do_open(struct nameidata *nd,
                    struct file *file, const struct open_flags *op)
 {
         struct mnt_idmap *idmap;
         int open_flag = op->open_flag;
         bool do_truncate;
         int acc_mode;
         int error;
 
         if (!(file->f_mode & (FMODE_OPENED | FMODE_CREATED))) {
                 error = complete_walk(nd);
                 if (error)
                         return error;
         }
         if (!(file->f_mode & FMODE_CREATED))
                 audit_inode(nd->name, nd->path.dentry, 0);
         idmap = mnt_idmap(nd->path.mnt);
         if (open_flag & O_CREAT) {
                 if ((open_flag & O_EXCL) && !(file->f_mode & FMODE_CREATED))
                         return -EEXIST;
                 if (d_is_dir(nd->path.dentry))
                         return -EISDIR;
                 error = may_create_in_sticky(idmap, nd,
                                              d_backing_inode(nd->path.dentry));
                 if (unlikely(error))
                         return error;
         }
         if ((nd->flags & LOOKUP_DIRECTORY) && !d_can_lookup(nd->path.dentry))
                 return -ENOTDIR;
 
         do_truncate = false;
         acc_mode = op->acc_mode;
         if (file->f_mode & FMODE_CREATED) {
                 /* Don't check for write permission, don't truncate */
                 open_flag &= ~O_TRUNC;
                 acc_mode = 0;
         } else if (d_is_reg(nd->path.dentry) && open_flag & O_TRUNC) {
                 error = mnt_want_write(nd->path.mnt);
                 if (error)
                         return error;
                 do_truncate = true;
         }
         error = may_open(idmap, &nd->path, acc_mode, open_flag);
         if (!error && !(file->f_mode & FMODE_OPENED))
                 error = vfs_open(&nd->path, file);
         if (!error)
                 error = security_file_post_open(file, op->acc_mode);
         if (!error && do_truncate)
                 error = handle_truncate(idmap, file);
         if (unlikely(error > 0)) {
                 WARN_ON(1);
                 error = -EINVAL;
         }
         if (do_truncate)
                 mnt_drop_write(nd->path.mnt);
         return error;
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_tmpfile - create tmpfile
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @parentpath: pointer to the path of the base directory
  * @file:       file descriptor of the new tmpfile
  * @mode:       mode of the new tmpfile
  *
  * Create a temporary file.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int vfs_tmpfile(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                 const struct path *parentpath,
                 struct file *file, umode_t mode)
 {
         struct dentry *child;
         struct inode *dir = d_inode(parentpath->dentry);
         struct inode *inode;
         int error;
         int open_flag = file->f_flags;
 
         /* we want directory to be writable */
         error = inode_permission(idmap, dir, MAY_WRITE | MAY_EXEC);
         if (error)
                 return error;
         if (!dir->i_op->tmpfile)
                 return -EOPNOTSUPP;
         child = d_alloc(parentpath->dentry, &slash_name);
         if (unlikely(!child))
                 return -ENOMEM;
         file->f_path.mnt = parentpath->mnt;
         file->f_path.dentry = child;
         mode = vfs_prepare_mode(idmap, dir, mode, mode, mode);
         error = dir->i_op->tmpfile(idmap, dir, file, mode);
         dput(child);
         if (file->f_mode & FMODE_OPENED)
                 fsnotify_open(file);
         if (error)
                 return error;
         /* Don't check for other permissions, the inode was just created */
         error = may_open(idmap, &file->f_path, 0, file->f_flags);
         if (error)
                 return error;
         inode = file_inode(file);
         if (!(open_flag & O_EXCL)) {
                 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
                 inode->i_state |= I_LINKABLE;
                 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
         }
         security_inode_post_create_tmpfile(idmap, inode);
         return 0;
 }
 
 /**
  * kernel_tmpfile_open - open a tmpfile for kernel internal use
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @parentpath: path of the base directory
  * @mode:       mode of the new tmpfile
  * @open_flag:  flags
  * @cred:       credentials for open
  *
  * Create and open a temporary file.  The file is not accounted in nr_files,
  * hence this is only for kernel internal use, and must not be installed into
  * file tables or such.
  */
 struct file *kernel_tmpfile_open(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                                  const struct path *parentpath,
                                  umode_t mode, int open_flag,
                                  const struct cred *cred)
 {
         struct file *file;
         int error;
 
         file = alloc_empty_file_noaccount(open_flag, cred);
         if (IS_ERR(file))
                 return file;
 
         error = vfs_tmpfile(idmap, parentpath, file, mode);
         if (error) {
                 fput(file);
                 file = ERR_PTR(error);
         }
         return file;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kernel_tmpfile_open);
 
 static int do_tmpfile(struct nameidata *nd, unsigned flags,
                 const struct open_flags *op,
                 struct file *file)
 {
         struct path path;
         int error = path_lookupat(nd, flags | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY, &path);
 
         if (unlikely(error))
                 return error;
         error = mnt_want_write(path.mnt);
         if (unlikely(error))
                 goto out;
         error = vfs_tmpfile(mnt_idmap(path.mnt), &path, file, op->mode);
         if (error)
                 goto out2;
         audit_inode(nd->name, file->f_path.dentry, 0);
 out2:
         mnt_drop_write(path.mnt);
 out:
         path_put(&path);
         return error;
 }
 
 static int do_o_path(struct nameidata *nd, unsigned flags, struct file *file)
 {
         struct path path;
         int error = path_lookupat(nd, flags, &path);
         if (!error) {
                 audit_inode(nd->name, path.dentry, 0);
                 error = vfs_open(&path, file);
                 path_put(&path);
         }
         return error;
 }
 
 static struct file *path_openat(struct nameidata *nd,
                         const struct open_flags *op, unsigned flags)
 {
         struct file *file;
         int error;
 
         file = alloc_empty_file(op->open_flag, current_cred());
         if (IS_ERR(file))
                 return file;
 
         if (unlikely(file->f_flags & __O_TMPFILE)) {
                 error = do_tmpfile(nd, flags, op, file);
         } else if (unlikely(file->f_flags & O_PATH)) {
                 error = do_o_path(nd, flags, file);
         } else {
                 const char *s = path_init(nd, flags);
                 while (!(error = link_path_walk(s, nd)) &&
                        (s = open_last_lookups(nd, file, op)) != NULL)
                         ;
                 if (!error)
                         error = do_open(nd, file, op);
                 terminate_walk(nd);
         }
         if (likely(!error)) {
                 if (likely(file->f_mode & FMODE_OPENED))
                         return file;
                 WARN_ON(1);
                 error = -EINVAL;
         }
         fput(file);
         if (error == -EOPENSTALE) {
                 if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU)
                         error = -ECHILD;
                 else
                         error = -ESTALE;
         }
         return ERR_PTR(error);
 }
 
 struct file *do_filp_open(int dfd, struct filename *pathname,
                 const struct open_flags *op)
 {
         struct nameidata nd;
         int flags = op->lookup_flags;
         struct file *filp;
 
         set_nameidata(&nd, dfd, pathname, NULL);
         filp = path_openat(&nd, op, flags | LOOKUP_RCU);
         if (unlikely(filp == ERR_PTR(-ECHILD)))
                 filp = path_openat(&nd, op, flags);
         if (unlikely(filp == ERR_PTR(-ESTALE)))
                 filp = path_openat(&nd, op, flags | LOOKUP_REVAL);
         restore_nameidata();
         return filp;
 }
 
 struct file *do_file_open_root(const struct path *root,
                 const char *name, const struct open_flags *op)
 {
         struct nameidata nd;
         struct file *file;
         struct filename *filename;
         int flags = op->lookup_flags;
 
         if (d_is_symlink(root->dentry) && op->intent & LOOKUP_OPEN)
                 return ERR_PTR(-ELOOP);
 
         filename = getname_kernel(name);
         if (IS_ERR(filename))
                 return ERR_CAST(filename);
 
         set_nameidata(&nd, -1, filename, root);
         file = path_openat(&nd, op, flags | LOOKUP_RCU);
         if (unlikely(file == ERR_PTR(-ECHILD)))
                 file = path_openat(&nd, op, flags);
         if (unlikely(file == ERR_PTR(-ESTALE)))
                 file = path_openat(&nd, op, flags | LOOKUP_REVAL);
         restore_nameidata();
         putname(filename);
         return file;
 }
 
 static struct dentry *filename_create(int dfd, struct filename *name,
                                       struct path *path, unsigned int lookup_flags)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry = ERR_PTR(-EEXIST);
         struct qstr last;
         bool want_dir = lookup_flags & LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
         unsigned int reval_flag = lookup_flags & LOOKUP_REVAL;
         unsigned int create_flags = LOOKUP_CREATE | LOOKUP_EXCL;
         int type;
         int err2;
         int error;
 
         error = filename_parentat(dfd, name, reval_flag, path, &last, &type);
         if (error)
                 return ERR_PTR(error);
 
         /*
          * Yucky last component or no last component at all?
          * (foo/., foo/.., /////)
          */
         if (unlikely(type != LAST_NORM))
                 goto out;
 
         /* don't fail immediately if it's r/o, at least try to report other errors */
         err2 = mnt_want_write(path->mnt);
         /*
          * Do the final lookup.  Suppress 'create' if there is a trailing
          * '/', and a directory wasn't requested.
          */
         if (last.name[last.len] && !want_dir)
                 create_flags = 0;
         inode_lock_nested(path->dentry->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
         dentry = lookup_one_qstr_excl(&last, path->dentry,
                                       reval_flag | create_flags);
         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                 goto unlock;
 
         error = -EEXIST;
         if (d_is_positive(dentry))
                 goto fail;
 
         /*
          * Special case - lookup gave negative, but... we had foo/bar/
          * From the vfs_mknod() POV we just have a negative dentry -
          * all is fine. Let's be bastards - you had / on the end, you've
          * been asking for (non-existent) directory. -ENOENT for you.
          */
         if (unlikely(!create_flags)) {
                 error = -ENOENT;
                 goto fail;
         }
         if (unlikely(err2)) {
                 error = err2;
                 goto fail;
         }
         return dentry;
 fail:
         dput(dentry);
         dentry = ERR_PTR(error);
 unlock:
         inode_unlock(path->dentry->d_inode);
         if (!err2)
                 mnt_drop_write(path->mnt);
 out:
         path_put(path);
         return dentry;
 }
 
 struct dentry *kern_path_create(int dfd, const char *pathname,
                                 struct path *path, unsigned int lookup_flags)
 {
         struct filename *filename = getname_kernel(pathname);
         struct dentry *res = filename_create(dfd, filename, path, lookup_flags);
 
         putname(filename);
         return res;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kern_path_create);
 
 void done_path_create(struct path *path, struct dentry *dentry)
 {
         dput(dentry);
         inode_unlock(path->dentry->d_inode);
         mnt_drop_write(path->mnt);
         path_put(path);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(done_path_create);
 
 inline struct dentry *user_path_create(int dfd, const char __user *pathname,
                                 struct path *path, unsigned int lookup_flags)
 {
         struct filename *filename = getname(pathname);
         struct dentry *res = filename_create(dfd, filename, path, lookup_flags);
 
         putname(filename);
         return res;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(user_path_create);
 
 /**
  * vfs_mknod - create device node or file
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @dir:        inode of the parent directory
  * @dentry:     dentry of the child device node
  * @mode:       mode of the child device node
  * @dev:        device number of device to create
  *
  * Create a device node or file.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int vfs_mknod(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *dir,
               struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode, dev_t dev)
 {
         bool is_whiteout = S_ISCHR(mode) && dev == WHITEOUT_DEV;
         int error = may_create(idmap, dir, dentry);
 
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if ((S_ISCHR(mode) || S_ISBLK(mode)) && !is_whiteout &&
             !capable(CAP_MKNOD))
                 return -EPERM;
 
         if (!dir->i_op->mknod)
                 return -EPERM;
 
         mode = vfs_prepare_mode(idmap, dir, mode, mode, mode);
         error = devcgroup_inode_mknod(mode, dev);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         error = security_inode_mknod(dir, dentry, mode, dev);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         error = dir->i_op->mknod(idmap, dir, dentry, mode, dev);
         if (!error)
                 fsnotify_create(dir, dentry);
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_mknod);
 
 static int may_mknod(umode_t mode)
 {
         switch (mode & S_IFMT) {
         case S_IFREG:
         case S_IFCHR:
         case S_IFBLK:
         case S_IFIFO:
         case S_IFSOCK:
         case 0: /* zero mode translates to S_IFREG */
                 return 0;
         case S_IFDIR:
                 return -EPERM;
         default:
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 }
 
 static int do_mknodat(int dfd, struct filename *name, umode_t mode,
                 unsigned int dev)
 {
         struct mnt_idmap *idmap;
         struct dentry *dentry;
         struct path path;
         int error;
         unsigned int lookup_flags = 0;
 
         error = may_mknod(mode);
         if (error)
                 goto out1;
 retry:
         dentry = filename_create(dfd, name, &path, lookup_flags);
         error = PTR_ERR(dentry);
         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                 goto out1;
 
         error = security_path_mknod(&path, dentry,
                         mode_strip_umask(path.dentry->d_inode, mode), dev);
         if (error)
                 goto out2;
 
         idmap = mnt_idmap(path.mnt);
         switch (mode & S_IFMT) {
                 case 0: case S_IFREG:
                         error = vfs_create(idmap, path.dentry->d_inode,
                                            dentry, mode, true);
                         if (!error)
                                 security_path_post_mknod(idmap, dentry);
                         break;
                 case S_IFCHR: case S_IFBLK:
                         error = vfs_mknod(idmap, path.dentry->d_inode,
                                           dentry, mode, new_decode_dev(dev));
                         break;
                 case S_IFIFO: case S_IFSOCK:
                         error = vfs_mknod(idmap, path.dentry->d_inode,
                                           dentry, mode, 0);
                         break;
         }
 out2:
         done_path_create(&path, dentry);
         if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
                 lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
                 goto retry;
         }
 out1:
         putname(name);
         return error;
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE4(mknodat, int, dfd, const char __user *, filename, umode_t, mode,
                 unsigned int, dev)
 {
         return do_mknodat(dfd, getname(filename), mode, dev);
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE3(mknod, const char __user *, filename, umode_t, mode, unsigned, dev)
 {
         return do_mknodat(AT_FDCWD, getname(filename), mode, dev);
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_mkdir - create directory
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @dir:        inode of the parent directory
  * @dentry:     dentry of the child directory
  * @mode:       mode of the child directory
  *
  * Create a directory.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int vfs_mkdir(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *dir,
               struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode)
 {
         int error;
         unsigned max_links = dir->i_sb->s_max_links;
 
         error = may_create(idmap, dir, dentry);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (!dir->i_op->mkdir)
                 return -EPERM;
 
         mode = vfs_prepare_mode(idmap, dir, mode, S_IRWXUGO | S_ISVTX, 0);
         error = security_inode_mkdir(dir, dentry, mode);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (max_links && dir->i_nlink >= max_links)
                 return -EMLINK;
 
         error = dir->i_op->mkdir(idmap, dir, dentry, mode);
         if (!error)
                 fsnotify_mkdir(dir, dentry);
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_mkdir);
 
 int do_mkdirat(int dfd, struct filename *name, umode_t mode)
 {
         struct dentry *dentry;
         struct path path;
         int error;
         unsigned int lookup_flags = LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
 
 retry:
         dentry = filename_create(dfd, name, &path, lookup_flags);
         error = PTR_ERR(dentry);
         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                 goto out_putname;
 
         error = security_path_mkdir(&path, dentry,
                         mode_strip_umask(path.dentry->d_inode, mode));
         if (!error) {
                 error = vfs_mkdir(mnt_idmap(path.mnt), path.dentry->d_inode,
                                   dentry, mode);
         }
         done_path_create(&path, dentry);
         if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
                 lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
                 goto retry;
         }
 out_putname:
         putname(name);
         return error;
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE3(mkdirat, int, dfd, const char __user *, pathname, umode_t, mode)
 {
         return do_mkdirat(dfd, getname(pathname), mode);
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE2(mkdir, const char __user *, pathname, umode_t, mode)
 {
         return do_mkdirat(AT_FDCWD, getname(pathname), mode);
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_rmdir - remove directory
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @dir:        inode of the parent directory
  * @dentry:     dentry of the child directory
  *
  * Remove a directory.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int vfs_rmdir(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *dir,
                      struct dentry *dentry)
 {
         int error = may_delete(idmap, dir, dentry, 1);
 
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (!dir->i_op->rmdir)
                 return -EPERM;
 
         dget(dentry);
         inode_lock(dentry->d_inode);
 
         error = -EBUSY;
         if (is_local_mountpoint(dentry) ||
             (dentry->d_inode->i_flags & S_KERNEL_FILE))
                 goto out;
 
         error = security_inode_rmdir(dir, dentry);
         if (error)
                 goto out;
 
         error = dir->i_op->rmdir(dir, dentry);
         if (error)
                 goto out;
 
         shrink_dcache_parent(dentry);
         dentry->d_inode->i_flags |= S_DEAD;
         dont_mount(dentry);
         detach_mounts(dentry);
 
 out:
         inode_unlock(dentry->d_inode);
         dput(dentry);
         if (!error)
                 d_delete_notify(dir, dentry);
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_rmdir);
 
 int do_rmdir(int dfd, struct filename *name)
 {
         int error;
         struct dentry *dentry;
         struct path path;
         struct qstr last;
         int type;
         unsigned int lookup_flags = 0;
 retry:
         error = filename_parentat(dfd, name, lookup_flags, &path, &last, &type);
         if (error)
                 goto exit1;
 
         switch (type) {
         case LAST_DOTDOT:
                 error = -ENOTEMPTY;
                 goto exit2;
         case LAST_DOT:
                 error = -EINVAL;
                 goto exit2;
         case LAST_ROOT:
                 error = -EBUSY;
                 goto exit2;
         }
 
         error = mnt_want_write(path.mnt);
         if (error)
                 goto exit2;
 
         inode_lock_nested(path.dentry->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
         dentry = lookup_one_qstr_excl(&last, path.dentry, lookup_flags);
         error = PTR_ERR(dentry);
         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                 goto exit3;
         if (!dentry->d_inode) {
                 error = -ENOENT;
                 goto exit4;
         }
         error = security_path_rmdir(&path, dentry);
         if (error)
                 goto exit4;
         error = vfs_rmdir(mnt_idmap(path.mnt), path.dentry->d_inode, dentry);
 exit4:
         dput(dentry);
 exit3:
         inode_unlock(path.dentry->d_inode);
         mnt_drop_write(path.mnt);
 exit2:
         path_put(&path);
         if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
                 lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
                 goto retry;
         }
 exit1:
         putname(name);
         return error;
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE1(rmdir, const char __user *, pathname)
 {
         return do_rmdir(AT_FDCWD, getname(pathname));
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_unlink - unlink a filesystem object
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @dir:        parent directory
  * @dentry:     victim
  * @delegated_inode: returns victim inode, if the inode is delegated.
  *
  * The caller must hold dir->i_mutex.
  *
  * If vfs_unlink discovers a delegation, it will return -EWOULDBLOCK and
  * return a reference to the inode in delegated_inode.  The caller
  * should then break the delegation on that inode and retry.  Because
  * breaking a delegation may take a long time, the caller should drop
  * dir->i_mutex before doing so.
  *
  * Alternatively, a caller may pass NULL for delegated_inode.  This may
  * be appropriate for callers that expect the underlying filesystem not
  * to be NFS exported.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int vfs_unlink(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *dir,
                struct dentry *dentry, struct inode **delegated_inode)
 {
         struct inode *target = dentry->d_inode;
         int error = may_delete(idmap, dir, dentry, 0);
 
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (!dir->i_op->unlink)
                 return -EPERM;
 
         inode_lock(target);
         if (IS_SWAPFILE(target))
                 error = -EPERM;
         else if (is_local_mountpoint(dentry))
                 error = -EBUSY;
         else {
                 error = security_inode_unlink(dir, dentry);
                 if (!error) {
                         error = try_break_deleg(target, delegated_inode);
                         if (error)
                                 goto out;
                         error = dir->i_op->unlink(dir, dentry);
                         if (!error) {
                                 dont_mount(dentry);
                                 detach_mounts(dentry);
                         }
                 }
         }
 out:
         inode_unlock(target);
 
         /* We don't d_delete() NFS sillyrenamed files--they still exist. */
         if (!error && dentry->d_flags & DCACHE_NFSFS_RENAMED) {
                 fsnotify_unlink(dir, dentry);
         } else if (!error) {
                 fsnotify_link_count(target);
                 d_delete_notify(dir, dentry);
         }
 
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_unlink);
 
 /*
  * Make sure that the actual truncation of the file will occur outside its
  * directory's i_mutex.  Truncate can take a long time if there is a lot of
  * writeout happening, and we don't want to prevent access to the directory
  * while waiting on the I/O.
  */
 int do_unlinkat(int dfd, struct filename *name)
 {
         int error;
         struct dentry *dentry;
         struct path path;
         struct qstr last;
         int type;
         struct inode *inode = NULL;
         struct inode *delegated_inode = NULL;
         unsigned int lookup_flags = 0;
 retry:
         error = filename_parentat(dfd, name, lookup_flags, &path, &last, &type);
         if (error)
                 goto exit1;
 
         error = -EISDIR;
         if (type != LAST_NORM)
                 goto exit2;
 
         error = mnt_want_write(path.mnt);
         if (error)
                 goto exit2;
 retry_deleg:
         inode_lock_nested(path.dentry->d_inode, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
         dentry = lookup_one_qstr_excl(&last, path.dentry, lookup_flags);
         error = PTR_ERR(dentry);
         if (!IS_ERR(dentry)) {
 
                 /* Why not before? Because we want correct error value */
                 if (last.name[last.len] || d_is_negative(dentry))
                         goto slashes;
                 inode = dentry->d_inode;
                 ihold(inode);
                 error = security_path_unlink(&path, dentry);
                 if (error)
                         goto exit3;
                 error = vfs_unlink(mnt_idmap(path.mnt), path.dentry->d_inode,
                                    dentry, &delegated_inode);
 exit3:
                 dput(dentry);
         }
         inode_unlock(path.dentry->d_inode);
         if (inode)
                 iput(inode);    /* truncate the inode here */
         inode = NULL;
         if (delegated_inode) {
                 error = break_deleg_wait(&delegated_inode);
                 if (!error)
                         goto retry_deleg;
         }
         mnt_drop_write(path.mnt);
 exit2:
         path_put(&path);
         if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
                 lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
                 inode = NULL;
                 goto retry;
         }
 exit1:
         putname(name);
         return error;
 
 slashes:
         if (d_is_negative(dentry))
                 error = -ENOENT;
         else if (d_is_dir(dentry))
                 error = -EISDIR;
         else
                 error = -ENOTDIR;
         goto exit3;
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE3(unlinkat, int, dfd, const char __user *, pathname, int, flag)
 {
         if ((flag & ~AT_REMOVEDIR) != 0)
                 return -EINVAL;
 
         if (flag & AT_REMOVEDIR)
                 return do_rmdir(dfd, getname(pathname));
         return do_unlinkat(dfd, getname(pathname));
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE1(unlink, const char __user *, pathname)
 {
         return do_unlinkat(AT_FDCWD, getname(pathname));
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_symlink - create symlink
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount the inode was found from
  * @dir:        inode of the parent directory
  * @dentry:     dentry of the child symlink file
  * @oldname:    name of the file to link to
  *
  * Create a symlink.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int vfs_symlink(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *dir,
                 struct dentry *dentry, const char *oldname)
 {
         int error;
 
         error = may_create(idmap, dir, dentry);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (!dir->i_op->symlink)
                 return -EPERM;
 
         error = security_inode_symlink(dir, dentry, oldname);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         error = dir->i_op->symlink(idmap, dir, dentry, oldname);
         if (!error)
                 fsnotify_create(dir, dentry);
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_symlink);
 
 int do_symlinkat(struct filename *from, int newdfd, struct filename *to)
 {
         int error;
         struct dentry *dentry;
         struct path path;
         unsigned int lookup_flags = 0;
 
         if (IS_ERR(from)) {
                 error = PTR_ERR(from);
                 goto out_putnames;
         }
 retry:
         dentry = filename_create(newdfd, to, &path, lookup_flags);
         error = PTR_ERR(dentry);
         if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                 goto out_putnames;
 
         error = security_path_symlink(&path, dentry, from->name);
         if (!error)
                 error = vfs_symlink(mnt_idmap(path.mnt), path.dentry->d_inode,
                                     dentry, from->name);
         done_path_create(&path, dentry);
         if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
                 lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
                 goto retry;
         }
 out_putnames:
         putname(to);
         putname(from);
         return error;
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE3(symlinkat, const char __user *, oldname,
                 int, newdfd, const char __user *, newname)
 {
         return do_symlinkat(getname(oldname), newdfd, getname(newname));
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE2(symlink, const char __user *, oldname, const char __user *, newname)
 {
         return do_symlinkat(getname(oldname), AT_FDCWD, getname(newname));
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_link - create a new link
  * @old_dentry: object to be linked
  * @idmap:      idmap of the mount
  * @dir:        new parent
  * @new_dentry: where to create the new link
  * @delegated_inode: returns inode needing a delegation break
  *
  * The caller must hold dir->i_mutex
  *
  * If vfs_link discovers a delegation on the to-be-linked file in need
  * of breaking, it will return -EWOULDBLOCK and return a reference to the
  * inode in delegated_inode.  The caller should then break the delegation
  * and retry.  Because breaking a delegation may take a long time, the
  * caller should drop the i_mutex before doing so.
  *
  * Alternatively, a caller may pass NULL for delegated_inode.  This may
  * be appropriate for callers that expect the underlying filesystem not
  * to be NFS exported.
  *
  * If the inode has been found through an idmapped mount the idmap of
  * the vfsmount must be passed through @idmap. This function will then take
  * care to map the inode according to @idmap before checking permissions.
  * On non-idmapped mounts or if permission checking is to be performed on the
  * raw inode simply pass @nop_mnt_idmap.
  */
 int vfs_link(struct dentry *old_dentry, struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
              struct inode *dir, struct dentry *new_dentry,
              struct inode **delegated_inode)
 {
         struct inode *inode = old_dentry->d_inode;
         unsigned max_links = dir->i_sb->s_max_links;
         int error;
 
         if (!inode)
                 return -ENOENT;
 
         error = may_create(idmap, dir, new_dentry);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (dir->i_sb != inode->i_sb)
                 return -EXDEV;
 
         /*
          * A link to an append-only or immutable file cannot be created.
          */
         if (IS_APPEND(inode) || IS_IMMUTABLE(inode))
                 return -EPERM;
         /*
          * Updating the link count will likely cause i_uid and i_gid to
          * be writen back improperly if their true value is unknown to
          * the vfs.
          */
         if (HAS_UNMAPPED_ID(idmap, inode))
                 return -EPERM;
         if (!dir->i_op->link)
                 return -EPERM;
         if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
                 return -EPERM;
 
         error = security_inode_link(old_dentry, dir, new_dentry);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         inode_lock(inode);
         /* Make sure we don't allow creating hardlink to an unlinked file */
         if (inode->i_nlink == 0 && !(inode->i_state & I_LINKABLE))
                 error =  -ENOENT;
         else if (max_links && inode->i_nlink >= max_links)
                 error = -EMLINK;
         else {
                 error = try_break_deleg(inode, delegated_inode);
                 if (!error)
                         error = dir->i_op->link(old_dentry, dir, new_dentry);
         }
 
         if (!error && (inode->i_state & I_LINKABLE)) {
                 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
                 inode->i_state &= ~I_LINKABLE;
                 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
         }
         inode_unlock(inode);
         if (!error)
                 fsnotify_link(dir, inode, new_dentry);
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_link);
 
 /*
  * Hardlinks are often used in delicate situations.  We avoid
  * security-related surprises by not following symlinks on the
  * newname.  --KAB
  *
  * We don't follow them on the oldname either to be compatible
  * with linux 2.0, and to avoid hard-linking to directories
  * and other special files.  --ADM
  */
 int do_linkat(int olddfd, struct filename *old, int newdfd,
               struct filename *new, int flags)
 {
         struct mnt_idmap *idmap;
         struct dentry *new_dentry;
         struct path old_path, new_path;
         struct inode *delegated_inode = NULL;
         int how = 0;
         int error;
 
         if ((flags & ~(AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW | AT_EMPTY_PATH)) != 0) {
                 error = -EINVAL;
                 goto out_putnames;
         }
         /*
          * To use null names we require CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH or
          * that the open-time creds of the dfd matches current.
          * This ensures that not everyone will be able to create
          * a hardlink using the passed file descriptor.
          */
         if (flags & AT_EMPTY_PATH)
                 how |= LOOKUP_LINKAT_EMPTY;
 
         if (flags & AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW)
                 how |= LOOKUP_FOLLOW;
 retry:
         error = filename_lookup(olddfd, old, how, &old_path, NULL);
         if (error)
                 goto out_putnames;
 
         new_dentry = filename_create(newdfd, new, &new_path,
                                         (how & LOOKUP_REVAL));
         error = PTR_ERR(new_dentry);
         if (IS_ERR(new_dentry))
                 goto out_putpath;
 
         error = -EXDEV;
         if (old_path.mnt != new_path.mnt)
                 goto out_dput;
         idmap = mnt_idmap(new_path.mnt);
         error = may_linkat(idmap, &old_path);
         if (unlikely(error))
                 goto out_dput;
         error = security_path_link(old_path.dentry, &new_path, new_dentry);
         if (error)
                 goto out_dput;
         error = vfs_link(old_path.dentry, idmap, new_path.dentry->d_inode,
                          new_dentry, &delegated_inode);
 out_dput:
         done_path_create(&new_path, new_dentry);
         if (delegated_inode) {
                 error = break_deleg_wait(&delegated_inode);
                 if (!error) {
                         path_put(&old_path);
                         goto retry;
                 }
         }
         if (retry_estale(error, how)) {
                 path_put(&old_path);
                 how |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
                 goto retry;
         }
 out_putpath:
         path_put(&old_path);
 out_putnames:
         putname(old);
         putname(new);
 
         return error;
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE5(linkat, int, olddfd, const char __user *, oldname,
                 int, newdfd, const char __user *, newname, int, flags)
 {
         return do_linkat(olddfd, getname_uflags(oldname, flags),
                 newdfd, getname(newname), flags);
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE2(link, const char __user *, oldname, const char __user *, newname)
 {
         return do_linkat(AT_FDCWD, getname(oldname), AT_FDCWD, getname(newname), 0);
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_rename - rename a filesystem object
  * @rd:         pointer to &struct renamedata info
  *
  * The caller must hold multiple mutexes--see lock_rename()).
  *
  * If vfs_rename discovers a delegation in need of breaking at either
  * the source or destination, it will return -EWOULDBLOCK and return a
  * reference to the inode in delegated_inode.  The caller should then
  * break the delegation and retry.  Because breaking a delegation may
  * take a long time, the caller should drop all locks before doing
  * so.
  *
  * Alternatively, a caller may pass NULL for delegated_inode.  This may
  * be appropriate for callers that expect the underlying filesystem not
  * to be NFS exported.
  *
  * The worst of all namespace operations - renaming directory. "Perverted"
  * doesn't even start to describe it. Somebody in UCB had a heck of a trip...
  * Problems:
  *
  *      a) we can get into loop creation.
  *      b) race potential - two innocent renames can create a loop together.
  *         That's where 4.4BSD screws up. Current fix: serialization on
  *         sb->s_vfs_rename_mutex. We might be more accurate, but that's another
  *         story.
  *      c) we may have to lock up to _four_ objects - parents and victim (if it exists),
  *         and source (if it's a non-directory or a subdirectory that moves to
  *         different parent).
  *         And that - after we got ->i_mutex on parents (until then we don't know
  *         whether the target exists).  Solution: try to be smart with locking
  *         order for inodes.  We rely on the fact that tree topology may change
  *         only under ->s_vfs_rename_mutex _and_ that parent of the object we
  *         move will be locked.  Thus we can rank directories by the tree
  *         (ancestors first) and rank all non-directories after them.
  *         That works since everybody except rename does "lock parent, lookup,
  *         lock child" and rename is under ->s_vfs_rename_mutex.
  *         HOWEVER, it relies on the assumption that any object with ->lookup()
  *         has no more than 1 dentry.  If "hybrid" objects will ever appear,
  *         we'd better make sure that there's no link(2) for them.
  *      d) conversion from fhandle to dentry may come in the wrong moment - when
  *         we are removing the target. Solution: we will have to grab ->i_mutex
  *         in the fhandle_to_dentry code. [FIXME - current nfsfh.c relies on
  *         ->i_mutex on parents, which works but leads to some truly excessive
  *         locking].
  */
 int vfs_rename(struct renamedata *rd)
 {
         int error;
         struct inode *old_dir = rd->old_dir, *new_dir = rd->new_dir;
         struct dentry *old_dentry = rd->old_dentry;
         struct dentry *new_dentry = rd->new_dentry;
         struct inode **delegated_inode = rd->delegated_inode;
         unsigned int flags = rd->flags;
         bool is_dir = d_is_dir(old_dentry);
         struct inode *source = old_dentry->d_inode;
         struct inode *target = new_dentry->d_inode;
         bool new_is_dir = false;
         unsigned max_links = new_dir->i_sb->s_max_links;
         struct name_snapshot old_name;
         bool lock_old_subdir, lock_new_subdir;
 
         if (source == target)
                 return 0;
 
         error = may_delete(rd->old_mnt_idmap, old_dir, old_dentry, is_dir);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (!target) {
                 error = may_create(rd->new_mnt_idmap, new_dir, new_dentry);
         } else {
                 new_is_dir = d_is_dir(new_dentry);
 
                 if (!(flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE))
                         error = may_delete(rd->new_mnt_idmap, new_dir,
                                            new_dentry, is_dir);
                 else
                         error = may_delete(rd->new_mnt_idmap, new_dir,
                                            new_dentry, new_is_dir);
         }
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         if (!old_dir->i_op->rename)
                 return -EPERM;
 
         /*
          * If we are going to change the parent - check write permissions,
          * we'll need to flip '..'.
          */
         if (new_dir != old_dir) {
                 if (is_dir) {
                         error = inode_permission(rd->old_mnt_idmap, source,
                                                  MAY_WRITE);
                         if (error)
                                 return error;
                 }
                 if ((flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE) && new_is_dir) {
                         error = inode_permission(rd->new_mnt_idmap, target,
                                                  MAY_WRITE);
                         if (error)
                                 return error;
                 }
         }
 
         error = security_inode_rename(old_dir, old_dentry, new_dir, new_dentry,
                                       flags);
         if (error)
                 return error;
 
         take_dentry_name_snapshot(&old_name, old_dentry);
         dget(new_dentry);
         /*
          * Lock children.
          * The source subdirectory needs to be locked on cross-directory
          * rename or cross-directory exchange since its parent changes.
          * The target subdirectory needs to be locked on cross-directory
          * exchange due to parent change and on any rename due to becoming
          * a victim.
          * Non-directories need locking in all cases (for NFS reasons);
          * they get locked after any subdirectories (in inode address order).
          *
          * NOTE: WE ONLY LOCK UNRELATED DIRECTORIES IN CROSS-DIRECTORY CASE.
          * NEVER, EVER DO THAT WITHOUT ->s_vfs_rename_mutex.
          */
         lock_old_subdir = new_dir != old_dir;
         lock_new_subdir = new_dir != old_dir || !(flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE);
         if (is_dir) {
                 if (lock_old_subdir)
                         inode_lock_nested(source, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
                 if (target && (!new_is_dir || lock_new_subdir))
                         inode_lock(target);
         } else if (new_is_dir) {
                 if (lock_new_subdir)
                         inode_lock_nested(target, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
                 inode_lock(source);
         } else {
                 lock_two_nondirectories(source, target);
         }
 
         error = -EPERM;
         if (IS_SWAPFILE(source) || (target && IS_SWAPFILE(target)))
                 goto out;
 
         error = -EBUSY;
         if (is_local_mountpoint(old_dentry) || is_local_mountpoint(new_dentry))
                 goto out;
 
         if (max_links && new_dir != old_dir) {
                 error = -EMLINK;
                 if (is_dir && !new_is_dir && new_dir->i_nlink >= max_links)
                         goto out;
                 if ((flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE) && !is_dir && new_is_dir &&
                     old_dir->i_nlink >= max_links)
                         goto out;
         }
         if (!is_dir) {
                 error = try_break_deleg(source, delegated_inode);
                 if (error)
                         goto out;
         }
         if (target && !new_is_dir) {
                 error = try_break_deleg(target, delegated_inode);
                 if (error)
                         goto out;
         }
         error = old_dir->i_op->rename(rd->new_mnt_idmap, old_dir, old_dentry,
                                       new_dir, new_dentry, flags);
         if (error)
                 goto out;
 
         if (!(flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE) && target) {
                 if (is_dir) {
                         shrink_dcache_parent(new_dentry);
                         target->i_flags |= S_DEAD;
                 }
                 dont_mount(new_dentry);
                 detach_mounts(new_dentry);
         }
         if (!(old_dir->i_sb->s_type->fs_flags & FS_RENAME_DOES_D_MOVE)) {
                 if (!(flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE))
                         d_move(old_dentry, new_dentry);
                 else
                         d_exchange(old_dentry, new_dentry);
         }
 out:
         if (!is_dir || lock_old_subdir)
                 inode_unlock(source);
         if (target && (!new_is_dir || lock_new_subdir))
                 inode_unlock(target);
         dput(new_dentry);
         if (!error) {
                 fsnotify_move(old_dir, new_dir, &old_name.name, is_dir,
                               !(flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE) ? target : NULL, old_dentry);
                 if (flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE) {
                         fsnotify_move(new_dir, old_dir, &old_dentry->d_name,
                                       new_is_dir, NULL, new_dentry);
                 }
         }
         release_dentry_name_snapshot(&old_name);
 
         return error;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_rename);
 
 int do_renameat2(int olddfd, struct filename *from, int newdfd,
                  struct filename *to, unsigned int flags)
 {
         struct renamedata rd;
         struct dentry *old_dentry, *new_dentry;
         struct dentry *trap;
         struct path old_path, new_path;
         struct qstr old_last, new_last;
         int old_type, new_type;
         struct inode *delegated_inode = NULL;
         unsigned int lookup_flags = 0, target_flags = LOOKUP_RENAME_TARGET;
         bool should_retry = false;
         int error = -EINVAL;
 
         if (flags & ~(RENAME_NOREPLACE | RENAME_EXCHANGE | RENAME_WHITEOUT))
                 goto put_names;
 
         if ((flags & (RENAME_NOREPLACE | RENAME_WHITEOUT)) &&
             (flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE))
                 goto put_names;
 
         if (flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE)
                 target_flags = 0;
 
 retry:
         error = filename_parentat(olddfd, from, lookup_flags, &old_path,
                                   &old_last, &old_type);
         if (error)
                 goto put_names;
 
         error = filename_parentat(newdfd, to, lookup_flags, &new_path, &new_last,
                                   &new_type);
         if (error)
                 goto exit1;
 
         error = -EXDEV;
         if (old_path.mnt != new_path.mnt)
                 goto exit2;
 
         error = -EBUSY;
         if (old_type != LAST_NORM)
                 goto exit2;
 
         if (flags & RENAME_NOREPLACE)
                 error = -EEXIST;
         if (new_type != LAST_NORM)
                 goto exit2;
 
         error = mnt_want_write(old_path.mnt);
         if (error)
                 goto exit2;
 
 retry_deleg:
         trap = lock_rename(new_path.dentry, old_path.dentry);
         if (IS_ERR(trap)) {
                 error = PTR_ERR(trap);
                 goto exit_lock_rename;
         }
 
         old_dentry = lookup_one_qstr_excl(&old_last, old_path.dentry,
                                           lookup_flags);
         error = PTR_ERR(old_dentry);
         if (IS_ERR(old_dentry))
                 goto exit3;
         /* source must exist */
         error = -ENOENT;
         if (d_is_negative(old_dentry))
                 goto exit4;
         new_dentry = lookup_one_qstr_excl(&new_last, new_path.dentry,
                                           lookup_flags | target_flags);
         error = PTR_ERR(new_dentry);
         if (IS_ERR(new_dentry))
                 goto exit4;
         error = -EEXIST;
         if ((flags & RENAME_NOREPLACE) && d_is_positive(new_dentry))
                 goto exit5;
         if (flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE) {
                 error = -ENOENT;
                 if (d_is_negative(new_dentry))
                         goto exit5;
 
                 if (!d_is_dir(new_dentry)) {
                         error = -ENOTDIR;
                         if (new_last.name[new_last.len])
                                 goto exit5;
                 }
         }
         /* unless the source is a directory trailing slashes give -ENOTDIR */
         if (!d_is_dir(old_dentry)) {
                 error = -ENOTDIR;
                 if (old_last.name[old_last.len])
                         goto exit5;
                 if (!(flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE) && new_last.name[new_last.len])
                         goto exit5;
         }
         /* source should not be ancestor of target */
         error = -EINVAL;
         if (old_dentry == trap)
                 goto exit5;
         /* target should not be an ancestor of source */
         if (!(flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE))
                 error = -ENOTEMPTY;
         if (new_dentry == trap)
                 goto exit5;
 
         error = security_path_rename(&old_path, old_dentry,
                                      &new_path, new_dentry, flags);
         if (error)
                 goto exit5;
 
         rd.old_dir         = old_path.dentry->d_inode;
         rd.old_dentry      = old_dentry;
         rd.old_mnt_idmap   = mnt_idmap(old_path.mnt);
         rd.new_dir         = new_path.dentry->d_inode;
         rd.new_dentry      = new_dentry;
         rd.new_mnt_idmap   = mnt_idmap(new_path.mnt);
         rd.delegated_inode = &delegated_inode;
         rd.flags           = flags;
         error = vfs_rename(&rd);
 exit5:
         dput(new_dentry);
 exit4:
         dput(old_dentry);
 exit3:
         unlock_rename(new_path.dentry, old_path.dentry);
 exit_lock_rename:
         if (delegated_inode) {
                 error = break_deleg_wait(&delegated_inode);
                 if (!error)
                         goto retry_deleg;
         }
         mnt_drop_write(old_path.mnt);
 exit2:
         if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags))
                 should_retry = true;
         path_put(&new_path);
 exit1:
         path_put(&old_path);
         if (should_retry) {
                 should_retry = false;
                 lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
                 goto retry;
         }
 put_names:
         putname(from);
         putname(to);
         return error;
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE5(renameat2, int, olddfd, const char __user *, oldname,
                 int, newdfd, const char __user *, newname, unsigned int, flags)
 {
         return do_renameat2(olddfd, getname(oldname), newdfd, getname(newname),
                                 flags);
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE4(renameat, int, olddfd, const char __user *, oldname,
                 int, newdfd, const char __user *, newname)
 {
         return do_renameat2(olddfd, getname(oldname), newdfd, getname(newname),
                                 0);
 }
 
 SYSCALL_DEFINE2(rename, const char __user *, oldname, const char __user *, newname)
 {
         return do_renameat2(AT_FDCWD, getname(oldname), AT_FDCWD,
                                 getname(newname), 0);
 }
 
 int readlink_copy(char __user *buffer, int buflen, const char *link)
 {
         int len = PTR_ERR(link);
         if (IS_ERR(link))
                 goto out;
 
         len = strlen(link);
         if (len > (unsigned) buflen)
                 len = buflen;
         if (copy_to_user(buffer, link, len))
                 len = -EFAULT;
 out:
         return len;
 }
 
 /**
  * vfs_readlink - copy symlink body into userspace buffer
  * @dentry: dentry on which to get symbolic link
  * @buffer: user memory pointer
  * @buflen: size of buffer
  *
  * Does not touch atime.  That's up to the caller if necessary
  *
  * Does not call security hook.
  */
 int vfs_readlink(struct dentry *dentry, char __user *buffer, int buflen)
 {
         struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);
         DEFINE_DELAYED_CALL(done);
         const char *link;
         int res;
 
         if (unlikely(!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_DEFAULT_READLINK))) {
                 if (unlikely(inode->i_op->readlink))
                         return inode->i_op->readlink(dentry, buffer, buflen);
 
                 if (!d_is_symlink(dentry))
                         return -EINVAL;
 
                 spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
                 inode->i_opflags |= IOP_DEFAULT_READLINK;
                 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
         }
 
         link = READ_ONCE(inode->i_link);
         if (!link) {
                 link = inode->i_op->get_link(dentry, inode, &done);
                 if (IS_ERR(link))
                         return PTR_ERR(link);
         }
         res = readlink_copy(buffer, buflen, link);
         do_delayed_call(&done);
         return res;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_readlink);
 
 /**
  * vfs_get_link - get symlink body
  * @dentry: dentry on which to get symbolic link
  * @done: caller needs to free returned data with this
  *
  * Calls security hook and i_op->get_link() on the supplied inode.
  *
  * It does not touch atime.  That's up to the caller if necessary.
  *
  * Does not work on "special" symlinks like /proc/$$/fd/N
  */
 const char *vfs_get_link(struct dentry *dentry, struct delayed_call *done)
 {
         const char *res = ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
         struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);
 
         if (d_is_symlink(dentry)) {
                 res = ERR_PTR(security_inode_readlink(dentry));
                 if (!res)
                         res = inode->i_op->get_link(dentry, inode, done);
         }
         return res;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_get_link);
 
 /* get the link contents into pagecache */
 const char *page_get_link(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
                           struct delayed_call *callback)
 {
         char *kaddr;
         struct page *page;
         struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
 
         if (!dentry) {
                 page = find_get_page(mapping, 0);
                 if (!page)
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                 if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
                         put_page(page);
                         return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);
                 }
         } else {
                 page = read_mapping_page(mapping, 0, NULL);
                 if (IS_ERR(page))
                         return (char*)page;
         }
         set_delayed_call(callback, page_put_link, page);
         BUG_ON(mapping_gfp_mask(mapping) & __GFP_HIGHMEM);
         kaddr = page_address(page);
         nd_terminate_link(kaddr, inode->i_size, PAGE_SIZE - 1);
         return kaddr;
 }
 
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_get_link);
 
 void page_put_link(void *arg)
 {
         put_page(arg);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_put_link);
 
 int page_readlink(struct dentry *dentry, char __user *buffer, int buflen)
 {
         DEFINE_DELAYED_CALL(done);
         int res = readlink_copy(buffer, buflen,
                                 page_get_link(dentry, d_inode(dentry),
                                               &done));
         do_delayed_call(&done);
         return res;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_readlink);
 
 int page_symlink(struct inode *inode, const char *symname, int len)
 {
         struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
         const struct address_space_operations *aops = mapping->a_ops;
         bool nofs = !mapping_gfp_constraint(mapping, __GFP_FS);
         struct page *page;
         void *fsdata = NULL;
         int err;
         unsigned int flags;
 
 retry:
         if (nofs)
                 flags = memalloc_nofs_save();
         err = aops->write_begin(NULL, mapping, 0, len-1, &page, &fsdata);
         if (nofs)
                 memalloc_nofs_restore(flags);
         if (err)
                 goto fail;
 
         memcpy(page_address(page), symname, len-1);
 
         err = aops->write_end(NULL, mapping, 0, len-1, len-1,
                                                         page, fsdata);
         if (err < 0)
                 goto fail;
         if (err < len-1)
                 goto retry;
 
         mark_inode_dirty(inode);
         return 0;
 fail:
         return err;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_symlink);
 
 const struct inode_operations page_symlink_inode_operations = {
         .get_link       = page_get_link,
 };
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_symlink_inode_operations);